메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 158, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 603-613

Effects of grass and browse consumption on the winter mass dynamics of elk

Author keywords

Diet; Foraging behavior; Intermediate feeder; Nutrition; Starvation

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BODY MASS; BROWSING; CAPTIVE POPULATION; DEER; FOOD SELECTION; GRASS; GRAZING; MASS BALANCE; NICHE PARTITIONING; NITROGEN; OPTIMUM FORAGING THEORY; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STARVATION;

EID: 57749191033     PISSN: 00298549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1200-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (100)
  • 5
    • 0031786775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: Herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance
    • DJ Augustine SJ McNaughton 1998 Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance J Wildl Manage 62 1165 1183
    • (1998) J Wildl Manage , vol.62 , pp. 1165-1183
    • Augustine, D.J.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 6
    • 0022251102 scopus 로고
    • Comparative digestion of grass in mule deer and elk
    • DL Baker DR Hansen 1985 Comparative digestion of grass in mule deer and elk J Wildl Manage 49 77 79
    • (1985) J Wildl Manage , vol.49 , pp. 77-79
    • Baker, D.L.1    Hansen, D.R.2
  • 7
    • 0023470273 scopus 로고
    • Strategies of digestion-digestive efficiency and retention time of forage diets in montane ungulates
    • DL Baker NT Hobbs 1987 Strategies of digestion-digestive efficiency and retention time of forage diets in montane ungulates Can J Zool 65 1978 1984
    • (1987) Can J Zool , vol.65 , pp. 1978-1984
    • Baker, D.L.1    Hobbs, N.T.2
  • 8
    • 0032984903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural, morphological and dietary response of rabbits to predation risk from foxes
    • PB Banks ID Hume O Crowe 1999 Behavioural, morphological and dietary response of rabbits to predation risk from foxes Oikos 85 247 256
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.85 , pp. 247-256
    • Banks, P.B.1    Hume, I.D.2    Crowe, O.3
  • 11
    • 0000229580 scopus 로고
    • Food plant selection by a generalist herbivore-the moose
    • GE Belovsky 1981 Food plant selection by a generalist herbivore-the moose Ecology 62 1020 1030
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 1020-1030
    • Belovsky, G.E.1
  • 12
    • 0026339602 scopus 로고
    • Modeling diet selection and intake for grazing herbivores
    • HD Blackburn MM Kothmann 1991 Modeling diet selection and intake for grazing herbivores Ecol Model 57 145 163
    • (1991) Ecol Model , vol.57 , pp. 145-163
    • Blackburn, H.D.1    Kothmann, M.M.2
  • 14
    • 0036836081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: I. site of digestion and microbial efficiency
    • DW Bohnert CS Schauer ML Bauer T Delcurto 2002 Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: I. site of digestion and microbial efficiency J Anim Sci 80 2967 2977
    • (2002) J Anim Sci , vol.80 , pp. 2967-2977
    • Bohnert, D.W.1    Schauer, C.S.2    Bauer, M.L.3    Delcurto, T.4
  • 15
    • 0035932464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific competition favours niche width expansion in Drosophila melanogaster
    • DI Bolnick 2001 Intraspecific competition favours niche width expansion in Drosophila melanogaster Nature 410 463 466
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 463-466
    • Bolnick, D.I.1
  • 16
    • 0000831892 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary energy and protein restriction on nutritional indexes of female white-tailed deer
    • RD Brown EC Hellgren M Abbott DC Ruthven RL Bingham 1995 Effects of dietary energy and protein restriction on nutritional indexes of female white-tailed deer J Wildl Manage 59 595 609
    • (1995) J Wildl Manage , vol.59 , pp. 595-609
    • Brown, R.D.1    Hellgren, E.C.2    Abbott, M.3    Ruthven, D.C.4    Bingham, R.L.5
  • 19
    • 34248185623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of environmental factors affecting elk winter diets
    • DA Christianson S Creel 2007 A review of environmental factors affecting elk winter diets J Wildl Manage 71 164 176
    • (2007) J Wildl Manage , vol.71 , pp. 164-176
    • Christianson, D.A.1    Creel, S.2
  • 20
    • 0012631576 scopus 로고
    • Ruminoreticular characteristics of elk
    • DC Church WH Hines 1978 Ruminoreticular characteristics of elk J Wildl Manage 42 654 659
    • (1978) J Wildl Manage , vol.42 , pp. 654-659
