Human exposure assessment of fluoride from tea (Camellia sinensis L.): A UK based issue?

Food Research International

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 564-570

  Chan, Laura ^a   Mehra, Aradhana ^a   Saikat, Sohel ^b   Lynch, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DERBY   (United Kingdom)

^b PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Camellia sinensis; Fluoride; Human exposure; Tea

Indexed keywords

CAMELLIA SINENSIS; CHINESE BRICKS; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES; FLUORIDE; FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS; HEALTH EFFECTS; HUMAN EXPOSURES; HUMAN SYSTEM; MATURE LEAVES; TEA;

RETAIL STORES;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;

EID: 84873895681     PISSN: 09639969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.025     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Arbruster D.A., Pry T. Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Clinical Biochemical Reviews 2008, 29:549-552.
2. Baskarados J.K., Clement R.B., Narayanan A. Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in 11-15year old school children of Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India: A cross sectional survey. Indian Journal of Dental Research 2008, 19:297-303.
3. BBC BBC News Business. Tesco market share dips below 30% 31.01.2012 2012, (URL http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16817254. Accessed 19.07.2012).
4. Berman S., Davidson S., Longworth S., Blitz A. Succeeding in the new economic environment - Three targets for leaders. Strategy & Leadership 2009, 37:13-22.
5. Binbin W., Baoshan Z., Hongying W., Yakun P., Yuehua T. Dental caries in fluorine exposure areas in China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2005, 27:285-288.
6. British Fluoridation Society The extent of water fluoridation (URL, Accessed 23.06.2010). http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/wf_uknworld/f_wf_uknworld.htm.
7. Bryson C. The fluoride deception USA 2006, Seven Stories Press.
8. Cao J., Liu J.W., Sangbu D.Z., Yu S., Zhou S., Yu Y., et al. Dental and early stage skeletal fluorosis in children induced by fluoride in brick tea. Fluoride 2005, 38:44-47.
9. Cao J., Zhao Y., Liu W. Processing procedures of brick tea and their influences on fluorine content. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2001, 39:959-962.
10. Cerklewski F.L. Fluoride bioavailability - Nutritional and clinical aspects. Nutrition Research 1997, 17:907-929.
11. Chan J.T., Koh S.H. Fluoride content in caffeinated, decaffeinated and herbal teas. Caries Research 1996, 30:88-92.
12. Chandrajith R., Abeypala U., Dissanayake C., Tobschall H. Fluoride in Ceylon tea and its implications to dental health. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2007, 29:429-434.
13. Connett E., Connett P. Fluoride: The hidden poison in the national organic standards. Pesticides and You 2001, 21:18-22.
14. Duckworth S.C., Duckworth R. The ingestion of fluoride in tea. British Dental Journal 1978, 145:368-370.
15. Environment Agency Measurement of the bioaccessibility of arsenic in UK Soils. R&D Technical Report P5-062/TR02 2002, (URLhttp://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/P5-062-02-TR.pdf. Accessed 30.07.12).
16. Fein N.J., Cerklewski F.L. Fluoride content of foods made with mechanically separated chicken. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2001, 49:4284-4286.
17. Fung K.F., Zhang Z.Q., Wong J.W.C., Wong M.H. Fluoride contents in tea and soil from tea plantations and the release of fluoride into tea liquor during infusion. Environmental Pollution 1999, 104:197-205.
18. Heneberry M. Little black book of tea 2006, Peter Pauper Press, New York.
19. 19F-NMR. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 1992, 56:1474-1475.
20. Imai K., Suga K., Nakachi K. Cancer-preventive effects of drinking green tea among a Japanese population. Preventive Medicine 1997, 26:769-775.
21. Izuora K., Twombly J.G., Whitford G.M., Dermertiz J., Pacifici R., Whyte M. Skeletal fluorosis from brewed tea. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011, 96:2318-2324.
22. Joshi S., Hlaing T., Whitford G.M., Compston J.E. Skeletal fluorosis due to excessive tea and toothpaste consumption. Osteoporosis International 2011, 22:2557-2560.
23. Koblar A., Tavcar G., Ponikvar-Svet M. Fluoride in teas of different types and forms and the exposure of humans to fluoride with tea and diet. Food Chemistry 2012, 130:286-290.
24. Liao S. The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2001, 7:369-374.
25. Loehr R.C. Overview. Environmental availability of chlorinated organics, explosives, metals in soils 1999, 10-17. American Academy of Environmental Engineers Publishing, Annapolis. W.S. Anderson, R.C. Loehr, B.P. Smith (Eds.).
26. Lu Y., Guo W.F., Yang X.Q. Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004, 52:4472-4476.
27. Malde M.K., Zerihun L., Julshamn K., Bjorvatn K. Fluoride intake in children living in a high-fluoride area in Ethiopia - Intake through beverages. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2003, 13:27-34.
