Native Americans, Smokey bear and the rise and fall of eastern oak forests

Penn State Environmental Law Review

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 141-154

  Abrams, Marc ^a  

^a Department of Forest Ecology and Physiology ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873976860     PISSN: 15463427     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (44)

1. See William Ruddiman, How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate?, 292 SCI. AM. 46,46-53 (2005).
2. See generally INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007 - THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS: WORKING GROUP I CONTRIBUTION TO THE FOURTH ASSESSMENT REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (Cambridge University Press 2007).
3. Marc D. Abrams, The Postglacial History of Oak Forests in Eastern North America, in OAK FOREST ECOSYSTEMS: ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT FOR WILDLIFE 34-35 (William J. McShea & William H. Healy eds., 2002) [hereinafter Abrams, Postglacial History];
4. Marc D. Abrams & Gregory J. Nowacki, Native Americans as Active and Passive Promoters of Mast and Fruit Trees in the Eastern USA, 18 THE HOLOCENE 1123, 1123-37(2008).
5. Hazel R. Celcourt & Paul A. Delcourt, Pre-Columbian Native American Use of Fire on the Southern Appalachian Landscape, 11 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 1010, 1010-14(1997).
6. See Gregory J. Nowacki & Marc D. Abrams, The Demise of Fire and "Mesophication" of Forests in the Eastern United States, 58 BIOSCIENCE, 123, 123-38 (2008).
7. See generally GEORGE G. WHITNEY, FROM COASTAL WILDERNESS TO FRUITED PLAIN: A HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA FROM 1500 TO THE PRESENT (Cambridge University Press 1996).
8. See generally Marc D. Abrams, The Red Maple Paradox: What explains the widespread expansion of red maple in eastern forests?, 48 BIOSCIENCE 355 (1998) [hereinafter Abrams, The Red Maple Paradox].
9. see also Marc D. Abrams, Fire and the Development of Oak Forests, 42 BIOSCIENCE, 1992, 346-353 [hereinafter Abrams, Fire and Development].
10. See generally Abrams, Fire and Development, supra note 6; Craig G. Lorimer, Historical and Ecological Roles of Disturbance in Eastern North American Forests 9,000 Years of Change, 29 WILDLIFE Soc'Y BULLETIN 425 (2001).
11. See generally Dee C. Pederson et al., Medieval Warming, Little Ice Age, and European Impact on the Environment During the Last Millennium in the Lower Hudson Valley, New York, USA, 63 QUATERNARY RES. 238(2005).
12. See Hazel R. Delcourt, Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Eastern Highland Rim and Adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, 49 ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 255,270 (1979).
13. See Daryl D. Smith, Tallgrass Prairie Settlement: Prelude to Demise of the Tallgrass Ecosystem, in PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWELFTH NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE CONFERENCE 195 (Daryl D. Smith & Carol A. Jacobs eds., 1992).
14. See Victoria A. Nuzzo, Extent and Status of Midwest Oak Savanna: Presettlement and 1985, 6 NATURAL AREAS J. 6 (1985), available at http://www.epa.gov/ecopage/upland/oak/oak94/Proceedings/Nuzzo.html#1.
15. Charles E. Kay, Are Lightning Fires Unnatural? A Comparison of Aboriginal and Lightning Ignition Rate in the United States 16-28 in, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 23RD TALL TIMBERS FIRE ECOLOGY CONFERENCE: FIRE IN GRASSLAND AND SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEMS, TALL TIMBERS RESEARCH STATION (Ronald E. Masters and Krista E.M. Gallery eds., 2007).
16. See Henry Allen Gleason, The Relation of Forest Distribution and Prairie Fires in the Middle West, 13 TORREYA 173, 173-181 (1913); Nuzzo, supra note 25.
17. See Grant Cottam, The Phytosociology of an Oak Woods in Southwestern Wisconsin, 30 ECOLOGY 271, 272 (1949);
18. Marc D. Abrams, Historical Development of Gallery Forests in Northeast Kansas, 65 VEGETATIO 29,29-30 (1986); Nuzzo, supra note 25, at 8.
19. See JOHN T. CURTIS, THE VEGETATION OF WISCONSIN: AN ORDINANCE OF PLANT COMMUNITIES 334 (University of Wisconsin Press) (1959);
