Usefulness of salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism: Comparison with serum and urinary cortisol

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 168, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 315-321

  Manetti, Luca ^a   Rossi, Giuseppe ^b   Grasso, Lucia ^a   Raffaelli, Valentina ^a   Scattina, Ilaria ^a   Del Sarto, Simone ^b   Cosottini, Mirco ^a   Iannelli, Aldo ^a   Gasperi, Maurizio ^c   Bogazzi, Fausto ^a   Martino, Enio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b FONDAZIONE TOSCANA GABRIELE MONASTERIO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MOLISE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUSHING DISEASE; DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYDROCORTISONE URINE LEVEL; HYPERCORTISOLISM; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; URINALYSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; CUSHING SYNDROME; DEXAMETHASONE; FEMALE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; SALIVA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84874092988     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-12-0685     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, Erickson D., Harris K, Nadeem S, Ennis R., Erwin PJ & Montori VM. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 1553-1562. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0139)
2. Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson A.B., Bertagna X., Cavagnini F, Chrousos GP, Fava G.A., Findling JW, Gaillard RC, Grossman AB et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 5593-5602. (doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030871)
3. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling J.W., Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM & Montori VM. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 1526-1540. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0125)
4. Newell-Price J., Trainer P, Perry L., Wass J, Grossman A & Besser M. A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 1995 43 545-550. (doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2265.1995.tb02918.x)
5. Yaneva M, Mosnier-Pudar H, Dugué MA, Grabar S, Fulla Y & Bertagna X. Midnight salivary cortisol for the initial diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome of various causes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 3345-3351. (doi:10.1210/jc.2003-03 1790)
6. Newell-Price J., Bertagna X, Grossman AB & Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2006 367 1605-1617. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68699-6)
7. Vilar L, Freitas MC, Naves L.A., Canadas V., Albuquerque JL, Botelho CA, Egito CS, Arruda M.J., Silva LM, Arahata CM et al. The role of non-invasive dynamic tests in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2008 31 1008-1013.
8. Raff H, Homar PJ & Skoner DP. New enzyme immunoassay for salivary cortisol. Clinical Chemistry 2003 49 203-204. (doi:10.1373/49.1.203)
9. Carroll T, Raff H & Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008 4 344-350. (doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0808)
10. Carroll T, Raff H & Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a meta-analysis. Endocrine Practice 2009 15 335-342. (doi:10.4158/EP09023OR)
11. Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 3647-3655. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1166)
12. Scott EM, McGarrigle HH & Lachelin GC. The increase in plasma and saliva cortisol levels in pregnancy is not due to the increase in corticosteroid-binding globulin levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1990 71 639-644. (doi:10.1210/jcem-71-3-639)
13. Lindsay JR & Nieman LK. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocrine Reviews 2005 26 775-799. (doi:10.1210/er.2004-0025)
14. Perogamvros I, Aarons L, Miller A.G., Trainer PJ & Ray DW. Corticosteroid-binding globulin regulates cortisol pharmacokinetics. Clinical Endocrinology 2011 74 30-36. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03897.x)
15. Muelenberg PM & Hofman JA. The effect of oral contraceptive use and pregnancy on the daily rhythm of cortisol and cortisone. Clinica Chimica Acta 1990 190 211-221. (doi:10.1016/0009-8981(90)90175-R)
16. Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK & Kapelewski CH. Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009 34 1437-1448. (doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017)
17. Kidd S, Midgley P, Lone N., Wallace AM, Nicol M, Smith J & McIntosh N. A re-investigation of saliva collection procedures that highlights the risk of potential positive interference in cortisol immunoassay. Steroids 2009 74 666-668. (doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2009.02.009)
18. Beko G, Varga I, Glaz E., Sereg M, Feldman K, Toth M., Racz K & Patocs A. Cutoff values of midnight salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of overt hypercortisolism are highly influenced by methods. Clinica Chimica Acta 2010 411 364-367. (doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.033)
19. Perogamvros I, Owen LJ, Keevil B.G., Brabant G & Trainer PJ. Measurement of salivary cortisol with liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry in patients undergoing dynamic endocrine testing. Clinical Endocrinology 2010 72 17-21. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03582.x)
