Violent conflict and gender inequality: An overview

World Bank Research Observer

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 110-138

  Buvinic, Mayra ^a   Das Gupta, Monica ^b   Casabonne, Ursula ^b   Verwimp, Philip ^c  

^a UN Foundation and Vital Voices   (United States)

^b WORLD BANK   (United States)

^c SOLVAY BRUSSELS SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER DISPARITY; GENDER ISSUE; GENDER ROLE; HUMAN CAPITAL; MORTALITY; REFUGEE; SOCIAL CONFLICT; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84873588869     PISSN: 02573032     EISSN: 15646971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lks011     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, and David Lyle. 2004. "Women, War, and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Midcentury." Journal of Political Economy 112(3): 497-551.
2. Agadjanian, Victor, and Ndola Prata. 2001. "War and Reproduction: Angola's Fertility in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Southern African Studies 27(2): 229-347.
3. Ajdukovic, Marina, and Dean Ajdukovic. 1998. "Impact of Displacement on the Psychological Well-Being of Refugee Children." International Review of Psychiatry 10:186-95.
4. Akresh, Richard, and Damien de Walque. 2008. "Armed Conflict and Schooling: Evidence from the 1994 Rwanda Genocide." World Bank Policy Research Paper No 4606. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, DC.
5. Akresh, Richard, Philip Verwimp, and Tom Bundervoet. 2011. "Civil War, Crop Failure, and the Health of Young Children in Rwanda." Economic Development and Cultural Change 59(4): 777-810.
6. Ali, Mohammed M., John Blacker, and Gareth Jones. 2003. "Annual Mortality Rates and Excess Deaths of Children Under Five in Iraq, 1991-98." Population Studies 57(2): 217-26.
7. Andre, Catherine, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. 1998. "Land Relations under Unbearable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 34: 1-37.
8. Angrist, Joshua, and Adriana Kugler. 2008. "Rural Windfall or Resource Curse? Coca, Income and Civil Conflict in Colombia." Review of Economics and Statistics 90: 191-215.
9. Annan, Jeannie, Christopher Blattman, Dyan Mazurana, and Khristopher Carlson. 2011. "Civil War, Reintegration and Gender in Northern Uganda." Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(6): 877-908.
10. Annan, Jeannie, Christopher Blattman, and Roger Horton. 2006. "The State of Youth and Youth Protection in Northern Uganda: Findings from the Survey of War Affected Youth." UNICEF Uganda.
11. Baez, Javier E. 2011. "Civil Wars Beyond Their Borders: The Human Capital and Health Consequences of Hosting Refugees." Journal of Development Economics 96(2): 391-408.
12. Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. 2011. "Aggregate Income Shocks and Infant Mortality in the Developing World." Review of Economics and Statistics 93(3): 847-56.
13. Bayer, Christophe Pierre, Fionna Klasen, and Hubertus Adam. 2007. "Association of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms with Openness to Reconciliation and Feelings of Revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese Child Soldiers." Journal of the American Medical Association 298(5): 555.
14. Bellows, John, and Edward Miguel. 2009. "War and Local Collective Action in Sierra Leone." Journal of Public Economics. 93(11-12): 1144-57.
15. Berlage, Lode, Marijke Verpoorten, and Philip Verwimp. 2003. "Survival Strategies of Poor Households in Post-genocide Rwanda." Report for the Flemish Interuniversity Council and the Belgian Department of International Cooperation, Policy Research Program, Leuven, Belgium.
16. Bhalotra, Sonia, and Marcela Umana-Aponte. 2010. "The Dynamics of Women's Labour Supply in Developing Countries." IZA Discussion Paper 4879. Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany.
17. Blanc, Ann. 2004. "The Role of Conflict in the Rapid Fertility Decline in Eritrea and Prospects for the Future." Studies in Family Planning 35(4): 236-24.
