Manual for the indication and execution of echocardiography;Manual zur Indikation und Durchführung der Echokardiographie

Clinical Research in Cardiology Supplements

Volumn 4, Issue SUPPL.1, 2009, Pages 3-51

  Buck, T ^a   Breithardt, O A ^b   Faber, L ^c   Fehske, W ^d   Flachskampf, F A ^e   Franke, A ^f   Hagendorff, A ^g   Hoffmann, R ^h   Kruck, I ⁱ   Kucherer H ^j   Menzel, T ^k   Pethig, K ^l   Tiemann, K ^m   Voigt, J U ⁿ   Weidemann, F ^o   Nixdorff, U ^p  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

^b KLINIKUM COBURG   (Germany)

^c RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^d ST VINZENZ HOSPITAL   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^f KRH Klinikum Siloah   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

ⁱ Kardiologische Praxis   (Germany)

^j Kliniken im Naturpark Altmuhltal   (Germany)

^k Kardiologische/Angiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis   (Germany)

^l Ev Krankenhaus Hamm GGmb   (Germany)

^m UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^o UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^p European Prevention Center   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874252234     PISSN: 18610706     EISSN: 18610714     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11789-009-0051-6     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Hoffmann R, Buck T, Lambertz H et al (2004) Positionspapier zu Qualitätsstandards in der Echokardiographie. Z Kardiol 93:975-986
2. Erbel R, Kneissl GD, Schweitzer P, Lambertz HJ, Engberding R (1997) Qualitätsleitlinien in der Echokardiographie. Z Kardiol 86:387-403
3. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP et al (2003) ACC/AHA/ ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: Summary article-A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/ AHA/ASE committee to update the 1997 guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography). Circulation 108:1146-1162
4. Bonow RO, Carabello RA, Chatterjee K et al (2006) ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:e1-e148
5. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB et al (2005) Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440-1463
6. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E et al (2003) Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with twodimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16: 777-802
7. Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J et al (2007) Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 28:230-268
8. Flachskampf FA, Decoodt P, Fraser AG, Daniel WG, Roelandt JR (2001) Guidelines from the Working Group. Recommendations for performing transesophageal echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2:8-21
9. Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C et al (2001) Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 22: 1642-1681
10. Maisch B, Seferovic PM, Ristic AD et al (2004) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J 25:587-610
11. Daniel WG, Baumgartner H, Gohlke-Baerwolf C et al (2006) Klappenvitien im Erwachsenenalter. Clin Res Cardiol 95:620-641
12. Gorcsan J, III, Abraham T, Agler DA et al (2008) Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting-a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21:191-213
13. Osterspey A (2006) Erstellung von Leitlinien in der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kardiologie-Herzund Kreislaufforschung e.V. Clin Res Cardiol 95:692-695
14. Voelker W, Koch D, Flachskampf FA et al (2004) Strukturierter Datensatz zur Befunddokumentation in der Echokardiographie-Version. Z Kardiol 93:987-1004
15. Nixdorff U, Buck T, Engberding R et al (2006) Positionspapier zur Qualifikation und Zertifizierung von Untersuchern in der Echokardiographie. Clin Res Cardiol 1:96-102
16. Erbel R, Krebs W, Henn G et al (1982) Comparison of single-plane and biplane volume determination by two-dimensional echocardiography. 1. Asymmetric model hearts. European Heart Journal 3:469-480
17. Erbel R, Schweizer P, Lambertz H et al (1983) Echoventriculography-a simultaneous analysis of two-dimensional echocardiography and cineventriculography. Circulation 67:205-215
18. Strotmann JM, Kvitting JPE, Wilkenshoff UM, Wranne B, Hatle L, Sutherland GR (1999) Anatomic Mmode echocardiography: A new approach to assess regional myocardial function-A comparative in vivo and in vitro study of both fundamental and second harmonic imaging modes. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 12:300-307
19. Pai RG, Bansal RC, Shah PM (1990) Doppler-derived rate of left ventricular pressure rise. Its correlation with the postoperative left ventricular function in mitral regurgitation. Circulation 82:514-520
20. Tei C, Nishimura RA, Seward JB, Tajik AJ (1997) Noninvasive Dopplerderived myocardial performance index: correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10:169-178
21. Pai RG, Bodenheimer MM, Pai SM, Koss JH, Adamick RD (1991) Usefulness of systolic excursion of the mitral anulus as an index of left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 67:222-224
22. Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, ten Cate F et al (2005) Assessment of systolic left ventricular function: a multi-centre comparison of cineventriculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, unenhanced and contrastenhanced echocardiography. Eur Heart J 26:607-616
