Physical characteristics of the indoor environment that affect health and wellbeing in healthcare facilities: a review

Intelligent Buildings International

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 3-25

  Salonen, Heidi ^a,b   Lahtinen, Marjaana ^a   Lappalainen, Sanna ^a   Nevala, Nina ^a,c   Knibbs, Luke D ^b,d   Morawska, Lidia ^b   Reijula, Kari ^a,e  

^a FINNISH INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   (Finland)

^b QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ   (Finland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

health; healthcare facility; patient; physical environment; staff; wellbeing

Indexed keywords

HEALTHCARE FACILITY; PATIENT; PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS; STAFF; WELLBEING;

HEALTH CARE;

HEALTH;

AIR CONDITIONING; FACILITY LOCATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; PUBLIC HEALTH; UNDERPINNING; VENTILATION; VISUAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84873993658     PISSN: 17508975     EISSN: 17566932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2013.764838     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. Abdul Salam, Z. H., Karlin, R. B., Ling, M. L. and Yang, K. S. 2010. The Impact of Portable High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters on the Incidence of Invasive Aspergillosis in a Large Acute Tertiary-Care Hospital. American Journal of Infection Control, 38(4): e1-e7. (doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.09.014)
2. AIA and FGI. 2006. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities, Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architects (AIA) and Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI).
3. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J. and Silber, J. H. 2002. Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(6): 1987-1993. (doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.1987)
4. Alimoglu, M. K. and Donmez, L. 2005. Daylight Exposure and the Other Predictors of Burnout Among Nurses in a University Hospital. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(5): 549-555. (doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.09.001)
5. Allen, K. and Blascovich, J. 1994. Effects of Music on Cardiovascular Reactivity Among Surgeons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272(11): 882-884. (doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520110062030)
6. Altimier, L. B. 2004. Healing Environments: For Patients and Providers. Newborn & Infant Nursing Reviews, 4(2): 89-92. (doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2004.03.001)
7. Amick, B. C., Robertson, M. M., DeRango, K., Bazzani, L., Moore, A., Rooney, T. and Harrist, R. 2003. Effects of an Office Ergonomic Intervention on Musculoskeletal Symptoms. SPINE, 28(24): 2706-2711. (doi:10.1097/01.BRS.0000099740.87791.F7)
8. Amick, B. C., Robertson, M. M., DeRango, K., Palacios, N., Allie, P., Rooney, T. and Bazzani, L. 2002. "An Overview of a Longitudinal Quasi-Experimental Field Study to Evaluate the Effect of An Office Ergonomics Training and a New Chair on Quality of Work Life, Health, and Productivity". In Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference on Work with Display Units, Berchtesgaden, Germany: Ergonomic Institut für Arbeit-und Sozialforschung Forschungsgesellschaft.
9. Ammenwerth, E., Buchauer, A., Bludau, B. and Haux, R. 2000. Mobile Information and Communication Tools in the Hospital. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 57(1): 21-40. (doi:10.1016/S1386-5056(99)00056-8)
10. Ampt, A., Harris, P. and Maxwell, M. 2008. The Health Impacts of the Design of Hospital Facilities on Patient Recovery and Wellbeing, and Staff Wellbeing: A Review of the Literature, Liverpool, NSW: Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity. 92
11. Anderson, R. L., Mackel, D. C., Stoler, B. S. and Mallison, G. 1982. Carpeting in Hospitals: An Epidemiological Evaluation. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 15(3): 408-415.
12. ASHRAE. 2010. ASHRAE Standard 55: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta, GA, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers.
13. Balocco, C. and Liò, P. 2010. Modelling Infection Spreading Control in a Hospital Isolation Room. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 3(7): 653-663. (doi:10.4236/jbise.2010.37089)
14. Bartley, J. M., Olmsted, R. N. and Haas, J. 2010. Current Views of Healthcare Design and Construction: Practical Implications for Safer, Cleaner Environments. American Journal of Infection Control, 38(5 SUPPL.1): S1-S12. (doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.195)
15. Bayo, M. V., Garcia, A. M. and Garcia, A. 1995. Noise Levels in an Urban Hospital and Workers' Subjective Responses. Archives of Environmental Health, 50(3): 247-251. (doi:10.1080/00039896.1995.9940395)
16. Beauchemin, K. M. and Hays, P. 1998. Dying in the Dark: Sunshine, Gender and Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 91(7): 352-354.
17. Becker, F. and Douglass, S. 2008. The Ecology of the Patient Visit: Physical Attractiveness, Waiting Times and Perceived Quality of Care. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 31(2): 128-141.
18. Ben-Abraham, R. and Keller, N. 2002. Do Isolation Rooms Reduce the Rate of Nosocomial Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit?. Journal of Critical Care, 17(3): 176-180. (doi:10.1053/jcrc.2002.35809)
19. Benedetti, F., Colombo, C., Barbini, B., Campori, E. and Smeraldi, E. 2001. Morning Sunlight Reduces Length of Hospitalization in Bipolar Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 62(3): 221-223. (doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00149-X)
20. van den Berg, A. E., Hartig, T. and Staats, H. 2007. Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, and the Pursuit of Sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, 63(1): 79-96. (doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00497.x)
21. Beyea, S. C. 2007. Noise: A Distraction, Interruption, and Safety Hazard. AORN Journal, 86(2): 281-285. Accessed April 10, 2012. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FSL/is_2_86/ai_n27348328/ (doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2007.07.017)
22. Beyer, D. J. and Belsito, D. V. 2000. Fungal Contamination of Outpatient Examination Rooms: Is Your Office Safe?. Dermatology Nursing, 12(1): 51-53.
