Local targets for immune therapy to cancer: Tumor draining lymph nodes and tumor microenvironment

International Journal of Cancer

Volumn 132, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1971-1976

  Fransen, Marieke F ^a   Arens, Ramon ^a   Melief, Cornelis J M ^a,b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b ISA Pharmaceuticals   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

immune modulation; side effects; targeted therapy; tumor immunology

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR7; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANZYME; INTERLEUKIN 12; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 3ALPHA; SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE CHEMOKINE; TGN 1412; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; COLORECTAL CANCER; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INNATE IMMUNITY; LYMPH NODE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR IMMUNITY; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LYMPH NODES; NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84874118594     PISSN: 00207136     EISSN: 10970215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27755     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Swann JB, Smyth MJ,. Immune surveillance of tumors. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1137-46.
2. Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, et al. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29: 235-71.
3. Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 991-8.
4. Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ,. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011; 331: 1565-70.
5. Tjan-Heijnen VC, Pepels MJ, de BM,. Prognostic impact of isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. Breast Dis 2010; 31: 107-13.
6. de Wilt JH, van Akkooi AC, Verhoef C, et al. Detection of melanoma micrometastases in sentinel nodes-the cons. Surg Oncol 2008; 17: 175-81.
7. Cao Y,. Opinion: emerging mechanisms of tumour lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5: 735-43.
8. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1307-17.
9. Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, et al. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29: 235-71.
10. Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT, et al. IFNgamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature 2001; 410: 1107-11.
11. Smyth MJ, Thia KY, Street SE, et al. Perforin-mediated cytotoxicity is critical for surveillance of spontaneous lymphoma. J Exp Med 2000; 192: 755-60.
12. Liu J, Xiang Z, Ma X,. Role of IFN regulatory factor-1 and IL-12 in immunological resistance to pathogenesis of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced T lymphoma. J Immunol 2004; 173: 1184-93.
13. Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Fridman WH, et al. Natural immunity to cancer in humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22: 215-22.
14. Boon T, De PE, Lurquin C, et al. Identification of tumour rejection antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. Cancer Surv 1992; 13: 23-37.
15. DuPage M, Cheung AF, Mazumdar C, et al. Endogenous T cell responses to antigens expressed in lung adenocarcinomas delay malignant tumor progression. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 72-85.
16. Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, et al. Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science 2006; 313: 1960-4.
17. Parmiani G, De FA, Novellino L, et al. Unique human tumor antigens: immunobiology and use in clinical trials. J Immunol 2007; 178: 1975-9.
18. Piersma SJ, Jordanova ES, van Poelgeest MI, et al. High number of intraepithelial CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with the absence of lymph node metastases in patients with large early-stage cervical cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 354-61.
19. Marzo AL, Lake RA, Lo D, et al. Tumor antigens are constitutively presented in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol 1999; 162: 5838-45.
20. Nguyen LT, Elford AR, Murakami K, et al. Tumor growth enhances cross-presentation leading to limited T cell activation without tolerance. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 423-35.
21. Matsuura K, Yamaguchi Y, Ueno H, et al. Maturation of dendritic cells and T-cell responses in sentinel lymph nodes from patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106: 1227-36.
22. Melief CJ,. Cancer immunotherapy by dendritic cells. Immunity 2008; 29: 372-83.
23. Cochran AJ, Huang RR, Lee J, et al. Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 659-70.
24. Huang RR, Wen DR, Guo J, et al. Selective modulation of paracortical dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes in breast cancer sentinel lymph nodes. Breast J 2000; 6: 225-32.
25. Macian F, Garcia-Cozar F, Im SH, et al. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying lymphocyte tolerance. Cell 2002; 109: 719-31.
26. Hargadon KM, Brinkman CC, Sheasley-O'neill SL, et al. Incomplete differentiation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J Immunol 2006; 177: 6081-90.
27. Nelson DJ, Mukherjee S, Bundell C, et al. Tumor progression despite efficient tumor antigen cross-presentation and effective "arming" of tumor antigen-specific CTL. J Immunol 2001; 166: 5557-66.
28. Stumbles PA, Himbeck R, Frelinger JA, et al. Cutting edge: tumor-specific CTL are constitutively cross-armed in draining lymph nodes and transiently disseminate to mediate tumor regression following systemic CD40 activation. J Immunol 2004; 173: 5923-8.
29. Zippelius A, Batard P, Rubio-Godoy V, et al. Effector function of human tumor-specific CD8 T cells in melanoma lesions: a state of local functional tolerance. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 2865-73.
30. Cheung AF, Dupage MJ, Dong HK, et al. Regulated expression of a tumor-associated antigen reveals multiple levels of T-cell tolerance in a mouse model of lung cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 9459-68.
31. Thompson ED, Enriquez HL, Fu YX, et al. Tumor masses support naive T cell infiltration, activation, and differentiation into effectors. J Exp Med 2010; 207: 1791-804.
32. Munn DH, Mellor AL,. The tumor-draining lymph node as an immune-privileged site. Immunol Rev 2006; 213: 146-58.
33. Sharma MD, Hou DY, Liu Y, et al. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls conversion of Foxp3+ Tregs to TH17-like cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Blood 2009; 113: 6102-11.