23. Buck T, Hunold P, Wentz KU, Tkalec W, Nesser HJ, Erbel R (1997) Tomographic three-dimensional echocardiographic determination of chamber size and systolic function in patients with left ventricular aneurysm. Comparison to magnetic resonance imaging, cineventriculography, and twodimensional echocardiography. Circulation 96:4286-4297
24. Lang RM, Mor-Avi V, Sugeng L, Nieman PS, Sahn DJ (2006) Threedimensional echocardiography: the benefits of the additional dimension. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:2053-2069
25. Reisner SA, Lysyansky P, Agmon Y, Mutlak D, Lessick J, Friedman Z (2004) Global longitudinal strain: a novel index of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17: 630-633
26. Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V et al (2002) Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 105:539-542
27. Pellikka PA, Nagueh SF, Elhendy AA, Kuehl CA, Sawada SG (2007) American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for performance, interpretation, and application of stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20:1021-1041
28. Weidemann F, Jamal F, Sutherland GR et al (2002) Myocardial function defined by strain rate and strain during alterations in inotropic states and heart rate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283:H792-H799
29. Korinek J, Wang J, Sengupta PP et al (2005) Two-dimensional strain-a Doppler-independent ultrasound method for quantitation of regional deformation: validation in vitro and in vivo. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18: 1247-1253
30. Kapetanakis S, Kearney MT, Siva A, Gall N, Cooklin M, Monaghan MJ (2005) Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony. Circulation 112:992-1000
31. Paulus WJ, Tschope C, Sanderson JE et al (2007) How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 28:2539-2550
32. Oh JK, Hatle L, Tajik AJ, Little WC (2006) Diastolic heart failure can be diagnosed by comprehensive two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:500-506
33. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP et al (2000) Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: A comparative simultaneous Dopplercatheterization study. Circulation 102: 1788-1794
34. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA (1997) Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1527-1533
35. Mullens W, Borowski AG, Curtin RJ, Thomas JD, Tang WH (2009) Tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of intracardiac filling pressure in decompensated patients with advanced systolic heart failure. Circulation 119: 62-70
36. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL (1998) New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:865-875
37. Khouri SJ, Maly GT, Suh DD, Walsh TE (2004) A practical approach to the echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17:290-297
38. Kuecherer HF, Muhiudeen IA, Kusumoto FM et al (1990) Estimation of mean left atrial pressure from transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow. Circulation 82:1127-1139
39. Hillis GS, Moller JE, Pellikka PA et al (2004) Noninvasive estimation of left ventricular filling pressure by E/e_ is a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:360-367
40. Hansen A, Haass M, Zugck C et al (2001) Prognostic value of Doppler echocardiographic mitral inflow patterns: implications for risk stratification in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:1049-1055
41. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA (2003) A clinical approach to the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography: update 2003. Heart 89 Suppl 3:iii18-iii23
42. Barnett D, Phillips S, Longson C (2007) Cardiac resynchronisation therapy for the treatment of heart failure: NICE technology appraisal guidance. Heart 93:1134-1135
43. Hunt SA (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 46:e1-e82
44. Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF et al (2007) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med 357: 2461-71
45. Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L et al (2008) Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation 117:2608-2616
46. Porciani MC, Dondina C, Macioce R et al (2005) Echocardiographic examination of atrioventricular and interventricular delay optimization in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 95:1108-1110
47. Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R, Trambaiolo P, Fedele F, Santini M (2002) Doppler myocardial imaging to evaluate the effectiveness of pacing sites in patients receiving biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:489-499
48. Jansen A, melle van Dantzig J, Bracke F et al (2007) Qualitative Observation of Left Ventricular Multiphasic Septal Motion and Septal-to-Lateral Apical Shuffle Predicts Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol 99:966-969
49. Parsai C, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR et al (2008) Toward understanding response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular dyssynchrony is only one of multiple mechanisms. Eur Heart J [Epub ahead of print]
50. Breithardt OA, Flachskampf FA, Daniel WG (2007) Echocardiography to optimize patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 132:762-767
51. Bax JJ, Ansalone G, Breithardt OA et al (2004) Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac resynchronization therapy: ready for routine clinical use? A critical appraisal. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1-9
