Variation in elk response to roads by season, sex, and road type

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 77, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 313-325

  Montgomery, Robert A ^a   Roloff, Gary J ^b   Millspaugh, Joshua J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervus elaphus; elk; Euclidean distance; GIS; roads; utilization distribution; visibility

Indexed keywords

AKAIKE INFORMATION CRITERION; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; DEER; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; GIS; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; HOME RANGE; RADIOTELEMETRY; ROAD; SEASONAL VARIATION; VISIBILITY;

SOUTH DAKOTA; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; CERVUS ELAPHUS;

EID: 84873835849     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: 19372817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.462     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Anderson, D. P., J. D. Forester, M. G. Turner, J. L. Frair, E. H. Merrill, D. Fortin, J. S. Mao, and, M. S. Boyce,. 2005a. Factors influencing female home range sizes in elk (Cervus elaphus) in North American landscapes. Landscape Ecology 20: 257-271.
2. Anderson, D. P., M. G. Turner, J. D. Forester, J. Zhu, M. S. Boyce, H. Beyer, and, L. Stowell,. 2005b. Scale-dependent summer resource selection by reintroduced elk in Wisconsin, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 298-310.
3. Beck, J. L., J. M. Peek, and, E. K. Strand,. 2006. Estimates of elk summer range nutritional carrying capacity constrained by probabilities of habitat selection. Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 283-294.
4. Benítez-Lõpez, A., R. Alkemade, and, P. A. Verweij,. 2010. The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: a meta-analysis. Biological Conservation 143: 1307-1316.
5. Beyer, E. Jr., and, J. B. Haufler,. 1994. Diurnal versus 24-hour sampling of habitat use. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 178-180.
6. Bonnot, T. W., M. A. Rumble, and, J. J. Millspaugh,. 2008. Nest success of black-backed woodpeckers in forests without mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Condor 110: 450-457.
7. Bowyer, R. T., V. van Ballenberghe, J. G. Kie, and, J. A. K. Maier,. 1999. Birth-site selection by Alaskan moose: maternal strategies for coping with a risky environment. Journal of Mammalogy 80: 1070-1083.
8. Boyce, M. S., 1991. Migratory behavior and management of elk (Cervus elaphus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 29: 239-250.
9. Boyce, M. S., 2006. Scale for resource selection functions. Diversity and Distributions 12: 269-276.
10. Burcham, M., W. D. Edge, and, C. L. Marcum,. 1999. Elk use of private land refuges. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 833-839.
11. Burnham, K. P., and, D. R. Anderson,. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Second edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
12. Christianson, D., and, S. Creel,. 2007. A review of environmental factors affecting elk winter diets. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 164-176.
13. Christianson, D., and, S. Creel,. 2008. Risk effects in elk: sex-specific responses in grazing and browsing due to predation risk from wolves. Behavioral Ecology 19: 1258-1266.
14. Christianson, D., and, S. Creel,. 2009. Effects of grass and browse consumption on the winter mass dynamics of elk. Oecologia 158: 603-613.
15. Cole, E. K., M. D. Pope, and, R. G. Anthony,. 1997. The effects of road management on movements and survival of Roosevelt elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 1115-1126.
16. Cole, E. K., M. D. Pope, and, R. G. Anthony,. 2004. Influence of road management on diurnal habitat use of Roosevelt elk. Northwest Science 78: 313-321.
17. Conner, L. M., M. D. Smith, and, L. W. Burger,. 2003. A comparison of distance-based and classification-base analyses of habitat use. Ecology 84: 526-531.
18. Cook, R. C., J. G. Cook, and, L. D. Mech,. 2004. Nutritional condition of northern Yellowstone elk. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 714-722.
19. Creel, S., and, J. J. A. Winnie,. 2005. Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves. Animal Behaviour 69: 1181-1189.
20. Dodge, W. E., and, A. J. Steiner,. 1986. XYLOG: a computer program for field processing locations of radio-tagged wildlife. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Technical Report 4, Washington, D.C., USA.
21. Dyer, S. J., J. P. O'Neill, S. M. Wasel, and, S. Boutin,. 2001. Avoidance of industrial development by woodland caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management 65: 531-542.
22. Edge, W. D., and, C. L. Marcum,. 1991. Topography ameliorates the effects of roads and human disturbance on elk. Pages 132-137 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings of elk vulnerability-a symposium. Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
23. Edge, W. D., C. L. Marcum, and, S. L. Olson-Edge,. 1987. Summer habitat selection by elk in western Montana: a multivariate approach. Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 844-851.
24. Fahrig, L., 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Synthesis 34: 487-515.
25. Fahrig, L., and, T. Rytwinski,. 2009. Effects of roads on animal abundance: an empirical review and synthesis. Ecology and Society 14: 21. . Accessed May 2012.