23. Biley, F. C. 1994. Effects of Noise in Hospitals. British Journal of Community Nursing, 3(3): 110-113.
24. Blomkvist, V., Eriksen, C. A., Theorell, T., Ulrich, R. S. and Rasmanis, G. 2005. Acoustics and Psychosocial Environment in Coronary Intensive Care. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62 Accessed August 1, 2012. http://www.occenvmed.com/cgi/content/full/62/3/e1. doi: 10.1136/oem.2004.017632
25. Bradshaw, V. 2006. The Building Environment: Active and Passive Control Systems. Part 1: Thermal Control Concepts. Chapter 1: Human Comfort and Health Requirements, 3, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
26. Bremmer, P., Byers, J. F. and Kiehl, E. 2003. Noise and the Premature Infant: Physiological Effects and Practice Implications. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal nursing, 32(4): 447-454. (doi:10.1177/0884217503255009)
27. Brown, P. and Taquino, L. T. 2001. Designing and Delivering Neonatal Care in Single Rooms. Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, 15(1): 68-83.
28. Buchanan, T. L., Barker, K. N., Gibson, J. T., Jiang, B. C. and Pearson, R. E. 1991. Illumination and Errors in Dispensing. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 48(10): 2137-2145.
29. Busch-Vishniac, I. J., West, J. E., Barnhill, C., Hunter, T., Orellana, D. and Chivukula, R. 2005. Noise Levels in Johns Hopkins Hospital. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(6): 3629-3645. (doi:10.1121/1.2118327)
30. Carling, P. C. and Bartley, J. M. 2010. Evaluating Hygienic Cleaning in Health Care Settings: What You Do Not Know Can Harm Your Patients. American Journal of Infection Control, 38(5 SUPPL.1): 41-50. (doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.03.004)
31. Carpman, J. R. and Grant, M. A. 1993. Design That Cares: Planning Health Facilities for Patients and Visitors, 2, Chicago, IL: American Hospital Publishing.
32. Carr, R. F. 2011. "Hospital." National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC. Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) website. Revised by the WBDG Health Care Subcommittee. Accessed June 20, 2012.http://www.wbdg.org/design/hospital.php
33. Carr, R. F. 2012. "Health Care Facilities." National Institute of Building Sciences. Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) website. Revised by the WBDG Health Care Subcommittee. Accessed June 20, 2012.http://www.wbdg.org/design/health_care.php
34. CDC and HICPAC. 2003. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Healthcare Facilities: Recommendations of CDC and HICPAC, 71-88. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).
35. CDC and HICPAC. 2007. Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory (HICPAC).
36. Chang, S. and Chen, C. 2005. Effects of Music Therapy on Women's Physiologic Measures, Anxiety, and Satisfaction During Cesarean Delivery. Research in Nursing and Health, 28(6): 453-461. (doi:10.1002/nur.20102)
37. Chaundhury, H., Mahmood, A. and Valente, M. 2005. Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Versus Multiple-Occupancy Rooms in Acute Care Environments. Environment & Behavior, 37(6): 760 (doi:10.1177/0013916504272658)
38. Chaundhury, H., Mahmood, A. and Valente, M. 2006. Nurses' Perception of Single-Occupancy Versus Multioccupancy Rooms in Acute Care Environments: An Exploratory Comparative Assessment. Applied Nursing Research, 19(3): 118-125. (doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2005.06.002)
39. Cheek, F. E., Maxwell, R. and Weisman, R. 1971. Carpeting the Ward: An Exploratory Study in Environmental Psychiatry. Mental Hygiene, 55(1): 109-118.
40. Chlan, L. 2000. Music Therapy as a Nursing Intervention for Patients Supported by Mechanical Ventilation. AACN Clinical Issues Advanced Practice in Acute Critical Care, 11(1): 128-138. (doi:10.1097/00044067-200002000-00014)
41. Choi, J.-H., Beltran, L. O. and Kim, H.-S. 2012. Impacts of Indoor Daylight Environments on Patient Average Length of Stay (Alos) in a Healthcare Facility. Building and Environment, 50(April): 65-75. (doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.010)
42. CIBSE. 2005. Guide B (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration), London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.
43. Clay, R. A. 2001. "Green is Good for You." Monitor on Psychology 32 (4): 40-42
44. Cohen, M. R. and Smetzer, J. L. 2009. ISMP Medication Error Report Analysis. Hospital Pharmacy, 44: 1062-1065. (doi:10.1310/hpj4412-1062)
45. Cooke, M., Chaboyer, W. and Hiratos, M. A. 2005. Music and its Effect on Anxiety in Short Waiting Periods: A Critical Appraisal. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(2): 145-155. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01033.x)
46. Cooper-Marcus, C. and Barnes, M. 1995. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design.
47. Cooper-Marus, C. and Barnes, M. 1999. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
48. Counsell, S. R., Holder, C. M., Liebenauer, L. L., Palmer, R. M., Fortinsky, R. H., Kresevic, D. M., Quinn, L. M., Allen, K. R., Covinsky, K. E. and Landefeld, C. S. 2000. Effects of a Multicomponent Intervention on Functional Outcomes and Process of Care in Hospitalized Older Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Acute Care for Elders (ACE) in a Community Hospital. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(12): 1572-1581.
49. Crone, R. A. 1999. A History of Color: The Evolution of Theories of Lights and Color, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
50. Curtis, S., Gesler, W., Fabian, K., Francis, S. and Priebe, S. 2007. Therapeutic Landscapes in Hospital Design: A Qualitative Assessment by Staff and Service Users of the Design of a New Mental Health Inpatient Unit. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 25(4): 591-610. (doi:10.1068/c1312r)
51. Dalke, H., Little, J., Neimann, E., Camgoz, N., Steadman, G., Hill, S. and Stott, L. 2006. Colour and Lighting in Hospital Design. Optics and Laser Technology, 38(4-6): 343-365. (doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.040)
52. Daykin, N., Byrne, E., Soteriou, T. and O'Connor, S. 2008. Review: The Impact of Art, Design and Environment in Mental Healthcare: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 128(2): 85-94. Accessed April 12, 2012. http://rsh.sagepub.com/content/128/2/85.full.pdf+html (doi:10.1177/1466424007087806)
53. Dee, S. A., Deen, J., Cano, J. P., Batista, L. and Pijoan, C. 2006. Further Evaluation of Alternative Air-Filtration Systems for Reducing the Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(3): 168-175.