52. Yu CM, Zhang Q, Fung JW et al (2005) A novel tool to assess systolic asynchrony and identify responders of cardiac resynchronization therapy by tissue synchronization imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:677-684
53. Marciniak M, Bijnens B, Baltabaeva A et al (2008) Interventricular interaction as a possible mechanism for the presence of a biphasic systolic velocity profile in normal left ventricular free walls. Heart 94:1058-1064
54. De Boeck B, Meine M, Leenders G et al (2008) Practical and conceptual limitations of tissue Doppler imaging to predict reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Eur J Heart Fail 10:281-290
55. Faber L, Lamp B, Hering D et al (2003) Analyse der inter-und intraventrikulären Asynchronie mittels Fluss-und Gewebe-Dopplerechokardiographie. Analysis of inter-and intraventricular asynchrony by tissue Doppler echocardiography. Z Kardiol 92:994-1002
56. Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Kim W et al (2002) Tissue doppler imaging predicts improved systolic performance and reversed left ventricular remodeling during long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:723-730
57. Breithardt OA, Stellbrink C, Herbots L et al (2003) Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Can Reverse Abnormal Myocardial Strain Distribution in Patients With Heart Failure and Left Bundle-Branch Block. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:486-494
58. Garcia D, Dumesnil JG, Durand LG, Kadem L, Pibarot P (2002) Discrepancies between catheter and Doppler estimates of valve effective orifice area can be predicted from the pressure recovery phenomenon. Circulation 106:420
59. Bernard Y, Meneveau N, Vuillemenot A et al (1997) Planimetry of aortic valve area using multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography is not a reliable method for assessing severity of aortic stenosis. Heart 78:68-73
60. Burwash IG, Thomas DD, Sadahiro M (1994) Dependence of Gorlin formula and continuity equationvalve areas on transvalvular volume flow rate in valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 89:827-835
61. Schwammenthal E, Vered Z, Moshkowitz Y et al (2001) Dobutamine echocardiography in patients with aortic stenosis and left ventricular dysfunction: predicting outcome as a function of management strategy. Chest 119:1766-1777
62. Rosenhek R, Binder T, Porenta G et al (2000) Predictors of outcome in severe, asymptomatic aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 343:611-617
63. Buck T, Plicht B, Erbel R (2006) Aktuelle Empfehlungen zur echokardiographischen Schweregradbeurteilung der Mitralklappeninsuffizienz: Standardisierung und praktische Anwendung mittels eines Scoring-Systems. Herz 31:30-37
64. Hall SA, Brickner ME, Willet DL, Irani WI, Afridi I, Grayburn PA (1997) Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta. Circulation 95:636-642
65. Mele D, Vandervoort P, Palacios I et al (1995) Proximal jet size by Doppler color flow mapping predicts severity of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 91:746-754
66. Kahlert P, Plicht B, Schenk IM, Janosi RA, Erbel R, Buck T (2008) Direct Assessment of Size and Shape of Noncircular Vena Contracta Area in Functional Versus Organic Mitral Regurgitation Using Real-time Threedimensional Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21:912-921
67. Recusani F, Bargiggia GS, Yoganathan AP, Raisaro A (1991) A new method for quantification of regurgitant flow rate using color flow imaging of the flow convergence region proximal to a discrete orifice: an vitro study. Circulation 83:594-604
68. Utsunomiya T, Ogawa T, Doshi R et al (1991) Doppler color flow "proximal isovelocity surface area" method for estimating volume flow rate: effects of orifice shape and machine factors. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:1103-1111
69. Simpson IA, Shiota T, Gharib M, Sahn DJ (1996) Current status of flow convergence for clinical applications: Is it a leaning tower of "PISA"? Journal of the American College of Cardiology 27:504-509
70. Buck T, Plicht B, Kahlert P, Schenk IM, Hunold P, Erbel R (2008) Effect of Dynamic Flow Rate and Orifice Area on Mitral Regurgitant Stroke Volume Quantification Using the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Method. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:767-778
71. Enriquez-Sarano M, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ, Krohn MJ, Mays JM (1993) Quantitative Doppler assessment of valvular regurgitation. Circulation 87:841-848
72. Blumlein S, Bouchard A, Schiller NB et al (1986) Quantitation of mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 74:306-314
73. Lancellotti P, Lebrun F, Pierard LA (2003) Determinants of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42:1921-1928
74. Iung B, Gohlke-Barwolf C, Tornos R et al (2002) Recommendations on the management of the asymptomatic patient with valvular heart disease. European Heart Journal 23:1253-1266
75. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D et al (2005) Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. New England Journal of Medicine 352:875-883
76. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, Bailey KR, Frye RL (1994) Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 90:830-837
77. Perry GJ, Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Byard C, Soto B (1987) Evaluation of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 9: 952-959
78. Hatle L, Angelsen BAJ (1985) Doppler ultrasound in cardiology: physical principles and clinical applications, 2 ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