    • Church, D.C.1    Hines, W.H.2
  • 21
    • 0043211845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ruminant diversification as an adaptation to the physicomechanical characteristics of forage. a reevaluation of an old debate and a new hypothesis
    • M Clauss M Lechner-Doll WJ Streich 2003 Ruminant diversification as an adaptation to the physicomechanical characteristics of forage. A reevaluation of an old debate and a new hypothesis Oikos 102 253 262
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.102 , pp. 253-262
    • Clauss, M.1    Lechner-Doll, M.2    Streich, W.J.3
  • 24
    • 4344706331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional condition of northern Yellowstone elk
    • RC Cook JG Cook LD Mech 2004 Nutritional condition of northern Yellowstone elk J Mammal 85 714 722
    • (2004) J Mammal , vol.85 , pp. 714-722
    • Cook, R.C.1    Cook, J.G.2    Mech, L.D.3
  • 25
    • 30644460392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves
    • S Creel J Winnie B Maxwell M Creel 2005 Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves Ecology 86 3387 3397
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 3387-3397
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie, J.2    Maxwell, B.3    Creel, M.4
  • 26
    • 33847116779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk
    • S Creel D Christianson S Liley JA Winnie 2007 Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk Science 315 960
    • (2007) Science , vol.315 , pp. 960
    • Creel, S.1    Christianson, D.2    Liley, S.3    Winnie, J.A.4
  • 27
    • 2442561525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or biuret to ruminants consuming low-quality forage: I. Effects on cow performance and the efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers
    • TA Currier DW Bohnert SJ Falck SJ Bartle 2004 Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or biuret to ruminants consuming low-quality forage: I. Effects on cow performance and the efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers J Anim Sci 82 1508 1517
    • (2004) J Anim Sci , vol.82 , pp. 1508-1517
    • Currier, T.A.1    Bohnert, D.W.2    Falck, S.J.3    Bartle, S.J.4
  • 29
    • 0033230686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: Occurrence of Parentodinium africanum in domestic US cattle (Bos taurus)
    • BA Dehority EE Grings RE Short 1999 Effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of Parentodinium africanum in domestic US cattle (Bos taurus) J Eukaryot Microbiol 46 632 636
    • (1999) J Eukaryot Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 632-636
    • Dehority, B.A.1    Grings, E.E.2    Short, R.E.3
  • 31
    • 21344491673 scopus 로고
    • Productivity of farmed wapiti in Alberta
    • BA Friedel RJ Hudson 1994 Productivity of farmed wapiti in Alberta Can J Anim Sci 74 297 303
    • (1994) Can J Anim Sci , vol.74 , pp. 297-303
    • Friedel, B.A.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 34
    • 0000933667 scopus 로고
    • Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones
    • JE Gates LW Gysel 1978 Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones Ecology 59 871 883
    • (1978) Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 871-883
    • Gates, J.E.1    Gysel, L.W.2
  • 35
    • 0001117775 scopus 로고
    • Weight dynamics of wapiti in the boreal forest
    • CC Gates RJ Hudson 1981 Weight dynamics of wapiti in the boreal forest Acta Theriol (Warsz) 26 407 418
    • (1981) Acta Theriol (Warsz) , vol.26 , pp. 407-418
    • Gates, C.C.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 36
    • 0034701204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive wapiti hinds (Cervus elaphus canadensis)
    • JV Gedir RJ Hudson 2000 Seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive wapiti hinds (Cervus elaphus canadensis) Appl Anim Behav Sci 67 137 150
    • (2000) Appl Anim Behav Sci , vol.67 , pp. 137-150
    • Gedir, J.V.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 38
    • 15544363266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive behavioral strategies
    • Toweill DE, Thomas JW (eds) Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC
    • Geist V (2002) Adaptive behavioral strategies. In: Toweill DE, Thomas JW (eds) North American elk: ecology and management, 1st edn. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, pp 389-433
    • (2002) North American Elk: Ecology and Management, 1st Edn. , pp. 389-433
    • Geist, V.1
  • 41
    • 0003050480 scopus 로고