26. Fenneman, N. M., 1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
27. Forman, R. T. T., and, L. E. Alexander,. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231.
28. Frair, J. L., E. H. Merrill, D. R. Visscher, D. Fortin, H. L. Beyer, and, J. M. Morales,. 2005. Scales of movement by elk (Cervus elaphus) in response to heterogeneity in forage resources and predation risk. Landscape Ecology 20: 273-287.
29. Gagnon, J. W., T. C. Theimer, N. L. Dodd, S. Boe, and, R. E. Schweinsburg,. 2007. Traffic volume alters elk distribution and highway crossings in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2318-2323.
30. Geist, V., 1982. Adaptive behavioral strategies. Pages 219-277 in, J. W. Thomas, and, D. E. Toweill, editors. Elk of North America: ecology and management. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
31. Gibbs, J. P., and, W. G. Shriver,. 2002. Estimating the effects of road mortality on turtle populations. Conservation Biology 16: 1647-1652.
32. Gibbs, M., 1993. Big game habitat utilization in noncommercially thinned ponderosa pine in Custer State Park. Thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA.
33. Gitzen, R. A., and, J. J. Millspaugh,. 2003. Comparison of least-squares cross-validation bandwidth options for kernel home-range estimation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 823-831.
34. Gitzen, R. A., J. J. Millspaugh, and, B. J. Kernohan,. 2006. Bandwidth selection for fixed-kernel analysis of animal utilization distributions. Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 1334-1344.
35. Grover, K. E., and, M. J. Thompson,. 1986. Factors influencing spring feeding site selection by elk in the Elkhorn Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 466-470.
36. Hayes, S. G., D. J. Leptich, and, P. Zager,. 2002. Proximate factors affecting male elk hunting mortality in northern Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 66: 491-499.
37. Hebblewhite, M., E. Merrill, and, G. McDermid,. 2008. A multi-scale text of the forage maturation hypothesis in a partially migratory ungulate population. Ecological Monographs 78: 141-166.
38. Hillis, J. M., M. J. Thompson, J. E. Canfield, L. J. Lyon, C. L. Marcum, P. M. Dolan, and, D. W. McCleerey,. 1991. Defining elk security: the Hillis paradigm. Pages 38-43 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings of elk vulnerability-a symposium. Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
39. Hurley, M. A., and, G. A. Sargeant,. 1991. Effects of hunting and land management on elk habitat use, movement patterns, and mortality in western Montana. Pages 94-98 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings of elk vulnerability-a symposium. Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
40. Jaeger, M. M., J. Bowman, J. Brennan, L. Fahrig, D. Bert, J. Bouchard, N. Charbonneau, K. Frank, B. Gruber, and, K. Tluk von Toschanowitz,. 2005. Predicting when animal populations are at risk from roads: an interactive model of road avoidance behavior. Ecological Modelling 185: 329-348.
41. Kernohan, B. J., R. A. Gitzen, and, J. J. Millspaugh,. 2001. Analysis of animal space use and movements. Pages 126-166 in, J. J. Millspaugh, and, J. M. Marzluff, editors. Radiotracking and animal populations. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
42. Kerth, G., and, M. Melber,. 2009. Species-specific barrier effects of a motorway on the habitat use of two threatened forest-living bat species. Biological Conservation 142: 270-279.
43. Lambertucci, S., K. Speziale, T. Rogers, and, J. Morales,. 2009. How do roads affect the habitat use of an assemblage of scavenging raptors? Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 2063-2074.
44. Lyon, L. J., 1979. Habitat effectiveness for elk as influenced by roads and cover. Journal of Forestry 77: 658-660.
45. Lyon, L. J., T. N. Lonner, J. P. Weigand, C. L. Marcum, W. D. Edge, J. D. Jones, D. W. McCleerey, and, L. L. Hicks,. 1985. Coordinating elk and timber management. Final report of the Montana cooperative elk-logging study for 1970-1985. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and, Parks, Helena, USA.
46. Lyon, L. J., and, A. L. Ward,. 1982. Elk and land management. Pages 443-447 in, J. W. Thomas, and, D. E. Toweill, editors. Elk of North America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
47. Mace, R. D., J. S. Waller, T. L. Manley, K. Ake, and, W. T. Wittinger,. 1999. Landscape evaluation of grizzly bear habitat in western Montana. Conservation Biology 13: 367-377.
48. Mace, R. D., J. S. Waller, T. L. Manley, L. J. Lyon, and, H. Zuuring,. 1996. Relationships among grizzly bears, roads and habitat in the Swan Mountains Montana. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1395-1404.
49. Mader, H.-J., 1984. Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biological Conservation 29: 81-96.
50. Mao, J. S., M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, F. J. Singer, D. J. Vales, J. M. Vore, and, E. H. Merrill,. 2005. Habitat selection by elk before and after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 1691-1707.
