메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 314-330

How do people judge risks: Availability heuristic, affect heuristic, or both?

Author keywords

Affect heuristic; Availability heuristic; Dread; Risk perception; Value of a statistical life

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PERCEPTION; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84873732807     PISSN: 1076898X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028279     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (167)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 23844538579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tversky and Kahneman's availability approach to frequency judgement: A critical analysis
    • P. Sedlmeier & T. Betsch (Eds.), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • Betsch, T., & Pohl, D. (2002). Tversky and Kahneman's availability approach to frequency judgement: A critical analysis. In P. Sedlmeier & T. Betsch (Eds.), Etc.: Frequency processing and cognition (pp. 109-119). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • (2002) Etc.: Frequency processing and cognition , pp. 109-119
    • Betsch, T.1    Pohl, D.2
  • 2
    • 56849116454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strategy of terrorism and the psychology of mass-mediated fear
    • B. Bongar, L. Beutler, L. M. Brown, J. N. Breckenridge, & P. G. Zimbardo (Eds.), New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • Breckenridge, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2006). The strategy of terrorism and the psychology of mass-mediated fear. In B. Bongar, L. Beutler, L. M. Brown, J. N. Breckenridge, & P. G. Zimbardo (Eds.), Psychology and terrorism. (pp. 116-133). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (2006) Psychology and terrorism. , pp. 116-133
    • Breckenridge, J.N.1    Zimbardo, P.G.2
  • 3
    • 0027637045 scopus 로고
    • Metrics and mappings: A framework for understanding real-world quantitative estimation
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.511
    • Brown, N. R., & Siegler, R. S. (1993). Metrics and mappings: A framework for understanding real-world quantitative estimation. Psychological Review, 100, 511-534. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.511
    • (1993) Psychological Review , vol.100 , pp. 511-534
    • Brown, N.R.1    Siegler, R.S.2
  • 4
    • 0004173019 scopus 로고
    • The conceptual framework of psychology
    • International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
    • Brunswik, E. (1952). The conceptual framework of psychology. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1952)
    • Brunswik, E.1
  • 5
    • 0000525030 scopus 로고
    • Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology
    • doi: 10.1037/h0047470
    • Brunswik, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62, 193-217. doi: 10.1037/h0047470
    • (1955) Psychological Review , vol.62 , pp. 193-217
    • Brunswik, E.1
  • 6
    • 0003519438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences
    • Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2003)
    • Cohen, J.1    Cohen, P.2    West, S.G.3    Aiken, L.S.4
  • 7
    • 0000750461 scopus 로고
    • Causes of death: Biased newspaper coverage and biased judgments
    • doi:10.1177/107769907905600420
    • Combs, B., & Slovic, P. (1979). Causes of death: Biased newspaper coverage and biased judgments. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 837-849. doi:10.1177/107769907905600420
    • (1979) Journalism Quarterly , vol.56 , pp. 837-849
    • Combs, B.1    Slovic, P.2
  • 8
    • 8644247363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of representative design in an ecological approach to cognition
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.959
    • Dhami, M. K., Hertwig, R., & Hoffrage, U. (2004). The role of representative design in an ecological approach to cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 959-988. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.959
    • (2004) Psychological Bulletin , vol.130 , pp. 959-988
    • Dhami, M.K.1    Hertwig, R.2    Hoffrage, U.3
  • 9
    • 3242715459 scopus 로고
    • Belief that drug usage in the United States is increasing when it is really decreasing: An example of the availability heuristic
    • Eisenman, R. (1993). Belief that drug usage in the United States is increasing when it is really decreasing: An example of the availability heuristic. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31, 249-252.