54. Devlin, A. S. and Arneill, A. B. 2003. Health Care Environments and Patient Outcomes: A Review of the Literature. Environment and Behavior, 35(5): 665-694. (doi:10.1177/0013916503255102)
55. Diette, G. B., Lechtzin, N., Haponik, E., Devrotes, A. and Rubin, H. R. 2003. Distraction Therapy with Nature Sights and Sounds Reduces Pain During Flexible Bronchoscopy. CHEST Journal, 123(3): 941-948. (doi:10.1378/chest.123.3.941)
56. Dijkstra, K., Pieterse, M. and Pruyn, A. 2006. Physical Environmental Stimuli That Turn Healthcare Facilities into Healing Environments Through Psychologically Mediated Effects: Systematic Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(2): 166-181. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03990.x)
57. Dijkstra, K., Pieterse, M. E. and Pruyn, A. 2008. Stress-Reducing Effects of Indoor Plants in the Built Healthcare Environment: The Mediating Role of Perceived Attractiveness. Preventive Medicine, 47(3): 279-283. (doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.013)
58. Douglas, C. H. and Douglas, M. R. 2004. Patient-Friendly Hospital Environments: Exploring the Patients' Perspective. Health Expectations, 7(1): 61-73. (doi:10.1046/j.1369-6513.2003.00251.x)
59. Eames, I., Shoabi, D., Klettner, C. A. and Taban, V. 2009. Movement of Airborne Contaminants in a Hospital Isolation Room. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 6(SUPPL.6): 757-766. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0319.focus)
60. Eckmanns, T., Ruden, H. and Gastmeier, P. 2006. The Influence of High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration on Mortality and Fungal Infection Among Highly Immunosuppressed Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 193(10): 1408-1418. (doi:10.1086/503435)
61. Edwards, L., and P. Torcellini. 2002. "A literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants." Technical Report, Colorado National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Accessed August 5, 2012.http://www.osti.gov/bridge
62. Escombe, A. R., Oeser, C. C., Gilman, R. H., Navincopa, M., Ticona, E., Pan, W.Martínez, C. 2007. "Natural Ventilation for the Prevention of Airborne Contagion". In PLOS Medicine 4(2): e68. Accessed April 10, 2012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068
63. Evans, G. W. and Cohen, S. 1987. "Environmental Stress". In Handbook of Environmental Psychology, Edited by: Stokols, D. and Altman, I. 571-610. New York: John Wiley.
64. Fehrman, K. R. and Fehrman, C. 2004. Color: The Secret Influence, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
65. Figueiro, M. G., Appleman, K. J., Appleman, K., Bullough, J. D. and Rea, M. S. 2006. A Discussion of Recommended Standards for Lighting in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Perinatalogy, 26(SUPPL.3): 19-26. (doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211586)
66. Fisk, W. J. 2001. "Estimates of Potential Nationwide Productivity and Health Benefits from Better Indoor Environments: An Update". In Chapter 4. In Indoor Air Quality Handbook, Edited by: Spengler, J. D., Samet, J. F. and Mccarthy, J. 1488 pp.New York: McGraw-Hill.
67. Fjeld, T., 2002. "The effects of plants and artificial daylight on the well-being and health of office workers, school children and health-care personnel." International Plants for People Symposium, Floriade, Amsterdam, NL
68. Flynn, E. A., Barker, K. N., Gibson, J. T., Pearson, R. E., Berger, B. A. and Smith, L. A. 1999. Impact of Interruptions and Distractions on Dispensing Errors in an Ambulatory Care Pharmacy. American Journal of Health Systems Pharmacy, 56(13): 1319-1325.
69. Glod, C. A., Teicher, M. H., Butler, M., Savino, M., Harper, D., Magnus, E. and Pahlavan, K. 1994. Modifying Quiet Room Design Enhances Calming of Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4): 558-566. (doi:10.1097/00004583-199405000-00014)
70. van de Glind, I., de Roode, S. and Goossensen, A. 2007. Do Patients in Hospitals Benefit from Single Rooms? A Literature Review. Health Policy, 84(2-3): 153-161. (doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.06.002)
71. Goetz, P., Malone, E., Harmsen, C., Reno, K., Edelstein, E., Hamilton, D. K., Salvatore, A., Mann-Dooks, J., Oland, C. and Nanda, U. 2010. An Introduction to Evidence-Based Design: Exploring Health and Design, 2, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design.
72. Goodall, D. and Etters, L. 2005. The Therapeutic Use of Music on Agitated Behavior in Those with Dementia. Holistic Nursing Practice, 19(6): 258-262.