    • Diet overlap of deer, elk, and cattle in southern Colorado
    • RM Hansen LD Reid 1975 Diet overlap of deer, elk, and cattle in southern Colorado J Range Manage 28 43 47
    • (1975) J Range Manage , vol.28 , pp. 43-47
    • Hansen, R.M.1    Reid, L.D.2
  • 44
    • 0021033635 scopus 로고
    • Comparative nutritional ecology of montane ungulates during winter
    • NT Hobbs DL Baker RB Gill 1983 Comparative nutritional ecology of montane ungulates during winter J Wildl Manage 47 1 16
    • (1983) J Wildl Manage , vol.47 , pp. 1-16
    • Hobbs, N.T.1    Baker, D.L.2    Gill, R.B.3
  • 46
    • 0001360980 scopus 로고
    • Grazer or browser: A classification based on the stomach-structure and feeding habits of east African ruminants
    • RR Hofmann RM Stewart 1972 Grazer or browser: a classification based on the stomach-structure and feeding habits of east African ruminants Mammal J Morphol Biol Syst Mammiferes 36 226 240
    • (1972) Mammal J Morphol Biol Syst Mammiferes , vol.36 , pp. 226-240
    • Hofmann, R.R.1    Stewart, R.M.2
  • 48
    • 0038766006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and physiological adaptations
    • Toweill DE, Thomas JW (eds) Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC
    • Hudson RJ, Haigh JC, Bubenik AB (2002) Physical and physiological adaptations. In: Toweill DE, Thomas JW (eds) North American elk: ecology and management, 1st edn. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, pp 199-257
    • (2002) North American Elk: Ecology and Management, 1st Edn. , pp. 199-257
    • Hudson, R.J.1    Haigh, J.C.2    Bubenik, A.B.3
  • 50
    • 0025262528 scopus 로고
    • Variation in foraging behavior in red deer and the consequences for population demography
    • AW Illuiss IJ Gordon 1990 Variation in foraging behavior in red deer and the consequences for population demography J Anim Ecol 59 89 101
    • (1990) J Anim Ecol , vol.59 , pp. 89-101
    • Illuiss, A.W.1    Gordon, I.J.2
  • 51
    • 0034608819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: Where have all the browsers gone?
    • CM Janis J Damuth JM Theodor 2000 Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: where have all the browsers gone? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 7899 7904
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.97 , pp. 7899-7904
    • Janis, C.M.1    Damuth, J.2    Theodor, J.M.3
  • 52
    • 0037022027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origins and evolution of the North American grassland biome: The story from the hoofed mammals
    • CM Janis J Damuth JM Theodora 2002 The origins and evolution of the North American grassland biome: the story from the hoofed mammals Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 177 183 198
    • (2002) Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol , vol.177 , pp. 183-198
    • Janis, C.M.1    Damuth, J.2    Theodora, J.M.3
  • 53
    • 84966002657 scopus 로고
    • Social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology
    • PJ Jarman 1974 Social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology Behaviour 48 215 267
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.48 , pp. 215-267
    • Jarman, P.J.1
  • 54
    • 0023466514 scopus 로고
    • Dietary niche relationships among cervids relative to winter snowpack in northwestern Montana, USA
    • KJ Jenkins RG Wright 1987 Dietary niche relationships among cervids relative to winter snowpack in northwestern Montana, USA Can J Zool 65 1397 1401
    • (1987) Can J Zool , vol.65 , pp. 1397-1401
    • Jenkins, K.J.1    Wright, R.G.2
  • 55
    • 0028080671 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) for maintenance and growth
    • Z Jiang R Hudson 1994 Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) for maintenance and growth Can J Anim Sci 74 97 102
    • (1994) Can J Anim Sci , vol.74 , pp. 97-102
    • Jiang, Z.1    Hudson, R.2
  • 56
    • 0031432575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of browse supplements with varying tannin levels by Ethiopian Menz sheep-1. Intake, digestibility and live weight changes
    • RJ Kaitho NN Umunna IV Nsahlai S Tamminga J Van Bruchem 1997 Utilization of browse supplements with varying tannin levels by Ethiopian Menz sheep-1. Intake, digestibility and live weight changes Agroforestry Syst 39 145 159
    • (1997) Agroforestry Syst , vol.39 , pp. 145-159
    • Kaitho, R.J.1    Umunna, N.N.2    Nsahlai, I.V.3    Tamminga, S.4    Van Bruchem, J.5
  • 57
    • 0029661545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary overlap among cattle and cervids in northern Idaho forests