18. Blattman, Christopher. 2009. "From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda." The American Political Science Review 103(2): 231-47.
19. Blattman, Christopher, and Jeannie Annan. 2010. "The Consequences of Child Soldiering." Review of Economics and Statistics 92(4): 882-98.
20. Blattman, Christopher, and Edward Miguel. 2010. "Civil War." Journal of Economic Literature 48(1): 3-57.
21. Brück, Tilman. 2006. "War and Reconstruction in Northern Mozambique." The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 1(1): 30-9.
22. Brück, Tilman, and Kati Schindler. 2009. "The Impact of Violent Conflicts on Households: What We Know and What Should We Know about War Widows?" Oxford Development Studies 37(3): 289-309.
23. Brück, Tilman, Patricia Justino, Philip Verwimp, and Alexandra Avdeenko. 2010. "Identifying Conflict and Violence in Micro-Level Surveys." Working Paper 79. Households in Conflict Network (HiCN), Brighton, UK.
24. Bundervoet, Tom, Philip Verwimp, and Richard Akresh. 2009. "Health and Civil War in Rural Burundi." Journal of Human Resources 44(2): 536-63.
25. Buzzell, Emily, and Samuel H. Preston. 2007. "Mortality of American Troops in the Iraq War." Population and Development Review 2007 33(3): 555-66.
26. Calderón, Valentina, Margarita Gáfaro, and Ana María Ibáñez. 2011. "Forced Migration, Female Labor Force Participation, and Intra-household Bargaining: Does Conflict Empower Women?" Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
27. Cardozo, Barbara Lopes, Oleg O. Bilukha, A. Carol, Gotway Crawford, Irshad Shaikh, Mitchell I. Wolfe, Michael L. Gerber, and Mark Anderson. 2004. "Mental Health, Social Functioning and Disability in Postwar Afghanistan." Journal of the American Medical Association 292(5): 575-84.
28. Carmil, Devora, and Shlomo Breznitz. 1991. "Personal Trauma and World View-Are Extremely Stressful Experiences Related to Political Attitudes, Religious Beliefs, and Future Orientation?" Journal of Traumatic Stress 4(3): 393-405.
29. Chamarbagwala, Rubiana, and Hilcías E. Morán. 2011. "The Human Capital Consequences of Civil War: Evidence from Guatemala." Journal of Development Economics 94:41-61.
30. Cohen, Dara Kay. 2011. "Causes of Sexual Violence During Civil War: Cross-National Evidence (1980-2009)." Humphrey School of Public Affairs University of Minnesota, Prepared for the Minnesota International Relations Colloquium, March 28, 2011.
31. Collier, Paul. 1999. "On the Economic Consequences of Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 51: 168-83.
32. Collier, Paul. 2007. "The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It." Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33. Collier, Paul, V. L. Elliott, Håvard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Marta Reynal-Querol, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2003. "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy." Washington, D.C.: World Bank; Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Connolly, Máire A., Michelle Gayer, Michael J. Ryan, Peter Salama, Paul Spiegel, and David L. Heymann. 2004. "Communicable Diseases in Complex Emergencies: Impact and Challenges." Lancet 364(9449): 1974-83.
35. Das, Jishnu, Quy-Toan Do, Jed Friedman, and David McKenzie. 2008. "Mental Health Patterns and Consequences: Results from Survey Data in Five Developing Countries." World Bank Economic Review 23(1): 31-55.
36. de Walque, Damien. 2006. "The Socio-Demographic Legacy of the Khmer Rouge Period in Cambodia." Population Studies 60(2): 223-31.
37. de Walque, Damien. 2011. "Conflicts, Epidemics, and Orphanhood: The Impact of Extreme Events on the Health and Educational Achievements of Children." In Harold Alderman, ed., No Small Matter: The Impact of Poverty, Shocks, and Human Capital Investments in Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
38. De Walque, Damien, and Philip Verwimp. 2010. "The Demographic and Socio-economic Distribution of Excess Mortality during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda." Journal of African Economies 19(2): 141-62.