79. Rodriguez L, Thomas JD, Monterroso V et al (1993) Validation of the Proximal Flow Convergence Method-Calculation of Orifice Area in Patients with Mitral-Stenosis. Circulation 88: 1157-1165
80. Nakatani S, Masuyama T, Kodama K, Kitabatake A, Fujii K, Kamada T (1988) Value and limitations of Doppler echocardiography in the quantification of stenotic mitral valve area: comparison of the pressure half-time and the continuity equation methods. Circulation 77:78-85
81. Wilkins GT, Weyman EA, Abascal VM, Block PC, Palacios IF (1988) Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J 60:299-308
82. Zamorano J, Cordeiro P, Sugeng L et al (2004) Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis evaluation: an accurate and novel approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:2091-2096
83. Reis G, Motta MS, Barbosa MM, Esteves WA, Souza SF, Bocchi EA (2004) Dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:393-401
84. Dennig K, Kraus F, Rudolph W (1986) Doppler Echocardiography Determination of the Severity of Tricuspid Valve Stenosis (abstr). Herz 11:332-336
85. Fawzy ME, Mercer EN, Dunn B, al-Amri M, Andaya W (1989) Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of tricuspid stenosis. Eur Heart J 10:985-990
86. Li W, Davlouros PA, Kilner PJ et al (2004) Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: comparison with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 147:165-172
87. Mori Y, Rusk RA, Jones M et al (2002) A new dynamic three-dimensional digital color doppler method for quantification of pulmonary regurgitation: validation study in an animal model. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1179-1185
88. Ellison RC, Freedom RM, Keane JF, Nugent EW, Rowe RD, Miettinen OS (1977) Indirect Assessment of Severity in Pulmonary Stenosis (abstr). Circulation 56:14-20
89. Vannan MA, Sarkar K (2003) Assessment of mechanical aortic valve prosthesis by means of Doppler echocardiography: what to measure and why? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126: 317-320
90. Rosenhek R, Binder T, Maurer G, Baumgartner H (2003) Normal values for Doppler echocardiographic assessment of heart valve prostheses. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16:1116-1127
91. Butany J, Leask R (2001) The failure modes of biological prosthetic heart valves. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 11:115-135
92. Choussat R, Thomas D, Isnard R et al (1999) Perivalvular abscesses associated with endocarditis; clinical features and prognostic factors of overall survival in a series of 233 cases. Perivalvular Abscesses French Multicentre Study. Eur Heart J 20:232-241
93. Daniel WG, Mugge A, Martin RP et al (1991) Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med 324:795-800
94. Pedersen WR, Walker M, Olson JD et al (1991) Value of transesophageal echocardiography as an adjunct to transthoracic echocardiography in evaluation of native and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest 100:351-356
95. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E et al (2004) Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary; the task force on infective endocarditis of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J 25:267-276
96. Naber CK, Bauhofer A, Block M et al (2004) S2-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der infektiösen Endokarditis. Z Kardiol 93:1005-1021
97. Mugge A (1993) Echocardiographic detection of cardiac valve vegetations and prognostic implications. Infect Dis Clin North Am 7:877-898
98. Douglas PS, Khandheria B, Stainback RF et al (2008) ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ AHA/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2008 appropriateness criteria for stress echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriateness Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:1127-1147
99. Minardi G, Di SM, Manzara CC et al (1997) Diagnostic and prognostic value of dipyridamole and dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 80:847-851
100. Limacher MC, Quinones MA, Poliner LR, Nelson JG, Winters WL Jr, Waggoner AD (1983) Detection of coronary artery disease with exercise two-dimensional echocardiography. Description of a clinically applicable method and comparison with radionuclide ventriculography. Circulation 67:1211-1218
101. Armstrong WF, O'Donnell J, Dillon JC, McHenry PL, Morris SN, Feigenbaum H (1986) Complementary value of two-dimensional exercise echocardiography to routine treadmill exercise testing. Ann Intern Med 105: 829-835
102. Martin TW, Seaworth JF, Johns JP, Pupa LE, Condos WR (1992) Comparison of adenosine, dipyridamole, and dobutamine in stress echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 116:190-196
103. Previtali M, Lanzarini L, Fetiveau R et al (1993) Comparison of dobutamine stress echocardiography, dipyridamole stress echocardiography and exercise stress testing for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 72:865-870
104. Anthopoulos LP, Bonou MS, Kardaras FG et al (1996) Stress echocardiography in elderly patients with coronary artery disease: applicability, safety and prognostic value of dobutamine and adenosine echocardiography in elderly patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:52-59
105. Mulvagh SL, DeMaria AN, Feinstein SB, Burns PN, Kaul S, Miller JG (2000) Contrast Echocardiography: Current and future applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:331-142