51. Marzluff, J. M., J. J. Millspaugh, P. Hurvitz, and, M. S. Handcock,. 2004. Relating resources to a probabilistic measure of space use: forest fragments and Steller's jays. Ecology 85: 1411-1427.
52. McCorquodale, S. M., 2003. Sex-specific movements and habitat use by elk in the Cascade range of Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 67: 729-741.
53. McGregor, R. L., D. J. Bender, and, L. Fahrig,. 2008. Do small mammals avoid roads because of the traffic? Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 117-123.
54. Mech, L. D., 1983. Handbook of animal radio-tracking. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
55. Millspaugh, J. J., 1995. Seasonal movement, habitat use patterns and the effects of human disturbances on elk in Custer State Park, South Dakota. Thesis, South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA.
56. Millspaugh, J. J., 1999. Behavioral and physiological responses of elk to human disturbances in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
57. Millspaugh, J. J., G. C. Brundige, R. A. Gitzen, and, K. J. Raedeke,. 2000. Elk and hunter space-use sharing in South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 994-1003.
58. Millspaugh, J. J., G. C. Brundige, R. A. Gitzen, and, K. J. Raedeke,. 2004. Herd organization of cow elk in Custer State Park, South Dakota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32: 506-514.
59. Millspaugh, J. J., G. C. Brundige, R. A. Gitzen, K. J. Raedeke, and, J. A. Jenks,. 1994. Summer elk trapping in South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist 26: 125-129.
60. Millspaugh, J. J., G. C. Brundige, J. A. Jenks, C. L. Tyner, and, D. R. Hustead,. 1995. Immobilization of Rocky Mountain elk with Telazol and xylazine hydrochloride, and antagonism by yohimbine hydrochloride. Journal of Wildlife Disease 31: 259-262.
61. Millspaugh, J. J., R. J. Woods, K. E. Hunt, K. J. Raedeke, G. C. Brundige, B. E. Washburn, and, S. K. Wasser,. 2001. Fecal glucocorticoid assays and the physiological stress response in elk. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 899-907.
62. Montgomery, R. A., G. J. Roloff, and, J. J. Millspaugh,. 2012. The importance of visibility when evaluating animal response to roads. Wildlife Biology.
63. Montgomery, R. A., G. J. Roloff, and, J. M. Ver Hoef,. 2011. Implications of ignoring telemetry error on inference in wildlife resource use models. Journal of Wildlife Management 75: 702-708.
64. Montgomery, R. A., G. J. Roloff, J. M. Ver Hoef, and, J. J. Millspaugh,. 2010. Can we accurately characterize wildlife resource use when telemetry data are imprecise? Journal of Wildlife Management 74: 1917-1925.
65. Morgantini, L. E., and, R. J. Hudson,. 1979. Human disturbance and habitat selection in elk. Pages 132-139 in, M. S. Boyce, and, L. D. Hayden-Wing, editors. North American elk: ecology, behavior, and management. University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA.
66. Naylor, L. M., M. J. Wisdom, and, R. G. Anthony,. 2009. Behavioral responses of North American elk to recreational activity. Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 328-338.
67. Perry, C., and, R. Overly,. 1977. Impacts of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington, 1972-1973. Washington Game Department, Olympia, USA.
68. Phillips, G. E., and, A. W. Alldredge,. 2000. Reproductive success of elk following disturbance by humans during calving season. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 521-530.
69. Powell, J., 2003. Distribution, habitat use patterns, and elk response to human disturbance in the Jack Marrow Hills, Wyoming. Dissertation. University of Wyoming. Laramie, USA.
70. Preisler, H. K., A. A. Ager, and, M. J. Wisdom,. 2006. Statistical methods for analysing responses of wildlife to human disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 164-172.
71. Proffitt, K. M., J. L. Grigg, K. L. Hamlin, and, R. A. Garrott,. 2009. Contrasting effects of wolves and human hunters on elk behavioral responses to predation risk. Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 345-356.
72. Riggs, R. A., S. C. Bunting, and, S. E. Daniels,. 1996. Prescribed fire. Pages 295-319 in, P. R. Krausman, editor. Rangeland wildlife. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA.
73. Roloff, G. J., 1998. Habitat potential model for Rocky Mountain elk. Pages 158-175 in J.C. deVos, Jr., editor. Proceedings of the 1997 deer/elk workshop. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, USA.
74. Roloff, G. J., J. J. Millspaugh, R. A. Gitzen, and, G. C. Brundige,. 2001. Validation tests of a spatially explicit habitat effectiveness model for Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 65: 899-914.
75. Rondinini, C., and, C. P. Doncaster,. 2002. Roads as barriers to movement for hedgehogs. Functional Ecology 16: 504-509.
76. Rost, G. R., and, J. A. Bailey,. 1979. Distribution of mule deer and elk in relation to roads. Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 634-641.