    • (1993) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.31 , pp. 249-252
    • Eisenman, R.1
  • 10
    • 0000586142 scopus 로고
    • A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion
    • doi:10.1007/BF00992253
    • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 10, 159-168. doi:10.1007/BF00992253
    • (1986) Motivation and Emotion , vol.10 , pp. 159-168
    • Ekman, P.1    Friesen, W.V.2
  • 11
    • 0028489329 scopus 로고
    • Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
    • doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709
    • Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709-724. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709
    • (1994) American Psychologist , vol.49 , pp. 709-724
    • Epstein, S.1
  • 12
    • 22844454068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits
    • doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
    • Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13, 1-17. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
    • (2000) Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , vol.13 , pp. 1-17
    • Finucane, M.L.1    Alhakami, A.2    Slovic, P.3    Johnson, S.M.4
  • 13
    • 22944448662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving judgments of terror risks: Foresight, hindsight, and emotion
    • doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.11.2.124
    • Fischhoff, B., Gonzalez, R. M., Lerner, J. S., & Small, D. A. (2005). Evolving judgments of terror risks: Foresight, hindsight, and emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11, 124-139. doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.11.2.124
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.11 , pp. 124-139
    • Fischhoff, B.1    Gonzalez, R.M.2    Lerner, J.S.3    Small, D.A.4
  • 14
    • 0020948569 scopus 로고
    • Judged lethality: How much people seem to know depends upon how they are asked
    • doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1983.tb01391.x
    • Fischhoff, B., & MacGregor, D. (1983). Judged lethality: How much people seem to know depends upon how they are asked. Risk Analysis, 3, 229-236. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1983.tb01391.x
    • (1983) Risk Analysis , vol.3 , pp. 229-236
    • Fischhoff, B.1    MacGregor, D.2
  • 15
    • 0043187507 scopus 로고
    • How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits
    • doi: 10.1007/BF00143739
    • Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S., Read, S., & Combs, B. (1978). How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits. Policy Sciences, 9, 127-152. doi: 10.1007/BF00143739
    • (1978) Policy Sciences , vol.9 , pp. 127-152
    • Fischhoff, B.1    Slovic, P.2    Lichtenstein, S.3    Read, S.4    Combs, B.5
  • 16
    • 0001516011 scopus 로고
    • The availability heuristic and perceived risk
    • doi:10.1086/209141
    • Folkes, V. S. (1988). The availability heuristic and perceived risk. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 13-23. doi:10.1086/209141
    • (1988) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.15 , pp. 13-23
    • Folkes, V.S.1
  • 17
    • 38249020000 scopus 로고
    • Context effects and their interaction with development: Area judgments
    • doi:10.1016/0885-2014(90)90017-N
    • Gigerenzer, G., & Richter, H. R. (1990). Context effects and their interaction with development: Area judgments. Cognitive Development, 5, 235-264. doi:10.1016/0885-2014(90)90017-N
    • (1990) Cognitive Development , vol.5 , pp. 235-264
    • Gigerenzer, G.1    Richter, H.R.2
  • 20
    • 0001451401 scopus 로고
    • Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.326
    • Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 326-338. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.326
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 326-338
    • Jacoby, L.L.1    Kelley, C.M.2    Brown, J.3    Jasechko, J.4
  • 21
    • 22144471671 scopus 로고
    • Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.20
    • Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20-31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.20
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 20-31
    • Johnson, E.J.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 22
    • 0003053079 scopus 로고
    • Representations of perceptions of risk
    • doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.113.1.55
    • Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1984). Representations of perceptions of risk. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 55-70. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.113.1.55
    • (1984) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.113 , pp. 55-70
    • Johnson, E.J.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 23
    • 0002995340 scopus 로고
    • Biases of probability assessment: A comparison of frequency and single-case judgments
    • doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1009
    • Jones, S. K., Jones, K. T., & Frisch, D. (1995). Biases of probability assessment: A comparison of frequency and single-case judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61, 109-122. doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1009
    • (1995) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.61 , pp. 109-122
    • Jones, S.K.1    Jones, K.T.2    Frisch, D.3
  • 24
    • 84855454549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinking fast and slow
    • New York, NY: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux
    • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux.
    • (2011)
    • Kahneman, D.1
  • 25
    • 33745390248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication
    • doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00773.x
    • Keller, C., Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2006). The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication. Risk Analysis, 26, 631-639. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00773.x
    • (2006) Risk Analysis , vol.26 , pp. 631-639
    • Keller, C.1    Siegrist, M.2    Gutscher, H.3
  • 26
    • 84874701191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Länder vernichten Millionen Dosen H1N1-Impfstoff.