20. See T. Parshall & D.R. Foster, Fire and the New England Landscape: Regional and Temporal Variation, Cultural and Environmental Controls, 29 J. BIOGEOGRAPHY 1305, 1308-09 (2002).
21. See Terryanne.E. Maenza-Gmelch, Holocene Vegetation, Climate, and Fire History of the Hudson Highlands, Southeastern New York, USA, 1 THE HOLOCENE 25, 35 (1997).
22. See Paul A. Delcourt et al., Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky, 63 AM. ANTIQUITY 263, 273, 275-276 (1998).
23. See AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO AQUATIC ECOLOGY: MIRROR LAKE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT (Gene E. Likens ed., Springer-Verlag 1985).
24. See generally William A. Watts, Late Quaternary Vegetation of Central Appalachia and the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 49 ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 427(1979).
25. See generally James S. Clark & P. Daniel Royall, Transformation of a Northern Hardwood Forest by Aboriginal (Iroquois) Fire: Charcoal Evidence from Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada, 5 HOLOCENE 1(1995).
26. See James S. Clark & P. Daniel Royall, Local and Regional Sediment Charcoal Evidence for Fire Regimes in Presettlement North-eastern North America, 84 ECOLOGY 365, 378(1996).
27. William A. Watts et al., Camel Lake: a 40,000-yr Record of Vegetational and Forest History from Northwest Florida, 73 ECOLOGY 1056, 1063 (1992).
28. Paul Delcourt, Goshen Springs: Late Quaternary Vegetation Record for Southern Alabama, 61 ECOLOGY 371, 384-85 (1980).
29. Cynthia Fowler & Evelyn Konopik, The History of Fire in the Southern United States, 14 HUM. ECOLOGY REV. 165,165 (2007).
30. Elsie Quarterman & Catherine Keever, Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest: Climax in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, U.S.A, 32 ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 167, 169 (1962).
31. See Timothy J. Osborn and Keith R. Briffa, The Spatial Extent of 20th Century Warmth in the Context of the Last 1200 Years, 311 SCI. 841, 841-844 (2006).
32. See Michael Williams, Clearing the United States forests: pivotal years 1810-1860, 8 J. HIST. GEOGRAPHY 12,12-28 (1982).
33. William B. Greeley, The Relation of Geography to Timber Supply, 1 ECON. GEOGRAPHY 1,1-11 (1925).
34. See generally STEPHEN J. PYNE, FIRE IN AMERICA: A CULTURAL HISTORY OF WILDLAND AND RURAL FIRE (Princeton University Press 1982).
35. See Marc D. Abrams, Eastern White Pine Versatility in the Presettlement Forest, 51 BIOSCIENCE 967,967-79 (2001).
36. See Brian J. Palik & Kurt S. Pregitzer, A Comparison of Presettlement and Present-Day Forests on Two Bigtooth Aspen-Dominated Landscapes in Northern Lower Michigan, 127 AM. MIDLAND NATURALIST 327, 327-38 (1992);
37. See Marc D. Abrams, Where has all the white oak gone? 53 BIOSCIENCE 927, 927-39 [hereinafter Abrams, White Oak].
38. See Gary M. Lovett et al., Forest Ecosystem Responses to Exotic Pests and Pathogens in Eastern North America, 56 BIOSCIENCE 395, 395-405 (2006).
39. See Catherine Keever, Present Composition of Some Stands of the Former Oak-Chestnut Forest in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, 34 ECOLOGY 44, 44-55 (1953);
40. see also Charles M. Ruffher & Marc D. Abrams, Relating Land-Use History and Climate to the Dendroecology of a 326-year Old Quercus PrinusTalus Slope Forest, 28 CAN. J. FOREST RESEARCH 347,347-58 (1998).
41. See Abrams, Fire and Development, supra note 6; see also Marc D. Abrams, Tales from the Blackgum: a Consummate Subordinate Tree, 57 BIOSCIENCE 347, 347-59 (2007).
42. See U.S. DEP'T. OF AGRIC, AGRICULTURAL HANDBOOK 654, SILVICS OF NORTH AMERICA, 2 HARDWOODS 325-26 (Russell M. Burns & Barbara H. Honkala, tech. eds. 1990) available at http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics-manual/table- of-contents.htm.
43. See U.S. DEP'T. OF AGRIC, AGRICULTURAL HANDBOOK 654, SILVICS OF NORTH AMERICA, 1 CONIFERS 604-05 (Russell M. Burns & Barbara H. Honkala, tech. eds. 1990) available at http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics-manual/table- of-contents.htm.
44. D.R. Foster et al., Land-Use History as Long-Term Broad-Scale Disturbance: Regional Forest Dynamics in Central New England, 1 ECOSYSTEMS 96,96-119 (1998); Abrams & Nowacki, supra note 2.