73. Gravesen, S., Larsen, L., Gyntelberg, F. and Skov, P. 1986. Demonstration of Microorganisms and Dust in Schools and Offices. Allergy, 41(7): 520-525. (doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00337.x)
74. Grumet, G. 1993. Pandemonium in the Modern Hospital. The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), 328: 433-437. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199302113280612)
75. Hagerman, I., Rasmanis, G., Blomkvist, V., Ulrich, R. S., Eriksen, C. A. and Theorell, T. 2005. Influence of Coronary Intensive Care Acoustics on the Quality of Care and Physiological States of Patients. International Journal of Cardiology, 98: 267-270. (doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.006)
76. Hahn, T., Cummings, K. M., Michalek, A. M., Lipman, B. J., Segal, B. H. and McCarthy, P. L. 2002. Efficacy of High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration in Preventing Aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Patients with Hematologic Malignancies. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 23(9): 525-531. (doi:10.1086/502101)
77. Harris, D. 2000. "Environmental Quality and Healing Environments: A Study of Flooring Materials in a Healthcare Telemetry Unit." Dissertation, Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Dissertation Abstracts International, 4202(00), DAI-A61/11 (University Digital no. AAT 9994253)
78. Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S. and Gärling, T. 2003. Tracking Restoration in Natural and Urban Field Settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2): 109-123. (doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3)
79. Hathorn, K. and Upali, N. 2008. Guide to Evidence-Based Art, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. Accessed September 1, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/chd/research/guide-evidence-based-art?page=show
80. Hendrich, A. 2003. "Optimizing Physical Space for Improved Outcomes: Satisfaction and the Bottom Line." In Proceedings of Minicourse. Atlanta, GA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement & The Center for Healthcare Design
81. Hilton, B. A. 1985. Noise in Acute Patient Care Areas. Research in Nursing and Health, 8(3): 283-291. (doi:10.1002/nur.4770080311)
82. Holahan, C. 1972. Seating Patterns and Patient Behavior in an Experimental Dayroom. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 80(2): 115-124. (doi:10.1037/h0033404)
83. Hoozemans, M. J. M., van der Beek, A. J., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W., van der Woude, L. H. V. and van Dijk, F. J. H. 2002. Pushing and Pulling in Association with Low Back and Shoulder Complaints. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(10): 696-702. (doi:10.1136/oem.59.10.696)
84. Horsburgh, C. R. 1995. Healing by Design. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(11): 735-740. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199509143331117)
85. Horton, J. G. 1997. Lighting, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
86. Hwang, R. L., Lin, T. P., Chen, M. J. and Chien, J. H. 2007. Patient thermal Comfort Requirement for Hospital Environments in Taiwan. Building and Environment, 42(8): 2980-2987. (doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.035)
87. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2004. Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
88. Janssen, W. G. M., Bussmann, H. B. J. and Stam, H. J. 2002. Determinants of the Sit-To-Stand Movement: A Review. Physical Therapy, 82(9): 866-879.
89. Jastremski, C. A. 2000. ICU Bedside Environment: A Nursing Perspective. Critical Care Clinics, 16(4): 723-734. (doi:10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70143-3)
90. Johns Hopkins University. 2005. Rise in hospital noise poses problems for patients and staff. Science Daily, November 21. Accessed April 25, 2012.http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/11/051121101949.htm
91. Johnson, A. N. 2001. Neonatal Response to Control of Noise Inside the Incubator. Pediatric Nursing, 27(6): 600-605.
92. Johnson, B. H. and Abraham, M. R. 2004. Designing the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for Optimal Family Involvement. Clinics in Perinatology, 31(2): 353-382. (doi:10.1016/j.clp.2004.04.008)
93. Johnson, P. R. and Tornhill, L. 2006. Noise Reduction in the Hospital Setting. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 21(4): 295-297. (doi:10.1097/00001786-200610000-00003)
94. Joseph, A. 2006a. The Impact of Light on Outcomes in Healthcare Settings, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. Accessed June 17, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/chd/research/impact-light-outcomes-healthcare-settings
95. Joseph, A. 2006b. The Impact of the Environment on Infections in Healthcare Facilities. Vol. Issue Paper #1, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. 19. Accessed June 17, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/Impact%20of%20the%20Environment%20on%20Infections%20in%20HC%20Facilities_0.pdf
96. Joseph, A. 2006c. The Role of the Physical and Social Environment in Promoting Health, Safety, and Effectiveness in the Healthcare Workplace, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. Accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/chd/research/role-physical-and-social-environment-promoting-health-safety-and-effectiveness-healthca
97. Joseph, A. 2007. "Hospitals That Heal. Hospital Design for the 21st Century." Asian Hospital and Healthcare Management 13: 11-13. Accessed September 25.http://www.asianhhm.com/newsletter/images/ahhm_issue13.pdf
98. Joseph, A. and Ulrich, R. 2007. Sound Control for Improved Outcomes in Healthcare Settings, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. 17. Accessed August 5, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/Sound%20Control.pdf
99. Joye, Y. 2007. Architectural Lessons from Environmental Psychology: The Case of Biophilic Architecture. Review of General Psychology, 11(4): 305-328. (doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.4.305)
100. Kaplan, R. 1992. "The Psychological Benefits of Nearby Nature". In Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development: A National Symposium, Edited by: Relf, D. 125-133. Arlington, Virginia: Timber Press.