    • Länder vernichten Millionen Dosen H1N1-Impfstoff. (2011, November). Spiegel Online. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/0,1518,799993,00.html
    • (2011) Spiegel Online , Issue.NOVEMBER
  • 27
    • 0038050779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment
    • doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01433
    • Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R., Small, D. A., & Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 14, 144-150. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01433
    • (2003) Psychological Science , vol.14 , pp. 144-150
    • Lerner, J.S.1    Gonzalez, R.2    Small, D.A.3    Fischhoff, B.4
  • 28
    • 0033935642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice
    • doi:10.1080/026999300402763
    • Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 473-493. doi:10.1080/026999300402763
    • (2000) Cognition and Emotion , vol.14 , pp. 473-493
    • Lerner, J.S.1    Keltner, D.2
  • 31
    • 0024983697 scopus 로고
    • Regression analyses of repeated-measures data in cognitive research: A comparison of three different methods
    • doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.1.149
    • Lorch, R. F., Jr., & Myers, J. L. (1990). Regression analyses of repeated-measures data in cognitive research: A comparison of three different methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 149-157. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.1.149
    • (1990) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.16 , pp. 149-157
    • Lorch Jr., R.F.1    Myers, J.L.2
  • 32
    • 0001791907 scopus 로고
    • News-media responsiveness to public health
    • C. Atkin & L. Wallack (Eds.), Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • Meyer, P. (1990). News-media responsiveness to public health. In C. Atkin & L. Wallack (Eds.), Mass communication and public health (pp. 52-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1990) Mass communication and public health , pp. 52-59
    • Meyer, P.1
  • 33
    • 39749093168 scopus 로고
    • The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information
    • doi:10.1037/h0043158
    • Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97. doi:10.1037/h0043158
    • (1956) Psychological Review , vol.63 , pp. 81-97
    • Miller, G.A.1
  • 34
    • 1642278689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous discounting of availability in frequency judgment tasks
    • doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502005.x
    • Oppenheimer, D. M. (2004). Spontaneous discounting of availability in frequency judgment tasks. Psychological Science, 15, 100-105. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502005.x
    • (2004) Psychological Science , vol.15 , pp. 100-105
    • Oppenheimer, D.M.1
  • 35
    • 77957252626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition-based inference: When is less more in the real world?
    • doi:10.3758/PBR.17.4.589
    • Pachur, T. (2010). Recognition-based inference: When is less more in the real world? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 589-598. doi:10.3758/PBR.17.4.589
    • (2010) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.17 , pp. 589-598
    • Pachur, T.1
  • 36
    • 79961013370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limited value of precise tests of the recognition heuristic
    • Pachur, T. (2011). The limited value of precise tests of the recognition heuristic. Judgment and Decision Making, 6, 413-422.
    • (2011) Judgment and Decision Making , vol.6 , pp. 413-422
    • Pachur, T.1
  • 37
    • 84879528235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategy selection in risky choice: The impact of numeracy affect and cross-cultural differences
    • (in press). doi: 10.1002/bdm.1757
    • Pachur, T., & Galesic, M. (in press). Strategy selection in risky choice: The impact of numeracy, affect, and cross-cultural differences. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. doi: 10.1002/bdm.1757
    • Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
    • Pachur, T.1    Galesic, M.2
  • 38
    • 33748431960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the psychology of the recognition heuristic: Retrieval primacy as a key determinant of its use
    • doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.5.983
    • Pachur, T., & Hertwig, R. (2006). On the psychology of the recognition heuristic: Retrieval primacy as a key determinant of its use. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 983-1002. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.5.983
    • (2006) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.32 , pp. 983-1002
    • Pachur, T.1    Hertwig, R.2
  • 39
    • 84855255775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mind as an intuitive pollster: Frugal search in social spaces
    • in press, In R. Hertwig, U. Hoffrage, and the ABC Research Group (Eds.), Simple heuristics in a social world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Pachur, T., Hertwig, R., & Rieskamp, J. (in press). The mind as an intuitive pollster: Frugal search in social spaces. In R. Hertwig, U. Hoffrage, and the ABC Research Group (Eds.), Simple heuristics in a social world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • Pachur, T.1    Hertwig, R.2    Rieskamp, J.3
  • 40
    • 42949128035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social reality of depression: DTC advertising of antidepressants and perceptions of the prevalence and lifetime risk of depression
    • doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9403-7
    • Park, J. S., & Grow, J. M. (2008). The social reality of depression: DTC advertising of antidepressants and perceptions of the prevalence and lifetime risk of depression. Journal of Business Ethics, 79, 379-393. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9403-7
    • (2008) Journal of Business Ethics , vol.79 , pp. 379-393
    • Park, J.S.1    Grow, J.M.2
  • 42
    • 58149372958 scopus 로고
    • Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
    • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 513-523
    • Schwarz, N.1    Clore, G.L.2
  • 43
    • 84874742548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Bundesamt für Statistik.