39. DellaPergola, Sergio. 2001. "Population Change and Political Transitions Demography in Israel/ Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications". Presented at the IUSSP XXIV General Population Conference Salvador de Bahia.
40. El Jack, Amani. 2003. "Gender and Armed Conflict: Overview Report." BRIDGE, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
41. Fernández, Manuel, Ana María Ibáñez, and Ximena Peña. 2011. "Adjusting the Labor Supply to Mitigate Violent Shocks: Evidence from Rural Colombia." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5684. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, DC.
42. Ghobarah, Hazem Adam, Paul Huth, and Bruce Russett. 2003. "Civil Wars Kill and Maim People - Long After the Shooting Stops." American Political Science Review 97(2): 189-202.
43. González, María A., and Rigoberto A. Lopez. 2007. "Political Violence and Farm Household Efficiency in Colombia." Economic Development and Cultural Change 55(2): 367-92.
44. Guerrero-Serdán, Gabriela. 2009. "The Effects of the War in Iraq on Nutrition and Health: An Analysis Using Anthropometric Outcomes of Children." Working Paper 55. Households in Conflict Network (HiCN), Brighton, UK.
45. Hankins, Catherine A., Samuel R Friedman, Tariq Zafar, and Steffanie A. Strathdee. 2002. "Transmission and Prevention of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections in War Settings: Implications for Current and Future Armed Conflicts." AIDS 16(17): 2245-52.
46. Heuveline, Patrick, and Bunnak Poch. 2007. "Demographic Crisis and Rebound in Cambodia." Demography 44(2): 405-26.
47. Holland Jones, James, and Brodie Ferguson, 2006. "The Marriage Squeeze in Colombia, 1973-2005: The Role of Excess Male Death." Social Biology 53(3-4): 140-51.
48. Human, Rights Watch. 1995. Global Report on Women's Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch.
49. Human, Rights Watch. 1996. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath. New York: Human Rights Watch.
50. Husain, Syed Arshad, Jyotsna Nair, William Holcomb, John C. Reid, Victor Vargas, and Satish S. Nair. 1998. "Stress Reactions of Children and Adolescents in War and Siege Conditions." American Journal of Psychiatry 155(12): 1718-19.
51. Ibañez, Ana María, and Andrés Moya. 2010. "Do Conflicts Create Poverty Traps? Asset Losses and Recovery for Displaced Households in Colombia." In Rafael di Tella, Sebastian Edwards, and Ernesto Schargrodsky, eds., The Economics of Crime: Lessons for and from Latin America, 137-72. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
52. Ichino, Andrea, and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer. 2004. "The Long-Run Educational Cost of World War II." Journal of Labor Economics 22(1): 57-86.
53. Jayaraman, Anuja, Tesfayi Gebreselassie, and S. Chandrasekhar. 2009. "Effect of Conflict on Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth in Rwanda." Population Research Policy Review 28:551-67.
54. Johnson, Kirsten, Jana Asher, Stephanie Rosborough, Amisha Raja, Rajesh Panjabi, Charles Beadling, and Lynn Lawry. 2008. "Association of Combatant Status and Sexual Violence with Health and Mental Health Outcomes in Post-conflict Liberia." Journal of the American Medical Association 300(6): 676-90.
55. Justino, Patricia. 2006. "On the Links between Violent Conflict and Chronic Poverty: How Much Do We Really Know?" Working Paper 18. Households in Conflict Network (HiCN), Brighton, UK.
56. Justino, Patricia. Forthcoming. "War and Poverty." In M Garfinkel, and S. Skaperdas, eds., Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57. Justino, Patricia, and Philip Verwimp. 2006. "Poverty Dynamics, Violent Conflict and Convergence in Rwanda." Working Paper 16. Households in Conflict Network (HiCN), Brighton, UK.