101. Kaplan, R. and Kaplan, S. 1989. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press.
102. Kaplow, R. and Hardin, S. R. 2007. Critical Care Nursing: Synergy for Optimal Outcomes, Sundbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
103. Karro, J., Dent, A. W. and Farish, S. 2005. Patient Perceptions of Privacy Infringements in an Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 17(2): 117-123. (doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2005.00702.x)
104. Keep, P. J., James, J. and Inman, M. 1980. Windows in the Intensive Therapy Unit. Anesthesia, 35(3): 257-262. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb05093.x)
105. Kracht, J. M., Busch-Vishniac, I. J. and West, J. E. 2007. Noise in the Operating Rooms of Johns Hopkins Hospital. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121(5): 2673-2680. (doi:10.1121/1.2714921)
106. Küller, R. and Lindsten, C. 1992. Health and Behavior of Children in Classrooms With and Without Windows. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(4): 305-317. (doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80079-9)
107. Kutash, M. and Northrop, L. 2007. Family Members' Experiences of the Intensive Care Unit Waiting Room. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(4): 384-388. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04388.x)
108. LaCharity, L. A. and McClure, R. I. 2003. Are Plants Vectors for Transmission of Infection in Acute Care?. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 15(1): 119-124. (doi:10.1016/S0899-5885(02)00037-0)
109. Lai, H., Chen, C., Peng, T., Chang, F., Hsieh, M., Huang, H. and Chang, S. 2006. Randomized Controlled Trial of Music During Kangaroo Care on Maternal State Anxiety and Preterm Infants' Responses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(2): 139-146. (doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.04.008)
110. Lankford, M. G., Collins, S., Youngberg, L., Rooney, D. M., Warren, J. R. and Noskin, G. A. 2006. Assessment of Materials Commonly Utilized in Health Care: Implications for Bacterial Survival and Transmission. American Journal of Infection Control, 34(5): 258-263. (doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.10.008)
111. Laumann, K., Gärling, T. and Stormark, K. M. 2003. Selective Attention and Heart Rate Responses to Natural and Urban Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2): 125-134. (doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00110-X)
112. Leather, P., Beale, D., Santos, A., Watts, J. and Lee, L. 2003. Outcomes of Environmental Appraisal of Different Hospital Waiting Areas. Environment & Behavior, 35(6): 842-869. (doi:10.1177/0013916503254777)
113. Leather, P., Pyrgas, M., Beale, D. and Lawrence, C. 1998. Windows in the Workplace. Sunlight, View, and Occupational Stress. Environment and Behavior, 30(6): 739-762. (doi:10.1177/001391659803000601)
114. Lee, O., Chung, Y., Chan, M. F. and Chan, W. M. 2005. Music and its Effect on the Physiological Responses and Anxiety Level of Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(5): 609-620. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01103.x)
115. Leese, K. E., Cole, E. C., Hall, R. M. and Berry, M. A. 1997. Measurement of Airborne and Floor Dusts in a Nonproblem Building. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 58(6): 432-438. (doi:10.1080/15428119791012676)
116. Legg, R. C. 1971. Thermal Environment in Hospital Wards. Hospital Engineering, May: 87-93.
117. Li, Y., Leung, G. M., Tang, J. W., Yang, X., Chao, C. Y., Lin, J. Z.Lu, J. W. 2007. Role of Ventilation in Airborne Transmission of Infectious Agents in the Built Environment-a Multi-Disciplinary Systematic Review. Indoor Air, 17(1): 2-18. (doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x)
118. Lohr, V. I. and Pearson-Mims, C. H. 2000. Physical Discomfort May Be Reduced in the Presence of Interior Plants. Horttechnology, 10(1): 53-58.
119. Loo, V. G., Bertrand, C., Dixon, C., Vityé, D., DeSalis, B., McLean, A. P., Brox, A. and Robson, H. G. 1996. Control of Construction-Associated Nosocomial Aspergillosis in an Antiquated Hematology Unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 17(6): 360-364. (doi:10.1086/647317)
120. Lorenz, S. G. 2007. The Potential of the Patient Room to Promote Healing and Well-Being in Patients and Nurses: an Integrative Review of the Research. Holistic Nursing Practice, 21(5): 263-277.
121. Lundstrom, T., Pugliese, G., Bartley, J., Cox, J., Guither, C., Michigan, D. and Illinois, O. 2002. Organizational and Environmental Factors That Affect Worker Health and Safety and Patient Outcomes. American Journal of Infection Control, 30(2): 93-106. (doi:10.1067/mic.2002.119820)
122. Mackworth, N. H. 1950. Researches on the Measurement of Human Performance, London: Medical Research Council. H Majesty's Stationery Office.
123. Malone, E. B. and Dellinger, B. A. 2011. Furniture Design Features and Healthcare Outcomes, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. 73. Accessed August 18, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/FurnitureOutcomes_2011.pdf
124. Manav, B. 2007. Color-Emotion Associations and Color Preferences: A Case Study for Residences. Color Research & Application, 32(2): 144-150. (doi:10.1002/col.20294)
125. Mazer, S. E. 2006. Increase Patient Safety by Creating a Quieter Hospital Environment. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 40(2): 145-146. (doi:10.2345/i0899-8205-40-2-145.1)
126. McCaffrey, R. and Locsin, R. 2004. The Effect of Music Listening on Acute Confusion and Delirium in Elders Undergoing Elective Hip and Knee Surgery. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 13(6b): 91-96.
127. McCann, S., Byrne, J. L., Rovira, M., Shaw, P., Ribaud, P., Sica, S.Volin, L. 2004. Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases in Stem Cell Transplant Units: A Silent Cause of Death for Patients and Transplant Programs. Bone Marrow Transplant, 33(5): 519-529. (doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704380)
128. McColl, S. L. and Veitch, J. A. 2001. Full-Spectrum Lighting: A Review of Its Effects on Physiology and Health. Psychological Medicine, 31(6): 949-964. (doi:10.1017/S0033291701004251)
129. McMinn, B. G. and Hinton, L. 2000. Confined to Barracks: The Effects of Indoor Confinement on Aggressive Behavior Among Inpatients of an Acute Psychogeriatric Unit. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 15(1): 36-41. (doi:10.1177/153331750001500106)
130. Melin, L. and Gotestam, K. G. 1981. The Effects of Rearranging Ward Routines on Communication and Eating Behaviors of Psychogeriatric Patients. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 14(1): 47-51. (doi:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-47)
131. Menegazzi, J. J., Paris, P., Kersteen, C., Flynn, B. and Trautman, D. E. 1991. A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Use of Music During Laceration Repair. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 20(4): 348-350. (doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81652-X)
132. Mooney, P. and Nicell, P. L. 1992. The Importance of Exterior Environment for Alzheimer's Residents: Effective Care and Risk Management. Health Care Management Forum, 5(2): 23-29. (doi:10.1016/S0840-4704(10)61202-1)
133. Mroczek, J., Mikitarian, G., Vieira, E. K. and Rotarius, T. 2005. Hospital Design and Staff Perceptions: An Exploratory Analysis. Health Care Manager, 24(3): 233-244.