    • Todesursachenstatistik: Ursachen der Sterblichkeit 2003 und 2004. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Author. The shaming of America. (2005, Sept 8). The Economist
    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Bundesamt für Statistik. (2007). Todesursachenstatistik: Ursachen der Sterblichkeit 2003 und 2004. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Author. The shaming of America. (2005, Sept 8). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/4370617
    • (2007)
  • 44
    • 52449109529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotions and risk perception
    • doi:10.1057/palgrave.rm.8250038
    • Sjöberg, L. (2007). Emotions and risk perception. Risk Management, 9, 222-237. doi:10.1057/palgrave.rm.8250038
    • (2007) Risk Management , vol.9 , pp. 222-237
    • Sjöberg, L.1
  • 45
    • 73649123899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk perception and movies: A study of availability as a factor in risk perception
    • doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01335.x
    • Sjöberg, L., & Engelberg, E. (2010). Risk perception and movies: A study of availability as a factor in risk perception. Risk Analysis, 30, 95-106. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01335.x
    • (2010) Risk Analysis , vol.30 , pp. 95-106
    • Sjöberg, L.1    Engelberg, E.2
  • 46
    • 0022905674 scopus 로고
    • Informing and educating the public about risk
    • doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00953.x
    • Slovic, P. (1986). Informing and educating the public about risk. Risk Analysis, 6, 403-415. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00953.x
    • (1986) Risk Analysis , vol.6 , pp. 403-415
    • Slovic, P.1
  • 47
    • 0023324565 scopus 로고
    • Perception of risk
    • doi:10.1126/science.3563507
    • Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280-285. doi:10.1126/science.3563507
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , pp. 280-285
    • Slovic, P.1
  • 48
    • 0003926805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The perception of risk
    • London, UK: Earthscan
    • Slovic, P. (2000). The perception of risk. London, UK: Earthscan.
    • (2000)
    • Slovic, P.1
  • 50
    • 0018610960 scopus 로고
    • Rating the risks
    • doi:10.1080/00139157.1979.9933091
    • Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1979). Rating the risks. Environment, 21, 14-39. doi:10.1080/00139157.1979.9933091
    • (1979) Environment , vol.21 , pp. 14-39
    • Slovic, P.1    Fischhoff, B.2    Lichtenstein, S.3
  • 51
    • 0002795580 scopus 로고
    • Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk
    • R. Schwing & W. A. Albers, Jr. (Eds.), New York, NY: Plenum.
    • Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1980). Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In R. Schwing & W. A. Albers, Jr. (Eds.), Societal risk assessment: How safe is safe enough? (pp. 181-214). New York, NY: Plenum.