    • JL Kingery JC Mosley KC Bordwell 1996 Dietary overlap among cattle and cervids in northern Idaho forests J Range Manage 49 8 15
    • (1996) J Range Manage , vol.49 , pp. 8-15
    • Kingery, J.L.1    Mosley, J.C.2    Bordwell, K.C.3
  • 58
    • 34548607759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of feeding Acacia saligna on feed intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism in sheep
    • GL Krebs DM Howard K Dods 2007 The effects of feeding Acacia saligna on feed intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism in sheep Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 20 1367 1373
    • (2007) Asian-Aust J Anim Sci , vol.20 , pp. 1367-1373
    • Krebs, G.L.1    Howard, D.M.2    Dods, K.3
  • 59
    • 0000191779 scopus 로고
    • Foods eaten by the Rocky Mountain elk
    • RC Kufeld 1973 Foods eaten by the Rocky Mountain elk J Range Manage 26 106 113
    • (1973) J Range Manage , vol.26 , pp. 106-113
    • Kufeld, R.C.1
  • 60
    • 34247164402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate correlates of 20 years of trophic changes in a high-elevation riparian system
    • TE Martin 2007 Climate correlates of 20 years of trophic changes in a high-elevation riparian system Ecology 88 367 380
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 367-380
    • Martin, T.E.1
  • 61
    • 0027836104 scopus 로고
    • Winter foraging behavior of elk in the shrub-steppe of Washington
    • SM McCorquodale 1993 Winter foraging behavior of elk in the shrub-steppe of Washington J Wildl Manage 57 881 890
    • (1993) J Wildl Manage , vol.57 , pp. 881-890
    • McCorquodale, S.M.1
  • 62
    • 0023482693 scopus 로고
    • Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size
    • JM Mcnamara AI Houston 1987 Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size Ecology 68 1515 1519
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1515-1519
    • McNamara, J.M.1    Houston, A.I.2
  • 63
    • 0001578138 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of a grazing ecosystem-the serengeti
    • SJ McNaughton 1985 Ecology of a grazing ecosystem-the serengeti Ecol Monogr 55 259 294
    • (1985) Ecol Monogr , vol.55 , pp. 259-294
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 65
    • 0002511473 scopus 로고
    • Changes in diets of wapiti during a hunting season
    • LE Morgantini RJ Hudson 1985 Changes in diets of wapiti during a hunting season J Range Manage 38 77 79
    • (1985) J Range Manage , vol.38 , pp. 77-79
    • Morgantini, L.E.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 66
    • 0024909347 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional significance of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) migrations to alpine ranges in western Alberta, Canada
    • LE Morgantini RJ Hudson 1989 Nutritional significance of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) migrations to alpine ranges in western Alberta, Canada Arc Alp Res 21 288 295
    • (1989) Arc Alp Res , vol.21 , pp. 288-295
    • Morgantini, L.E.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 67
    • 0008320274 scopus 로고
    • Mule deer and elk food habits on the National Bison Range
    • MS Morris JE Schwartz 1957 Mule deer and elk food habits on the National Bison Range J Wildl Manage 21 189 193
    • (1957) J Wildl Manage , vol.21 , pp. 189-193
    • Morris, M.S.1    Schwartz, J.E.2
  • 69
    • 0002881351 scopus 로고
    • Digestive capabilities in elk compared to white-tailed deer
    • ED Mould CT Robbins 1982 Digestive capabilities in elk compared to white-tailed deer J Wildl Manage 46 22 29
    • (1982) J Wildl Manage , vol.46 , pp. 22-29
    • Mould, E.D.1    Robbins, C.T.2
  • 71
    • 0001664842 scopus 로고
    • Mountain big sagebrush browse decreases dry-matter intake, digestibility, and nutritive quality of sheep diets
    • RK Ngugi FC Hinds J Powell 1995 Mountain big sagebrush browse decreases dry-matter intake, digestibility, and nutritive quality of sheep diets J Range Manage 48 487 492
    • (1995) J Range Manage , vol.48 , pp. 487-492
    • Ngugi, R.K.1    Hinds, F.C.2    Powell, J.3
  • 73
    • 0037148782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores
    • H Olff ME Ritchie HHT Prins 2002 Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores Nature 415 901 904
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 901-904
    • Olff, H.1    Ritchie, M.E.2    Prins, H.H.T.3
  • 74
    • 0000954891 scopus 로고
    • What should a clever ungulate eat?