134. Namazi, K. H. and Johnson, B. 1992. Pertinent Autonomy for Residents with Dementias: Modification of the Physical Environment to Enhance Independence. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 7(1): 16-21. (doi:10.1177/153331759200700105)
135. Nevala, N. and Tamminen-Peter, L. 2004. Ergonomics and Usability of an Electrically Adjustable Shower Trolley. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34(2): 131-138. (doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2004.03.003)
136. Nightingale, F. 1860. Notes on Nursing. What it is, and What it is Not, First American, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
137. Nightingale, F. 1893. Sick Nursing and Health Nursing, Chicago: The International Congress of Charities, Correction and Philanthropy.
138. NSW Health. 2008. Wayfinding for Healthcare Facilities, 5, Business and Development BranchTechnical Series TS-2. North Sydney: NSW Health.
139. O'Connor, Z. 2011. Colour Psychology and Colour Therapy: Caveat Emptor. Color Research & Application, 36(3): 229-234. Accessed September 1, 2012. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.20597/pdf (doi:10.1002/col.20597)
140. Okamoto-Mizuno, K., Tsuzuki, K. and Mizuno, K. 2004. Effects of Mild Heat Exposure on Sleep Stages and Body Temperature in Older Men. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49(1): 32-36. (doi:10.1007/s00484-004-0209-3)
141. Okamoto-Mizuno, K., Tsuzuki, K. and Mizuno, K. 2005. Effects of Humid Heat Exposure in Later Segments on Sleep Stages and Body Temperature in Humans. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49(4): 232-237. (doi:10.1007/s00484-004-0237-z)
142. Olsen, J. C., Cutcliffe, B. and O'Brien, B. C. 2008. Emergency Department Design and Patient Perceptions of Privacy and Confidentiality. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 35(3): 317-320. (doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.029)
143. Parker, D. L. and Hodge, J. R. 1976. Delirium in a Coronary Unit. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 201: 132-133.
144. Parmeggiani, P. L. 1987. Interaction Between Sleep and Thermoregulation: An Aspect of the Control of Behavioural States. Sleep, 10: 426-435.
145. Qian, H., Li, Y., Seto, W. H., Ching, P., Ching, W. H. and Sun, H. Q. 2010. Natural Ventilation for Reducing Airborne Infection in Hospitals. Building and Environment, 45(3): 559-565. (doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.011)
146. Qian, J., and A. R. Ferro. 2007. "Characterization of the particle resuspension source from human activity [abstract]." Healthy air-better work, 29-31 May 2007. Helsinki, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 51
147. Radke, R. 1997. "Carpet". In Healthcare Design, Edited by: Marberry, S. O. 139-165. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
148. Ramsey, J., and Y. Kwon. 1988, "Simplified decision rules for predicting performance loss in the heat." In Proceedings of Proceedings, Seminar on Heat Stress Indices, pp. 337-371
149. Raubal, M. 2008. "Wayfinding: Affordances and Agent Stimulation". In Encyclopedia of GIS, Edited by: Shekhar, S. and Xiong, H. 1243-1246. New York: Springer.
150. Reiling, J. G., Knutzen, B. L., Wallen, T. K., McCullough, S., Miller, R. and Chernos, S. 2004. Enhancing the Traditional Hospital Design Process: A Focus on Patient Safety. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety, 30(3): 115-124.
151. Robbins, C. L. 1986. Daylighting Design and Analysis, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
152. Rutala, W. A., Jones, S. N., Worthington, J. M., Reist, P. C. and Weber, D. J. 1995. Efficacy of Portable Filtration Units in Reducing Aerosolized Particles in the Size Range of Myobacterium Tuberculosis. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 16(7): 391-398. (doi:10.1086/647136)
153. Sadler, B. L. 2001. Design to Compete in Managed Healthcare: CEO Viewpoint. Facilities Design & Management, March: 38-41.
154. Sanderson, P. M., Tosh, N., Philp, S., Rudie, J., Watson, M. O. and Russell, W. J. 2005. The Effects of Ambient Music on Simulated Anaesthesia Monitoring. Anaesthesia, 60(11): 1073-1078. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04377.x)
155. Särkämö, T. and Soto, D. 2012. Music Listening After Stroke: Beneficial Effects and Potential Neural Mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252(April): 266-281. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06405.x)
156. Sehulster, L., Chinn, R. Y., Arduino, M. J., Carpenter, J., Donlan, R., Ashford, D.Besser, R. 2004. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), Chicago IL: American Society for Healthcare Engineering/American Hospital Association.
157. Shepley, M. M. 2002. Predesign and Postoccupancy Analysis of Staff Behavior in A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Children's Health Care, 31(3): 237-253. (doi:10.1207/S15326888CHC3103_5)
158. Sherman, S. A., Varni, J. W., Ulrich, R. S. and Malcarne, V. L. 2005. Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Healing Gardens in a Pediatric Cancer Center. Landscape and Urban Planning, 73(2-3): 167-183. (doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.11.013)
159. Shochat, T., Martin, J., Marler, M. and Ancoli-Israel, S. 2000. Illumination Levels in Nursing Home Patients: Effects on Sleep and Activity Rhythms. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(4): 373-379. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00221.x)
160. Skoutelis, A. T., Westenfelder, G. O., Beckerdite, M. and Phair, J. P. 1994. Hospital Carpeting and Epidemiology of Clostridium Difficile. American Journal of Infection Control, 22(4): 212-217. (doi:10.1016/0196-6553(94)90070-1)
161. Slevin, M., Farrington, N., Duffy, G., Daly, L. and Murphy, J. F. 2000. Altering the NICU and Measuring Infants' Responses. Acta Paediatrica, 89(5): 577-581. (doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00342.x)
162. Smedley, J., Inskip, H., Trevelyan, F., Buckle, P., Cooper, C. and Coggon, D. 2003. Risk Factors for Incident Neck and Shoulder Pain in Hospital Nurses. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(11): 864-869. (doi:10.1136/oem.60.11.864)
163. Solet, J. M., Buxton, O. M., Ellenbogen, J. M., Wang, W. and Carballiera, A. 2010. Evidence-Based Design Meets Evidence-Based Medicine: The Sound Sleep Study, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. Accessed July 25, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/Validating%20Acoustic%20Guidelines%20for%20HC%20Facilities_Sound%20Sleep%20Study.pdf
164. Spengler, J. D., Samet, J. M. and McCarthy, J. F. 2001. Indoor Air Quality Handbook, New York, United States: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
165. Springer, T. 2007. Ergonomics for Healthcare Environments, Geneva, IL: Knoll, HERO.
166. Standley, J. M. 1986. Music Research in Medical/Dental Treatment: Meta-Analysis and Clinical Applications. Journal of Music Therapy, XXII: 56-122.