    • (1980) Societal risk assessment: How safe is safe enough? , pp. 181-214
    • Slovic, P.1    Fischhoff, B.2    Lichtenstein, S.3
  • 52
  • 53
    • 0034077530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence risk assessment and risk communication: The effects of using actual cases, providing instruction, and employing probability versus frequency formats
    • doi:10.1023/A: 1005595519944
    • Slovic, P., Monahan, J., & MacGregor, D. G. (2000). Violence risk assessment and risk communication: The effects of using actual cases, providing instruction, and employing probability versus frequency formats. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 271-296. doi:10.1023/A: 1005595519944
    • (2000) Law and Human Behavior , vol.24 , pp. 271-296
    • Slovic, P.1    Monahan, J.2    MacGregor, D.G.3
  • 54
    • 33845614083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk perception and affect
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
    • Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 322-325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
    • (2006) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.15 , pp. 322-325
    • Slovic, P.1    Peters, E.2
  • 55
    • 34548820027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims
    • doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.01.005
    • Small, D., Loewenstein, G., & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102, 143-153. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.01.005
    • (2007) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.102 , pp. 143-153
    • Small, D.1    Loewenstein, G.2    Slovic, P.3
  • 56
    • 33646581388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision by sampling
    • doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.003
    • Stewart, N., Chater, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2006). Decision by sampling. Cognitive Psychology, 53, 1-26. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.003
    • (2006) Cognitive Psychology , vol.53 , pp. 1-26
    • Stewart, N.1    Chater, N.2    Brown, G.D.A.3
  • 58
    • 0346074648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk and reason: Safety, law, and the environment
    • Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    • Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Risk and reason: Safety, law, and the environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2002)
    • Sunstein, C.R.1
  • 59
    • 33845612580 scopus 로고
    • Stalking the elusive "vividness" effect
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.89.2.155
    • Taylor, S. E., & Thompson, S. C. (1982). Stalking the elusive "vividness" effect. Psychological Review, 89, 155-181. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.89.2.155
    • (1982) Psychological Review , vol.89 , pp. 155-181
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Thompson, S.C.2
  • 60
    • 0029072372 scopus 로고
    • Five hundred life-saving interventions and their cost effectiveness
    • doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00330.x
    • Tengs, T. O., Adams, M. E., Pliskin, J. S., Safran, D. G., Siegel, J. E., Weinstein, M. C., & Graham, J. D. (1995). Five hundred life-saving interventions and their cost effectiveness. Risk Analysis, 15, 369-390. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00330.x
    • (1995) Risk Analysis , vol.15 , pp. 369-390
    • Tengs, T.O.1    Adams, M.E.2    Pliskin, J.S.3    Safran, D.G.4    Siegel, J.E.5    Weinstein, M.C.6    Graham, J.D.7
  • 61
    • 58149426837 scopus 로고
    • A law of comparative judgment
    • doi:10.1037/h0070288
    • Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273-286. doi:10.1037/h0070288
    • (1927) Psychological Review , vol.34 , pp. 273-286
    • Thurstone, L.L.1
  • 62
    • 79954487268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When does feeling of fluency matter? How abstract and concrete thinking influence fluency effects
    • doi:10.1177/0956797611398494
    • Tsai, C. I., & Thomas, M. (2011). When does feeling of fluency matter? How abstract and concrete thinking influence fluency effects. Psychological Science, 22, 348-354. doi:10.1177/0956797611398494
    • (2011) Psychological Science , vol.22 , pp. 348-354
    • Tsai, C.I.1    Thomas, M.2
  • 63
    • 34247529903 scopus 로고
    • Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
    • doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
    • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
    • (1973) Cognitive Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 207-232
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 64
    • 0016264378 scopus 로고
    • Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
    • doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
    • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , pp. 1124-1131
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 65
    • 0001621691 scopus 로고
    • The mass media and judgments of risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level judgments
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.693
    • Tyler, T. R., & Cook, F. L. (1984). The mass media and judgments of risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 693-708. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.693
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 693-708
    • Tyler, T.R.1    Cook, F.L.2
  • 67
    • 0034296795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns
    • doi:10.1177/109019810002700506
    • Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591-615. doi:10.1177/109019810002700506
    • (2000) Health Education & Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 591-615
    • Witte, K.1    Allen, M.2
  • 68
    • 84874669260 scopus 로고
    • Jaws [Motion picture]. United States: Universal Pictures
    • Zanuck, R. D. (Producer), Brown, D. (Producer), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1975). Jaws [Motion picture]. United States: Universal Pictures.
    • (1975)
    • Zanuck, R.D.1    Brown, D.2    Spielberg, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.