28. Malinowska E., Inkielewiczb I., Czarnowskib W., Szefera P. Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008, 46:1055-1061.
29. McNaught A.D., Wilkinson A. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 1997, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, (the "Gold Book"). 2nd ed.
30. Medical Research Council Water fluoridation and health. MRC Working Group Report 2002, 47. (UK).
31. Mehra A., Baker C.L. Leaching and bioavailability of aluminium, copper and manganese from tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Food Chemistry 2007, 100:1456-1463.
32. Mehra A., Lynch P., Saikat S., Chan L. Trace elements in tea (Camellia sinensis) and their bioavailability. Tea in health and diseases prevention 2013, Academic Press, London. V. Preedy (Ed.).
33. Metrohm IC application work AW CN6-0007-022007. Determination of fluoride in tea 2008.
34. NAS (National Academy of Science) Dietary reference intakes (DRI): Recommended intakes for individuals 2004, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, (URL http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/5_Summary%20Table%20Tables%201-4.pdf. Accessed 10.07.2012).
35. Ophaug R.H. Fluoride. Present knowledge in nutrition 1990, ILSI Press, Washington DC. 6th ed. M.L. Brown (Ed.).
36. Poureslami H.R., Khazaeli P., Noori G.R. Fluoride in food and water consumed in Koohbanan (Kuh-Banan), Iran. Fluoride 2008, 3:216-219.
37. Reid D. The art and alchemy of Chinese tea 2012, Singing Dragon, Philadelphia.
38. Ruan J.Y., Ma L.F., Shi Y.Z., Han W.Y. The impact of pH and calcium on the uptake of fluoride by tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Annals of Botany 2004, 93:97-105.
39. Ruan J., Wong M.H. Accumulation of fluoride and aluminium related to different varieties of tea plant. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2001, 23:53-56.
40. Saberi H. Tea: A global history 2010, Reaktion Books Ltd., London.
41. Setiawan V.W., Zhang Z.F., Yu G.P., Lu Q.Y., Li Y.L., Lu M.L., et al. Protective effect of green tea on the risks of chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. International Journal of Cancer 2001, 92:600-604.
42. Shahonya E. Kenya: Machines are the future on tea plantations. Daily nation on the web 2010, (8 November 2010. URLhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201011090211.html. Accessed 23.07.2012).
43. Shu W.S., Zhang Z.Q., Lan C.Y., Wong M.H. Fluoride and aluminium concentrations of tea plants and tea products from Sichan Province, PR China. Chemosphere 2003, 52:1475-1482.
44. Simpson A., Shaw L., Smith A.J. The bio-availability of fluoride from black tea. Journal of Dentistry 2001, 29:15-21.
45. Sofuoglu S.C., Kavcar P. An exposure and risk assessment for fluoride and trace metals in black tea. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2008, 158:392-400.
46. Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H. Methods of soil analysis. Part 3: Chemical methods 1996, Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
47. Takahashi K., Akiniwa K., Narita K. Regression analysis of cancer incidence rates and water fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACR/IARC (WHO) data (1978-1992). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Journal of Epidemiology 2001, 11:170-179.
48. Tea Council United Kingdom Tea Council. Speciality Teas 2009 2009, (URLhttp://www.tea.co.uk/speciality-teas. Accessed 24.06.2009).
49. Tea Council United Kingdom Tea Council. Tea glossary and faqs 2012, (URLhttp://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=237. Accessed 23.07.2012).
50. Tohyama E. Relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water and mortality rate from uterine cancer in Okinawa prefecture, Japan. Journal of Epidemiology 1996, 6:184-191.
51. 3 in man. Journal of Dental Research 1989, 68:72-77.
52. Venables M.C., Hulston C.J., Cox H.R., Jeukendrup A.E. Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008, 87:778-784.
53. Warren J.J., Levy S.M. Systemic fluoride: Sources, amounts, and effects of ingestion. Dental Clinics of North America 1999, 43:695-711.
54. Weinstein L.H., Davison A. Fluorides in the environment 2004, CABI Publishing, Oxford.
55. Whitford G.M. The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride 1996, Karger, London. 2nd ed.
56. WHO Fluoride in drinking water: background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking water 2004, WHO/SDE/WSHWHO/03.04/96, WHO Regional Office, Copenhagen, Denmark.
57. Willson K.C. Coffee, cocoa and tea (crop production science in horticulture) 1999, CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
58. Xie Z.M., Ye Z.H., Wong M.H. Distribution characteristics of fluoride and aluminium in soil profiles of an abandoned tea plantation and their uptake by six woody species. Environment International 2001, 26:341-346.
59. Yi J., Cao J. Tea and fluorosis. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 2008, 129:76-81.