167. Staricoff, R., Loppert, S., Kirklin, D. and Richardson, R. 2003. "Integrating the Arts into Healthcare: Can We Affect Clinical Outcomes?". In The Healing Environment: Without and Within, Edited by: Kirklin, D. and Richardson, R. 63-79. London: RCP.
168. Steffy, G. 2002. Architectural Lighting Design, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
169. Stichler, J. 2001. Creating Healing Environments in Critical Care Units. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 24(3): 1-20.
170. Sturdavant, M. 1960. Intensive Nursing Service in Circular and Rectangular Units. Hospitals, JAHA Journal, 34(14): 46-48. 71-48
171. Tang, J., Li, Y., Eames, I., Chan, P. and Ridgway, G. 2006. Factors Involved in the Aerosol Transmission of Infection and Control of Ventilation in Healthcare Premises. Journal of Hospital Infection, 64(2): 100-114. (doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.05.022)
172. Tanja-Dijkstra, K. and Pieterse, M. E. 2010. Psychologically Mediated Effects of the Physical Healthcare Environment on Work-Related Outcomes of Healthcare Personnel. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8(12): CD006210
173. Thatcher, T. L. and Layton, D. W. 1995. Deposition, Resuspension and Penetration of Particles within a Residence. Atmospheric Environment, 29(13): 1487-1497. (doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00016-R)
174. The Facility Guidelines Institute. 2010. Common Elements for Hospitals: Section 2.1-7.2.4.2-Furniture and Equipment. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities, Chicago, IL: American Society for Healthcare Engineering.
175. Tofle, R. B., Schwartz, B., Yoon, S.-Y. and Max-Royale, A. 2003. Color in Healthcare Environments-A Research Report, San Francisco, CA: Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER). 89. Accessed February 20, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/color_in_hc_environ.pdf
176. Tofle, R. B., Schwarz, B., Yoon, S.-Y. and Max-Royale, A. 2004. Color in Healthcare Environments (Monograph on a CD), Concord, CA: Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER). Accessed February 20, 2012. http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/color_in_hc_environ.pdf
177. Toivonen, R., Choi, D.-S. and Nevala, N. 2011. Ergonomics Product Development of a Mobile Workstation for Health Care. Journal of Usability Studies, 7(1): 40-50.
178. Trites, D. K. and Green, R. M. 1970. Hospital Visiting: The Patients' Point of View. Nursing Outlook, 18(8): 44-45.
179. Tunga, Y.-C., Hu, S.-C., Tsaia, T.-I. and Changa, I.-L. 2009. An Experimental Study on Ventilation Efficiency of Isolation Room. Building and Environment, 44(2): 271-279. (doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.03.003)
180. Tyson, G. A., Lambert, G. and Beattie, L. 2002. The Impact of Ward Design on the Behaviour, Occupational Satisfaction and Well-Being of Psychiatric Nurses. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 11(2): 94-102. (doi:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2002.00232.x)
181. Ulrich, R. and Gilpin, L. 2003. "Healing Arts-Nutrition for the Soul". In Putting Patients First-Designing and Practicing Patient-Centered Care, Edited by: Charmel, P. M., Frampton, S. B. and Gilpin, L. 117-146. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
182. Ulrich, R., X. Quan, C. Zimring, A. Joseph, and R. Choudhary. 2004, The role of the physical environment in the hospital of the 21 century: A once in a lifetime opportunity. Report to the Center for Health Design for the Designing the 21st Century Hospital Project 69. Accessed August 8, 2012.http://www.saintalphonsus.org/pdf/cah_role_physical_env.pdf
183. Ulrich, R. and Zhu, X. 2007. Medical Complications of Intra-Hospital Patient Transports: Implications for Architectural Design and Research. HERD Journal, 1(1): 31-43.
184. Ulrich, R. S. 1981. Natural Versus Urban Scenes: Some Psychophysiological Effects. Environment and Behavior, 13: 523-556. (doi:10.1177/0013916581135001)
185. Ulrich, R. S. 1984a. Benefits of Nature: View from a Hospital Bed. Science, 224: 420-421. (doi:10.1126/science.6143402)
186. Ulrich, R. S. 1984b. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, 224(4647): 420-421. (doi:10.1126/science.6143402)
187. Ulrich, R. S. 1991. Effects of Health Facility Interior Design on Wellness: Theory and Recent Scientific Research. Journal of Health Care Design, 3(1): 97-109.
188. Ulrich, R. S. 1992. How Design Impacts Wellness. Healthcare Forum Journal, 35(5): 20-25.
189. Ulrich, R. S. 1993. "Biophilia, Biophobia and Natural Landscapes". In The Biophilia Hypothesis, Edited by: Kellert, S. R. and Wilson, E. O. 74-137. Washington, DC: Island Press.
190. Ulrich, R. S. 1999. "Effects of Gardens on Health Outcomes: Theory and Research". In Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations, Edited by: Cooper, M. and Barnes, M. 27-86. New York: John Wiley.