34. Boissonnas A, Scholer-Dahirel A, Simon-Blancal V, et al. Foxp3+ T cells induce perforin-dependent dendritic cell death in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Immunity 2010; 32: 266-78.
35. Deng L, Zhang H, Luan Y, et al. Accumulation of foxp3+ T regulatory cells in draining lymph nodes correlates with disease progression and immune suppression in colorectal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 4105-12.
36. Cao X, Cai SF, Fehniger TA, et al. Granzyme B and perforin are important for regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of tumor clearance. Immunity 2007; 27: 635-46.
37. Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A,. Immunosenescence and cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 75: 165-72.
38. Belloni V, Faivre B, Guerreiro R, et al. Suppressing an anti-inflammatory cytokine reveals a strong age-dependent survival cost in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5: e12940.
39. Cheever MA,. Twelve immunotherapy drugs that could cure cancers. Immunol Rev 2008; 222: 357-68.
40. Peggs KS, Quezada SA, Allison JP,. Cancer immunotherapy: co-stimulatory agonists and co-inhibitory antagonists. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157: 9-19.
41. Ahonen CL, Wasiuk A, Fuse S, et al. Enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of multifactorial adjuvants compared with unitary adjuvants as cancer vaccines. Blood 2008; 111: 3116-25.
42. Bourquin C, Anz D, Zwiorek K, et al. Targeting CpG oligonucleotides to the lymph node by nanoparticles elicits efficient antitumoral immunity. J Immunol 2008; 181: 2990-8.
43. Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, et al. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1018-28.
44. Vonderheide RH, Flaherty KT, Khalil M, et al. Clinical activity and immune modulation in cancer patients treated with CP-870,893, a novel CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 876-83.
45. Cohen J,. IL-12 deaths: explanation and a puzzle. Science 1995; 270: 908.
46. Schwartzentruber DJ,. Guidelines for the safe administration of high-dose interleukin-2. J Immunother 2001; 24: 287-93.
47. Serafini P, Carbley R, Noonan KA, et al. High-dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing vaccines impair the immune response through the recruitment of myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 6337-43.
48. De Stefani A, Forni G, Ragona R, et al. Improved survival with perilymphatic interleukin 2 in patients with resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Cancer 2002; 95: 90-7.
49. Cortesina G, De SA, Giovarelli M, et al. Treatment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with low doses of interleukin-2 injected perilymphatically. Cancer 1988; 62: 2482-5.
50. Bourquin C, Wurzenberger C, Heidegger S, et al. Delivery of immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides by gelatin nanoparticles triggers an efficient antitumoral response. J Immunother 2010; 33: 935-44.
51. Brody JD, Ai WZ, Czerwinski DK, et al. In situ vaccination with a TLR9 agonist induces systemic lymphoma regression: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4324-32.
52. Nierkens S, den Brok MH, Roelofsen T, et al. Route of administration of the TLR9 agonist CpG critically determines the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4: e8368.
53. Molenkamp BG, van Leeuwen PA, Meijer S, et al. Intradermal CpG-B activates both plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells in the sentinel lymph node of melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 2961-9.
54. Molenkamp BG, Sluijter BJ, van Leeuwen PA, et al. Local administration of PF-3512676 CpG-B instigates tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell reactivity in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 4532-42.
55. Brody JD, Ai WZ, Czerwinski DK, et al. In situ vaccination with a TLR9 agonist induces systemic lymphoma regression: a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4324-32.
56. Martin-Fontecha A, Sebastiani S, Hopken UE, et al. Regulation of dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph node: impact on T lymphocyte traffic and priming. J Exp Med 2003; 198: 615-21.
57. Jackaman C, Lew AM, Zhan Y, et al. Deliberately provoking local inflammation drives tumors to become their own protective vaccine site. Int Immunol 2008; 20: 1467-79.
58. Fransen MF, van Stipdonk MJ, Sluijter M, et al. Separate roles for antigen recognition and lymph node inflammation in CD8+ memory T cell formation. J Immunol 2010; 185: 3167-73.
59. Kaufman HL, Kim DW, DeRaffele G, et al. Local and distant immunity induced by intralesional vaccination with an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF in patients with stage IIIc and IV melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 718-30.
60. Senzer NN, Kaufman HL, Amatruda T, et al. Phase II clinical trial of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-encoding, second-generation oncolytic herpesvirus in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5763-71.
61. Fransen MF, Sluijter M, Morreau H, et al. Local activation of CD8 T cells and systemic tumor eradication without toxicity via slow release and local delivery of agonistic CD40 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 2270-80.
62. Beatty GL, Chiorean EG, Fishman MP, et al. CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans. Science 2011; 331: 1612-6.
63. Tamber H, Johansen P, Merkle HP, et al. Formulation aspects of biodegradable polymeric microspheres for antigen delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 357-76.
64. Van Tomme SR, Storm G, Hennink WE,. In situ gelling hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2008; 355: 1-18.
65. Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, et al. Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 59-73.
66. Ramakrishnan R, Assudani D, Nagaraj S, et al. Chemotherapy enhances tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing during cancer immunotherapy in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 1111-24.
67. Scott CT,. The problem with potency. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23: 1037-9.
68. Attia P, Phan GQ, Maker AV, et al. Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 6043-53.
69. Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Sinha P,. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: linking inflammation and cancer. J Immunol 2009; 182: 4499-506.
70. Sinha P, Clements VK, Fulton AM, et al. Prostaglandin E2 promotes tumor progression by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 4507-13.