106. Prince CR, Stoddard MF, Morris GT et al (1994) Dobutamine two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic stress testing for detection of coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 128:36-41
107. Rahimtoola SH (1999) Concept and evaluation of hibernating myocardium. Annu Rev Med 50:75-86
108. Voigt JU, Nixdorff U, Bogdan R et al (2004) Comparison of deformation imaging and velocity imaging for detecting regional inducible ischaemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Eur Heart J 25:1517-1525
109. Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD et al (1982) Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation 66:562-568
110. McCully RB, Roger VL, Mahoney DW et al (1998) Outcome after normal exercise echocardiography and predictors of subsequent cardiac events: follow-up of 1325 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:144-149
111. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H et al (2002) ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:542-553
112. Hamm CW, Arntz HR, Bode C et al (2004) Leitlinien: Akutes Koronarsyndrom (ACS). Teil 1: ACS ohne persistierende ST-Hebung. Z Kardiol 93:72-90
113. Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Betriu A et al (2003) Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 24:28-66
114. Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Stoiber TR, Carlos M, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB (1997) Safety and accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of residual stenosis of the infarct-related artery and multivessel disease during the first week after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 95:1394-1401
115. Sicari R, Picano E, Landi P, Pasanisi E, Venneri L (2004) Pharmacologic stress echocardiography predicts total mortality early after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17:114-120
116. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G et al (2006) Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 113:1807-1816
117. Chetboul V, Escriou C, Tessier D et al (2004) Tissue Doppler imaging detects early asymptomatic myocardial abnormalities in a dog model of Duchenne's cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 25:1934-1939
118. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH et al (2005) Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 26:516-524
119. Pela G, Bruschi G, Montagna L, Manara M, Manca C (2004) Left and right ventricular adaptation assessed by Doppler tissue echocardiography in athletes. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17: 205-211
120. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK et al (2003) American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Eur Heart J 24: 1965-1991
121. Klues HG, Schiffers A, Maron BJ (1995) Phenotypic spectrum and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: morphologic observations and significance as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography in 600 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1699-1708
122. Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S et al (2000) Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2212-2218
123. Thaman R, Gimeno JR, Murphy RT et al (2005) Prevalence and clinical significance of systolic impairment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 91:920-925
124. Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG (1995) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation 92:1680-1692
125. Faber L, Ziemssen P, Seggewiss H (2000) Targeting percutaneous transluminal septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by intraprocedural echocardiographic monitoring. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:1074-1079
126. Maron BJ, Dearani JA, Ommen SR et al (2004) The case for surgery in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:2044-2053
127. Nagueh SF, McFalls J, Meyer D et al (2003) Tissue Doppler imaging predicts the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in subjects with subclinical disease. Circulation 108:395-398
128. McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Pignatelli RH et al (2004) Characterization of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging and clinical status in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 109: 1756-1762
129. Pieroni M, Chimenti C, Ricci R, Sale P, Russo MA, Frustaci A (2003) Early detection of Fabry cardiomyopathy by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation 107:1978-1984
130. Maisch B, Seferovic PM, Ristic AD et al (2004) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J 25:587-610
131. Ha JW, Oh JK, Ommen SR, Ling LH, Tajik AJ (2002) Diagnostic value of mitral annular velocity for constrictive pericarditis in the absence of respiratory variation in mitral inflow velocity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 15: 1468-1471
132. Corrado D, Fontaine G, Marcus FI et al (2000) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: need for an international registry. Study Group on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy of the Working Groups on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease and Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the World Heart Federation. Circulation 101:E101-E106
133. Yoerger DM, Marcus F, Sherrill D et al (2005) Echocardiographic findings in patients meeting task force criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: new insights from the multidisciplinary study of right ventricular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 860-865