20. Baid SK, Sinaii N, Wade M., Rubino D & Nieman LK. Radioimmunoassay and tandem mass spectrometry measurement of bedtime salivary cortisol levels: a comparison of assays to establish hypercortisolism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 3102-3107. (doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2861)
21. Raff H, Raff JL & Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998 83 2681-2686. (doi:10.1210/jc.83.8.2681)
22. Castro M, Elias PC, Quidute A.R., Halah FP & Moreira AC. Outpatient screening for Cushing's syndrome: the sensitivity of the combination of circadian rhythm and overnight dexamethasone suppression salivary cortisol tests. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 878-882. (doi:10.1210/jc.84.3.878)
23. Papanicolaou DA, Mullen N, Kyrou I & Nieman LK. Nighttime salivary cortisol: a useful test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 4515-4521. (doi:10.1210/jc.2002- 020534)
24. Putignano P, Toja P, Dubini A., Pecori Giraldi F, Corsello SM & Cavagnini F. Midnight salivary cortisol versus urinary free and midnight serum cortisol as screening tests for Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 4153-4157. (doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030312)
25. Viardot A, Huber P, Puder J.J., Zulewski H., Keller U & Müller B. Reproducibility of nighttime salivary cortisol and its use in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism compared with urinary free cortisol and overnight dexamethasone suppression test. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 5730-5736. (doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2264)
26. Friedman TC, Zuckerbraun E, Lee M.L., Kabil MS & Shahinian H. Dynamic pituitary MRI has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mild Cushing's syndrome and should be part of the initial workup. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2007 39 451-456. (doi:10.1055/s-2007-980192)
27. Martinelli CE J.r., Sader SL, Oliveira E.B., Daneluzzi JC & Moreira AC. Salivary cortisol for screening of Cushing's syndrome in children. Clinical Endocrinology 1999 51 67-71. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00749.x)
28. Restituto P, Galofré JC, Gil MJ, Mugueta C, Santos S, Monreal JI & Varo N. Advantage of salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of glucocorticoid related disorders. Clinical Biochemistry 2008 41 688-692. (doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.015)
29. Cardoso EM, Arregger AL, Tumilasci OR & Contreras LN. Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in Cushing's syndrome (CS). Clinical Endocrinology 2009 70 516-521. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03381.x)
30. Nunes ML, Vattaut S, Corcuff J-B, Rault A, Loiseau H., Gatta B, Valli N, Letenneur L & Tabarin A. Late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of overt and subclinical Cushing's syndrome in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 456-462. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1542)
31. Deutschbein T, Broecker-Preuss M, Flitsch J., Jaeger A, Althoff R, Walz M.K., Mann K & Petersenn S. Salivary cortisol as a diagnostic tool for Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency: improved screening by an automatic immunoassay. European Journal of Endocrinology 2012 166 613-618. (doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0945)
32. Reynolds RM, Bendall HE, Whorwood C.B., Wood PJ, Walker BR & Phillips DI. Reproducibility of the low dose dexamethasone suppression test: comparison between direct plasma and salivary cortisol assays. Clinical Endocrinology 1998 49 307-310. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00549.x)
33. Castro M, Elias LL, Elias PC & Moreira AC. A dose-response study of salivary cortisol after dexamethasone suppression test in Cushing's disease and its potential use in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 2003 59 800-805. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01908.x)
34. Qureshi AC, Bahri A, Breen L.A., Barnes SC, Powrie JK, Thomas SM & Carroll PV. The influence of the route of oestrogen administration on serum levels of cortisol-binding globulin and total cortisol. Clinical Endocrinology 2007 66 632-635. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02784.x)
35. Durber SM, Lawson J & Daly JR. The effect of oral contraceptives on plasma cortisol and cortisol binding capacity throughout the menstrual cycle in normal women. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1976 83 814-818. (doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528. 1976.tb00750.x)
36. Nierop A, Bratsikas A, Klinkenberg A., Nater UM, Zimmermann R & Ehlert U. Prolonged salivary cortisol recovery in second-trimester pregnant women and attenuated salivary α-amylase responses to psychosocial stress in human pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 1329-1335. (doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1816)
37. Jung C, Ho JT, Torpy D.J., Rogers A., Doogue M, Lewis JG, Czajko RJ & Inder WJ. A longitudinal study of plasma and urinary cortisol in pregnancy and postpartum. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 1533-1540. (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2395)