    • N Owen-Smith P Novellie 1982 What should a clever ungulate eat? Am Nat 119 151 178
    • (1982) Am Nat , vol.119 , pp. 151-178
    • Owen-Smith, N.1    Novellie, P.2
  • 75
    • 20444419445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein conservation in female caribou (Rangifer tarandus): Effects of decreasing diet quality during winter
    • KL Parker PS Barboza TR Stephenson 2005 Protein conservation in female caribou (Rangifer tarandus): effects of decreasing diet quality during winter J Mammal 86 610 622
    • (2005) J Mammal , vol.86 , pp. 610-622
    • Parker, K.L.1    Barboza, P.S.2    Stephenson, T.R.3
  • 76
    • 0035932914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between oral morphology and feeding style in the Ungulata: A phylogenetically controlled evaluation
    • FJ Perez-Barberia IJ Gordon 2001 Relationships between oral morphology and feeding style in the Ungulata: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 268 1023 1032
    • (2001) Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.268 , pp. 1023-1032
    • Perez-Barberia, F.J.1    Gordon, I.J.2
  • 80
    • 0027138562 scopus 로고
    • Influence of forbs and shrubs on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen and energy balance in sheep fed low-quality straw
    • S Rafique JD Wallace JL Holechek ML Galyean DP Arthun 1993 Influence of forbs and shrubs on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen and energy balance in sheep fed low-quality straw Agroforestry Syst 24 95 104
    • (1993) Agroforestry Syst , vol.24 , pp. 95-104
    • Rafique, S.1    Wallace, J.D.2    Holechek, J.L.3    Galyean, M.L.4    Arthun, D.P.5
  • 81
    • 84972047885 scopus 로고
    • Digestive kinetics of moose (Alces alces), wapiti (Cervus elaphus) and cattle
    • LA Renecker RJ Hudson 1990 Digestive kinetics of moose (Alces alces), wapiti (Cervus elaphus) and cattle Anim Prod 50 51 61
    • (1990) Anim Prod , vol.50 , pp. 51-61
    • Renecker, L.A.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 83
    • 33645981609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of protein supplementation frequency on cows consuming low-quality forage: Performance, grazing behavior, and variation in supplement intake
    • CS Schauer DW Bohnert DC Ganskopp CJ Richards SJ Falck 2005 Influence of protein supplementation frequency on cows consuming low-quality forage: performance, grazing behavior, and variation in supplement intake J Anim Sci 83 1715 1725
    • (2005) J Anim Sci , vol.83 , pp. 1715-1725
    • Schauer, C.S.1    Bohnert, D.W.2    Ganskopp, D.C.3    Richards, C.J.4    Falck, S.J.5
  • 85
    • 0020428436 scopus 로고
    • Optimal patch use-variation in selective pressure for efficient foraging
    • A Sih 1982 Optimal patch use-variation in selective pressure for efficient foraging Am Nat 120 666 685
    • (1982) Am Nat , vol.120 , pp. 666-685
    • Sih, A.1
  • 86
    • 0028165814 scopus 로고
    • Niche relationships within a guild of ungulate species in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, following release from artificial controls
    • FJ Singer JE Norland 1994 Niche relationships within a guild of ungulate species in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, following release from artificial controls Can J Zool 72 1383 1394
    • (1994) Can J Zool , vol.72 , pp. 1383-1394
    • Singer, F.J.1    Norland, J.E.2
  • 87
    • 0030617626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park
    • FJ Singer A Harting KK Symonds MB Coughenour 1997 Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park J Wildl Manage 61 12 25
    • (1997) J Wildl Manage , vol.61 , pp. 12-25
    • Singer, F.J.1    Harting, A.2    Symonds, K.K.3    Coughenour, M.B.4
  • 88
    • 0036189041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporospatial distributions of elk, mule deer, and cattle: Resource partitioning and competitive displacement