134. Lapu-Bula R, Robert A, De KM et al (1998) Risk stratification in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: contribution of Doppler-derived left ventricular filling. Am J Cardiol 82:779-785
135. Olschewski H, Hoeper MM, Borst MM et al (2007) Diagnosis and therapy of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Clin Res Cardiol 96:301-330
136. Come PC, Kim D, Parker JA, Goldhaber SZ, Braunwald E, Markis JE (1987) Early reversal of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol 10:971-978
137. Menzel T, Wagner S, Kramm T et al (2000) Pathophysiology of impaired right and left ventricular function in chronic embolic pulmonary hypertension: changes after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Chest 118: 897-903
138. Kramer MR, Valantine HA, Marshall SE, Starnes VA, Theodore J (1994) Recovery of the right ventricle after single-lung transplantation in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 73:494-500
139. Ritchie M, Waggoner AD, vila-Roman VG, Barzilai B, Trulock EP, Eisenberg PR (1993) Echocardiographic characterization of the improvement in right ventricular function in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension after single-lung transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:1170-1174
140. Currie PJ, Seward JB, Chan KL et al (1985) Continuous wave Doppler determination of right ventricular pressure: a simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study in 127 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 6:750-756
141. Kasper W, Geibel A, Tiede N et al (1993) Distinguishing between acute and subacute massive pulmonary embolism by conventional and Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J 70:352-356
142. Bleeker GB, Steendijk P, Holman ER et al (2006) Assessing right ventricular function: the role of echocardiography and complementary technologies. Heart 92 Suppl 1:i19-i26
143. Tei C, Dujardin KS, Hodge DO et al (1996) Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of global right ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 9:838-847
144. Yeo TC, Dujardin KS, Tei C, Mahoney DW, McGoon MD, Seward JB (1998) Value of a Doppler-derived index combining systolic and diastolic time intervals in predicting outcome in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 81:1157-1161
145. Jeon DS, Luo H, Iwami T et al (2002) The usefulness of a 10% air-10% blood-80% saline mixture for contrast echocardiography: Doppler measurement of pulmonary artery systolic pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:124-129
146. Nazeyrollas P, Metz D, Jolly D et al (1996) Use of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography combined with clinical and electrocardiographic data to predict acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 17:779-786
147. Kjaergaard J, Akkan D, Iversen KK, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Hassager C (2007) Right ventricular dysfunction as an independent predictor of short-and long-term mortality in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 9:610-616
148. Tsang TS, Freeman WK, Sinak LJ, Seward JB (1998) Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis: evolution and state-of-the-art technique. Mayo Clin Proc73:647-652
149. Ling LH, Oh JK, Tei C et al (1997) Pericardial thickness measured with transesophageal echocardiography: feasibility and potential clinical usefulness. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1317-1323
150. Ling LH, Oh JK, Schaff HV et al (1999) Constrictive pericarditis in the modern era: evolving clinical spectrum and impact on outcome after pericardiectomy. Circulation 100: 1380-1386
151. Lam KY, Dickens P, Chan AC (1993) Tumors of the heart. A 20-year experience with a review of 12,485 consecutive autopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:1027-1031
152. Tesoro-Tess JD, Biasi S, Balzarini L et al (1993) Heart involvement in lymphomas. The value of magnetic resonance imaging and two-dimensional echocardiography at disease presentation. Cancer 72:2484-2490
153. Sarjeant JM, Butany J, Cusimano RJ (2003) Cancer of the heart: epidemiology and management of primary tumors and metastases. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 3:407-421
154. Engberding R, Daniel WG, Erbel R et al (1993) Diagnosis of heart tumours by transoesophageal echocardiography: a multicentre study in 154 patients. European Cooperative Study Group. Eur Heart J 14:1223-1228
155. Svensson LG, Labib SB, Eisenhauer AC, Butterly JR (1999) Intimal tear without hematoma: an important variant of aortic dissection that can elude current imaging techniques. Circulation 99:1331-1336
156. Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C et al (2001) Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Recommendations of the Task Force on Aortic Dissection, European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 22:1642-1681
157. Koschyk DH, Nienaber CA, Knap M et al (2005) How to guide stent-graft implantation in type B aortic dissection? Comparison of angiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 112:I260-I264
158. Devereux RB, Reichek N (1977) Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 55:613-638
159. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ et al (1992) Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 19:1550-1558
160. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A (1978) Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation 58:1072-1083
161. Devereux RB, de SG, Ganau A, Koren MJ, Mensah GA, Roman MJ (1993) Left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 15: 1025-1032
162. Kuhl HP, Bucker A, Franke A et al (2000) Transesophageal 3-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo determination of left ventricular mass in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:205-215
163. Kuhl HP, Hanrath P, Franke A (2003) M-mode echocardiography overestimates left ventricular mass in patients with normal left ventricular shape: a comparative study using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 4:312-319
164. Drazner MH, Rame JE, Marino EK et al (2004) Increased left ventricular mass is a risk factor for the development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction within five years: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:2207-2215
165. Kostis JB (2003) From hypertension to heart failure: update on the management of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Am J Hypertens 16:18S-22S
166. Gottdiener JS, Livengood SV, Meyer PS, Chase GA (1995) Should echocardiography be performed to assess effects of antihypertensive therapy? Test-retest reliability of echocardiography for measurement of left ventricular mass and function. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:424-430
167. Palmieri V, Dahlof B, DeQuattro V et al (1999) Reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular structure and function: the PRESERVE study. Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating Regression of Ventricular Enlargement. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:1625-1632
168. Cardiogenic brain embolism (1989) The second report of the Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Arch Neurol 46:727-743
169. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS et al (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114:e257-e354
170. Olshansky B, Heller EN, Mitchell LB et al (2005) Are transthoracic echocardiographic parameters associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence or stroke? Results from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:2026-2033
171. Irani WN, Grayburn PA, Afridi I (1997) Prevalence of thrombus, spontaneous echo contrast, and atrial stunning in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial flutter. A prospective study using transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 95: 962-966
172. McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A et al (1994) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Br Heart J 71: 215-218
173. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ et al (2002) Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346:877-883
174. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS et al (2000) Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342:365-373
175. Perloff JK (1991) Congenital heart disease in adults. A new cardiovascular subspecialty. Circulation 84:1881-1890
176. Hoppe UC, Dederichs B, Deutsch HJ, Theissen P, Schicha H, Sechtem U (1996) Congenital heart disease in adults and adolescents: comparative value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and MR imaging. Radiology 199:669-677
177. Kaemmerer H, Stern H, Fratz S, Prokop M, Schwaiger M, Hess J (2000) Imaging in adults with congenital cardiac disease (ACCD). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48:328-335
178. Gatzoulis MA, Webb GD, Daubeney PEF (2003) Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital heart Disease. Churchill, Livingston
179. Stevenson JG (1995) Role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during repair of congenital cardiac defects. Acta Paediatr Suppl 410:23-33
180. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (1996) A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesthesiology 84: 986-1006
181. Click RL, Abel MD, Schaff HV (2000) Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: 5-year prospective review of impact on surgical management. Mayo Clin Proc 75:241-247
182. Couture P, Denault AY, McKenty S et al (2000) Impact of routine use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 47:20-26
183. Michel-Cherqui M, Ceddaha A, Liu N et al (2000) Assessment of systematic use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery in adults: a prospective study of 203 patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14:45-50
184. Agricola E, Oppizzi M, Maisano F et al (2003) Detection of mechanisms of immediate failure by transesophageal echocardiography in quadrangular resection mitral valve repair technique for severe mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 91:175-179
185. Brandt RR, Oh JK, Abel MD, Click RL, Orszulak TA, Seward JB (1998) Role of emergency intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 11:972-977
186. Hofer CK, Zollinger A, Rak M et al (2004) Therapeutic impact of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography during noncardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 59:3-9
187. Kallmeyer IJ, Collard CD, Fox JA, Body SC, Shernan SK (2001) The safety of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: a case series of 7200 cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 92:1126-1130
188. Rousou JA, Tighe DA, Garb JL et al (2000) Risk of dysphagia after transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 69:486-489