58. Kalisya, Luc Malemo, Paluku Lussy Justin, Christophe Kimona, Kavira Nyavandu, Kamabu Mukekulu Eugenie, Kasereka Muhindo Lusi Jonathan, Kasereka Masumbuko Claude, and Michael Hawkes. 2011. "Sexual Violence toward Children and Youth in War-Torn Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo." PLoS One (6): 1.
59. Kiros, Gebre-Egziabher, and Hogan Dennis P. 2001. "War, Famine and Excess Child Mortality in Africa: the Role of Parental Education." International Journal of Epidemiology 30(3): 447-55.
60. Kondylis, Florence. 2008. "Agricultural Outputs and Conflict Displacement: Evidence from a Policy Intervention in Rwanda." Economic Development and Cultural Change 57(1):31-66.
61. Kondylis, Florence. 2010. "Conflict displacement and labor market outcomes in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina." Journal of Development Economics 93(2): 235-48.
62. Krug, Etienne G., Linda L. Dahlberg, James A. Mercy, Anthony B. Zwi, and Rafael Lozano, eds. 2002 World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
63. Lindstrom, David P., and Betemariam Berhanu. 1999. "The Impact of War, Famine, and Economic Decline on Marital Fertility in Ethiopia." Demography 36(2): 247-61.
64. MacMullin, Colin, and Maryanne Loughry. 2004. "Investigating Psychosocial Adjustment of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone and Uganda." Journal of Refugee Studies 17(4): 460-72.
65. McGinn, Theresa. 2000. "Reproductive Health of War-Affected Populations: What Do We Know?" International Family Planning Perspectives 26(4): 174-80.
66. McGinn, Theresa. 2009. "Barriers to Reproductive Health and Access to Other Medical Services in Situations of Conflict and Migration." In S. Martin and J. Forbes, eds., Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Dordrecht: Springer.
67. Miguel, Edward, and Gerard Roland. 2005. The Long Run Impact of Bombing Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
68. Mock, Nancy B., Sambe Duale, Lisanne F. Brown, Ellen Mathys, Heather O'Maonaigh, Nina KL Abul-Husn, and Sterling Elliott. 2004. "Conflict and HIV: A Framework for Risk Assessment to Prevent HIV in Conflict-Affected Settings in Africa." Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 1(6).
69. Mollica, Richard F., Charles Poole, Linda Son, Caroline C. Murray, and Svang Tor. 1997. "Effects of War Trauma on Cambodian Refugee Adolescents' Functional Health and Mental Health Status." Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36(8): 1098-106.
70. Montalvo, Jose G., and Marta Reynal-Querol. 2007. "Fighting against Malaria: Prevent Wars while Waiting for the 'Miraculous' Vaccine." Review of Economics and Statistics 89(1): 165-77.
71. Morrison, Andrew R., and Maria Beatriz Orlando. 1999. "Social and Economic Costs of Domestic Violence: Chile and Nicaragua." In A. R. Morrison and M. L. Biehl, eds., Too Close to Home: Domestic Violence in the Americas. Washington, DC: The Inter-American Development Bank and Johns Hopkins U. Press.
72. Murray, Christopher J. L., Gary King, Alan D. Lopez, Niels Tomijima, and Etienne Krug. 2002. "Armed Conflict as a Public Health Problem." British Medical Journal 239: 346-49.
73. Neupert, Ricardo, and Virak Prum. 2005. "Cambodia: Reconstructing the Demographic Stab of the Past and Forecasting the Demographic Scar of the Future." European Journal of Population 21: 217-46.
74. Nordås, Ragnhild, and Dara Kay Cohen. 2011. Wartime Sexual Violence - Challenges and Opportunities for Data Collection and Analysis. Oslo: CSCW.
75. Obermeyer, Ziad, Christopher J.L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou. 2008. "Fifty Years of Violent War Deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: Analysis of Data from the World Health Survey Programme." British Medical Journal 336: 1482-86.