    • KM Stewart RT Bowyer JG Kie NJ Cimon BK Johnson 2002 Temporospatial distributions of elk, mule deer, and cattle: resource partitioning and competitive displacement J Mammal 83 229 244
    • (2002) J Mammal , vol.83 , pp. 229-244
    • Stewart, K.M.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Kie, J.G.3    Cimon, N.J.4    Johnson, B.K.5
  • 89
    • 15244348161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent effects on physical condition and reproduction in North American elk: An experimental test
    • KM Stewart RT Bowyer BL Dick BK Johnson JG Kie 2005 Density-dependent effects on physical condition and reproduction in North American elk: an experimental test Oecologia 143 85 93
    • (2005) Oecologia , vol.143 , pp. 85-93
    • Stewart, K.M.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Dick, B.L.3    Johnson, B.K.4    Kie, J.G.5
  • 90
    • 0028317343 scopus 로고
    • Cattle and cervid interactions on a foothills watershed in southwestern Alberta
    • ES Telfer 1994 Cattle and cervid interactions on a foothills watershed in southwestern Alberta Can Field-Nat 108 186 194
    • (1994) Can Field-Nat , vol.108 , pp. 186-194
    • Telfer, E.S.1
  • 91
    • 0000907919 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition during gestation in relation to successful reproduction in elk
    • ET Thorne RE Dean WG Hepworth 1976 Nutrition during gestation in relation to successful reproduction in elk J Wildl Manage 40 330 335
    • (1976) J Wildl Manage , vol.40 , pp. 330-335
    • Thorne, E.T.1    Dean, R.E.2    Hepworth, W.G.3
  • 94
    • 43349104752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection for nutrients by red deer hinds feeding on a mixed forest edge
    • doi: 10.1007/s00442-008-1020-3
    • Verheyden-Tixier H, Renaud PC, Morellet N, Besle JM, Dumont B (2008) Selection for nutrients by red deer hinds feeding on a mixed forest edge. Oecologia. doi: 10.1007/s00442-008-1020-3
    • (2008) Oecologia
    • Verheyden-Tixier, H.1    Renaud, P.C.2    Morellet, N.3    Besle, J.M.4    Dumont, B.5
  • 95
    • 0027802856 scopus 로고
    • Foraging dynamics of wapiti stags (Cervus elaphus) during compensatory growth
    • S Wairimu R Hudson 1993 Foraging dynamics of wapiti stags (Cervus elaphus) during compensatory growth Appl Anim Behav Sci 36 65 79
    • (1993) Appl Anim Behav Sci , vol.36 , pp. 65-79
    • Wairimu, S.1    Hudson, R.2
  • 96
    • 3342993707 scopus 로고
    • In-vitro digestibility of elk winter forage in southern Wyoming
    • AL Ward 1971 In-vitro digestibility of elk winter forage in southern Wyoming J Wildl Manage 35 681
    • (1971) J Wildl Manage , vol.35 , pp. 681
    • Ward, A.L.1
  • 97
    • 0020933888 scopus 로고
    • Experimental tests of optimal habitat use in fish-the role of relative habitat profitability
    • EE Werner GG Mittelbach DJ Hall JF Gilliam 1983 Experimental tests of optimal habitat use in fish-the role of relative habitat profitability Ecology 64 1525 1539
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1525-1539
    • Werner, E.E.1    Mittelbach, G.G.2    Hall, D.J.3    Gilliam, J.F.4
  • 98
    • 0021034057 scopus 로고
    • Foraging patterns and their multiplier effects on productivity of northern ungulates
    • RG White 1983 Foraging patterns and their multiplier effects on productivity of northern ungulates Oikos 40 377 384
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.40 , pp. 377-384
    • White, R.G.1
  • 100
    • 0028312107 scopus 로고
    • Undernutrition in relation to changed tissue composition in red deer (Cervus elaphus)
    • H Wolkers T Wensing JT Schonewille AT Vantklooster 1994 Undernutrition in relation to changed tissue composition in red deer (Cervus elaphus) Can J Zool 72 1837 1840
    • (1994) Can J Zool , vol.72 , pp. 1837-1840
    • Wolkers, H.1    Wensing, T.2    Schonewille, J.T.3    Vantklooster, A.T.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.