191. Ulrich, R. S. 2000. "Evidence Based Environmental Design for Improving Medical Outcomes". In Proceedings of the conference, Healing by Design: Building for Health Care in the 21st Century, 3.1-3.10. Montreal: McGill University Health Centre.
192. Ulrich, R. S., Lunden, O. and Eltinge, J. L. 1993. Effects of Exposure to Nature and Abstract Pictures on Patients Recovering from Heart Surgery. Psychophysiology, 30(1): 7
193. Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A. and Zelson, M. 1991. Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3): 201-230. (doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7)
194. Ulrich, R. S. and Wilson, P. 2006. Evidence Based Design for Reducing Infection. Public Services Review: Health (UK), 8: 24-25.
195. Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., CuBose, J., Seo, H.-B., Choi, Y.-S., Quan, X. and Joseph, A. 2008. A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence Based Healthcare Design. Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 1(3): 61-125.
196. USP-NF. 2010. Chapter 1066, Physical environments that promote safe medication use. Revision Bulletin, October 1, 2010, 1-6. The United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF). Accessed April 25, 2012.http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/USPNF/gc1066PhysicalEnvironments.pdf
197. Wakamura, T. and Hiromi, T. 2001. Influence of Bright Light During Daytime On Sleep Parameters in Hospitalized Elderly Patients. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 20(6): 345-351. (doi:10.2114/jpa.20.345)
198. Walch, J. M., Rabin, B. S., Day, R., Williams, J. N., Choi, K. and Kang, J. D. 2005. The Effect of Sunlight on Postoperative Analgesic Medication Use: A Prospective Study of Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1): 156-163. (doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000149258.42508.70)
199. Walls, C. 2001. Do Electric Patient Beds Reduce the Risk of Lower Back Disorders in Nurses. Occupational Medicine, 51(6): 380-384. (doi:10.1093/occmed/51.6.380)
200. Weinhold, V. B. 1988. Interior Finish Materials for Health Care Facilities, Springfield, IL: Thomas Publisher.
201. Westbrook, J. I., Woods, A., Rob, M. I., Dunsmuir, W. T. M. and Day, R. O. 2010. Association of Interruptions with an Increased Risk and Severity of Medication Administration Errors. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(8): 683-690. (doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.65)
202. Whitehouse, S., Varni, J. W., Seid, M., Cooper Marcus, C., Ensberg, M. J., Jacobs, J. R. and Mehlenbeck, R. S. 2001. Evaluating a Children's Hospital Garden Environment: Utilization and Consumer Satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3): 301-314. (doi:10.1006/jevp.2001.0224)
203. WHO. 2007. Noise, Regulations Guidelines for Community Noise, Geneva: World Health Organization.
204. WHO. 2009. WHO Publication/Guideline 2009. Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings, World Health Organization.
205. Williams, D. S. 2008. Design with Dignity: The Design and Manufacturing of Appropriate Furniture for the Bariatric Patient Population. Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care, 3(1): 39-40. (doi:10.1089/bar.2008.9993)
206. Willmott, M. 1986. The Effect of a Vinyl Floor Surface and a Carpeted Floor Surface upon Walking in Elderly Hospital in-Patients. Age Ageing, 15(2): 119-120. (doi:10.1093/ageing/15.2.119)
207. Wilson, L. M. 1972. Intensive Care Delirium: The Effect of Outside Deprivation in a Windowless Unit. Archives of Internal Medicine, 130(2): 225-226. (doi:10.1001/archinte.1972.03650020055010)
208. Withington, S., Chambers, S. T., Beard, M. E., Inder, A., Allen, J. R., Ikram, R. B., Schousboe, M. I., Heaton, D. C., Spearing, R. I. and Hart, D. N. 1998. Invasive Aspergillosis in Severely Neutropenic Patients Over 18 Years: Impact of Intranasal Amphotericin B and HEPA Filtration. Journal of Hospital Infection, 38(1): 11-18. (doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90170-0)
209. Wong, L. T., Fong, K. N., Mui, K. W., Wong, W. W. and Lee, L. W. 2009. A Field Study of the Expected Desirable Thermal Environment for Older People. Indoor and Built Environment, 18(4): 336-345. (doi:10.1177/1420326X09337044)
210. Wu, Z. 2011. "Evaluation of a sustainable hospital design based on its social and environmental outcomes." PhD diss., Cornell University
211. Wyon, D. P., Lidwell, O. M. and Williams, R. E. 1968. Thermal Comfort During Surgical Operations. Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 66(2): 229-248.
212. Yinnon, A. M., Ilan, Y., Tadmor, B., Altarescu, G. and Hershko, C. 1992. Quality of Sleep in the Medical Department. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (BJCP), 46(2): 88-91.
213. Young, J. M. 2007. "A Summary of Color in Healthcare Environments: A Critical Review of the Research Literature". In Healthcare Design, Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design (CHD). Accessed June 15, 2012. http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/article/summary-color-healthcare-environments-critical-review-research-literature?com_silverpop_iMA_page_visit_%2Farticle%2Fsummary-color-healthcare-environments-critical-review-research-literature=1
214. Zborowsky, T., Bunker-Hellmich, L., Morelli, A. and O'Neill, M. 2010. Centralized vs. Decentralized Nursing Stations: Effects on Nurses' Functional Use of Space and Work Environment. HERD Journal, 3(4): 19-42.
215. Zhao, B., Yang, C. Q., Chen, C., Chao, F., Xu, D. Y., Sun, L. C., Wei, G. and Li, Y. 2009. How Many Airborne Particles Emitted from a Nurse Will Reach the Breathing Zone/Body Surface of the Patient in ISO Class-5 Single-Bed Hospital Protective Environments? A Numerical Analysis. Aerosol Science and Technology, 43(10): 990-1005. (doi:10.1080/02786820903107925)
216. Zun, L. S. and Downey, L. V. 2005. The Effect of Noise in the Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 42(7): 663-666. (doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb00925.x)