76. Peterman, Amber, Tia Palermo, and Caryn Bredenkamp. 2011. "Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." American Journal of Public Health 101(6): 1060-67.
77. Pham, Phuong N. P., Patrick Vinck, and Eric Stover. 2009. "Returning Home: Forced Conscription, Reintegration, and Mental Health Status of Former Abductees of the Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda." BMC Psychiatry 9(1): 23.
78. Punamäki, Raija-Leena, Samir Qouta, and Eyad El Sarraj. 1997. "Relationships between Traumatic Events, Children's Gender, and Political Activity, and Perceptions of Parenting Styles." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21(1): 91-109.
79. Reed, Holly. 2008. "Who is Most Vulnerable? Age and Sex-Specific Mortality Patterns in Refugee and Displaced Populations." Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology and Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, RI.
80. Rodriguez, Catherine, and Fabio Sanchez Torres. 2012. "Armed Conflict Exposure, Human Capital Investments and Child Labor: Evidence from Colombia." Defense and Peace Economics 23(2): 161-84.
81. Sabarwal, Shwetlena, Nistha Sinha, and Mayra Buvinic. 2010. "How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks?: A Review of the Evidence." Working Paper 5496. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington DC.
82. Sack, W.H., G. Clarke, C. Him, D. Dickason, B. Goff, K. Lanham, and J.D. Kinzie. 1993. "A 6-Year Follow-Up Study of Cambodian Refugee Adolescents Traumatized as Children." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2): 431-37.
83. Schindler, Kati. 2010. "Who Does What in a Household after Genocide? - Evidence from Rwanda." Discussion Paper 1072. DIW, Berlin, Germany.
84. Shemyakina, Olga N. 2011. "The Effect of Armed Conflict on Accumulation of Schooling: Results from Tajikistan." Journal of Development Economics 95(2): 186-200.
85. Shemyakina, Olga N. 2009. "The Marriage Market and Tajik Armed Conflict." Working Paper 66. Households in Conflict Network (HiCN), Brighton, UK.
86. Spiegel, Paul B., and Peter Salama. 2000. "War and Mortality in Kosovo, 1998-99: An Epidemiological Testimony." The Lancet 355(9222): 2204-9.
87. Swiss, Shana, and Joan E. Giller. 1993. "Rape as a Crime of War: A Medical Perspective." Journal of the American Medical Association 270(5): 612-15.
88. Teodosijević, Slobodanka. 2003. "Armed Conflicts and Food Security." Working Paper No. 03-11. Food and Agriculture Organization, ESA, Rome, Italy.
89. Tolin, David F., and Edna B. Foa. 2006. "Sex Differences in Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Quantitative Review of 25 Years of Research." Psychological Bulletin 132(6): 959-92.
90. Toole, Michael J. 2000. "Displaced Persons and War". In S. Barry, and Victor W Sidel, eds., War and Public Health, Levy, 197-214. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
91. UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women). 2009. Progress of the World's Women 2008/2009. Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability Technical Report. United Nations Development Fund for Women, New York.
92. Valente, Christine. 2011. "What Did the Maoists Ever Do for Us?: Education and Marriage of Women Exposed to Civil Conflict in Nepal." Working Paper 5741. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, DC.
93. van de Walle, Dominique, 2011. "Lasting Welfare Effects of Widowhood in a Poor Country." Working Paper 5734. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, DC.
94. Verwimp, Philip, and Jan Van Bavel. 2005. "Child Survival and the Fertility of Refugees in Rwanda after the Genocide." European Journal of Population 21:271-90.
95. Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children. 2004. Global Survey on Education in Emergencies. New York: Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children.
96. Wood, Elisabeth J. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
97. Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2006. "Variation in Sexual Violence during War." Politics and Society 34(3): 307-41.
98. Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2009. "Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare?" Politics and Society 37(1): 131-61.
99. World Bank. 2011. World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development. Washington DC: The World Bank.