77. Rowland, M. M., M. J. Wisdom, B. K. Johnson, and, J. G. Kie,. 2000. Elk distribution and modeling in relation to roads. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 672-684.
78. Rowland, M. M., M. J. Wisdom, B. K. Johnson, and, M. A. Penninger,. 2005. Effects of roads on elk: implications for management in forested ecosystems. Pages 42-52 in, M. J. Wisdom, technical editor. The Starkey Project: a synthesis of long-term studies of elk and mule deer. Alliance Communications Group, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
79. Sawyer, H., R. M. Nielson, F. G. Lindzey, L. Keith, J. H. Powell, and, A. A. Abraham,. 2007. Habitat selection of Rocky Mountain elk in a nonforested environment. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 868-874.
80. Shively, K. J., A. W. Alldredge, and, G. E. Phillips,. 2005. Elk reproductive response to removal of calving season disturbance by humans. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 1073-1080.
81. Spellerberg, I. F., 1998. Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature review. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 317-333.
82. Speziale, K. L., S. A. Lambertucci, and, O. Olsson,. 2008. Disturbance from roads negatively affects Andean condor habitat use. Biological Conservation 141: 1765-1772.
83. Springer, J. T., 1979. Some sources of bias and sampling error in radio triangulation. Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 926-935.
84. St. Clair, C. C., and, A. Forrest,. 2009. Impacts of vehicle traffic on the distribution and behaviour of rutting elk, Cervus elaphus. Behaviour 146: 393-413.
85. Swihart, R. K., and, N. A. Slade,. 1984. Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster. Journal of Mammalogy 65: 357-360.
86. Thomas, J. W., H. Black, Jr., R. J. Scherzinger, and, R. J. Pedersen,. 1979. Deer and elk. Pages 104-127 in J. W. Thomas, editor. Wildlife habitats in managed forests-the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington USDA Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook 553, Washington, D.C., USA.
87. Thomas, J. W., D. A. Leckenby, M. Henjum, R. J. Pedersen, and, L. D. Bryant,. 1988. Habitat-effectiveness index for elk on Blue Mountain winter ranges. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest, Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, USA.
88. Turner, R. W., 1974. Mammals of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA.
89. Unsworth, J. W., L. Kuck, E. O. Garton, and, B. R. Butterfield,. 1998. Elk habitat selection on the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 1255-1263.
90. Unsworth, J. W., L. Kuck, M. D. Scott, and, E. O. Garton,. 1993. Elk mortality in the clearwater drainage of northcentral Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 57: 495-502.
91. Van Dyke, F., and, J. A. Darragh,. 2007. Response of elk to changes in plant production and nutrition following prescribed burning. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 23-29.
92. Vieira, M. E., M. M. Conner, G. C. White, and, D. J. Freddy,. 2003. Effects of archery hunter numbers and opening dates on elk movement. Journal of Wildlife Management 67: 717-728.
93. Vore, J. M., and, E. M. Schmidt,. 2001. Movements of female elk during calving season in northwest Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 720-725.
94. Vos, C. C., and, J. P. Chardon,. 1998. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 44-56.
95. Ward, A. L., 1976. Elk behavior in relation to timber harvest operations and traffic on the Medicine Bow Range in south-central Wyoming. Pages 32-43 in S. R. Hieb, editor. Proceedings of the elk-logging-roads symposium. University of Idaho, Moscow, USA.
96. Whittington, J., C. C. St. Clair, and, G. Mercer,. 2004. Path tortuosity and the permeability of roads and trails to wolf movement. Ecology and Society 9: 4. . Accessed May 2012.
97. Wisdom, M. J., L. R. Bright, C. G. Carey, W. W. Hines, R. J. Pedersen, D. A. Smithey, J. W. Thomas, and, G. W. Witmer,. 1986. A model to evaluate elk habitat in western Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Publication Number R6-F&WL-216-1986, Washington, D.C., USA.
98. Wisdom, M. J., B. K. Johnson, M. Vavra, J. M. Boyd, P. K. Coe, J. G. Kie, A. A. Ager, and, N. J. Cimon,. 2005. Cattle and elk responses to intensive timber harvest. Pages 197-216 in, M. J. Wisdom, technical editor. The Starkey Project: a synthesis of long-term studies of elk and mule deer. Alliance Communications Group, Lawrence, Kansas. USA.
99. Witmer, G. W., and, D. S. deCalesta,. 1985. Effect of roads on habitat use by Roosevelt elk. Northwest Science 59: 122-125.
100. Wolff, J. O., and, T. Van Horn,. 2003. Vigilance and foraging patterns of American elk during the rut in habitats with and without predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology 8: 266-271.
101. Yost, A. C., and, R. G. Wright,. 2001. Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska. Arctic 54: 41-48.