Civil wars kill and maim people - Long after the shooting stops

American Political Science Review

Volumn 97, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 189-202

  Ghobarah, Hazem Adam ^a   Huth, Paul ^b   Russett, Bruce ^c  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038467395     PISSN: 00030554     EISSN: 15375943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003055403000613     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Adeola, Francis. 1996. "Military Expenditures, Health, and Education." Armed Forces and Society 22 (3): 441-55.
2. Ahlstram, C. 1991. Casualties of Conflict: Report for the Protection of Victims of War. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala University.
3. Archer, Dane, and Rosemary Gartner. 1976. "Violent Acts and Violent Times: A Comparative Approach to Postwar Homicide Rates." American Sociological Review 41 (4): 937-63.
4. Ball, Nicole. 1988. Security and Economy in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Bates, Robert H. 1999. "Ethnicity, Capital Formation, and Conflict." Working Paper No. 27. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for International Development.
6. Bracken, Patrick, and Celia Petty. 1998. Rethinking the Trauma of War. London: Save the Children.
7. Braveman, Paula, Alan Meyers, Thomas Schlenker, and Curt Wands. 2000. "Public Health and War in Central America." In War and Public Health, ed. Bary S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 238-53.
8. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James Morrow, Randolph Siverson, and Alastair Smith. 1999. "An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace." American Political Science Review 93 (4): 791-807.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1992. "FamineAffected, Refugee, and Displaced Populations: Recommendations for Public Health Issues." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41 (RR-13): 1-76.
10. Collier, Paul. 1999. "On the Economic Consequences of Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 51:168-83.
11. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2000. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." Policy Research Paper 2355. Washington, DC: World Bank.
12. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2001. "Regional Military Spillovers." Paper for the Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics. Washington, DC: World Bank.
13. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2002. "On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa," Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 13-28.
14. Dasgupta, Partha. 1993. An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Davis, David, and Joel Kuritsky. 2002. "Violent Conflict and Its Impact on Health Indicators in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980 to 1997." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA.
16. DeRouen, Karl. 2000. "The Guns-Growth Relationship in Israel." Journal of Peace Research 37 (1): 69-84.
17. Dixon, William, and Bruce Moon. 1989. "Domestic Political Conflict and Basic Needs Outcomes: An Empirical Assessment." Comparative Political Studies 22 (2): 178-98.
18. Doyle, Michael, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2000. "International Peace-building: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis." American Political Science Review 94 (4): 779-803.
19. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2002. "How Much War Will We See? Explaining the Prevalence of Civil War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (3): 307-34.
20. Epstein, Helen. 2001. "AIDS: The Lesson of Uganda." New York Review of Books 48 (11): 18-23.
21. Evans, David B., Ajay Tandon, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Jeremy A. Lauder. 2000a. "The Comparative Efficiency of National Health Systems in Producing Health; An Analysis of 191 Countries." GPE Discussion Paper No. 29. Geneva: World Health Organization.
22. Evans, David B., L. Bendib, A. Tandon, J. Lauer, S. Ebenezer, R. C. W. Hutubessy, Y. Asada, and C. J. L. Murray. 2000b. "Estimates of Income Per Capita, Literacy, Educational Attainment, Absolute Poverty, and Income Gini Coefficients for the World Health Report 2000." Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper No. 7. Geneva: World Health Organization.
23. Feachem, Richard, Dean Jamison, and Eduard Bos. 1991. "Changing Patterns of Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. Richard Feachem and Dean Jamison. New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. 1999. "The Impact of Public Spending on Health: Does Money Matter?" Social Science & Medicine 49 (4): 1309-23.
25. Foege, William. 2000. "Arms and Public Health: A Global Perspective." In War and Public Health, ed. Barry S. Levy and Victor Sidel. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
26. Garrett, Laurie. 2001. "The Return of Infectious Disease." In Plague and Politics, ed. Andrew T. Price-Smith. New York: Palgrave.
27. Gerosi, Frederico, and Gary King. 2002. "Short Term Effects of War Deaths on Public Health in the U.S." Working paper. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for Basic Research in the Social Sciences.
28. Ghobarah, Hazem, Paul Huth, Bruce Russett, and Gary King. 2001. "The Comparative Political Economy of Human Misery and Well-Being." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Franciso, CA.
29. Goldstein, Joshua. 2003. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
30. Grobar, L. M., and Gnanaselvam, S. 1993. "The Economic Effects of the Sri Lankan Civil War." Economic Development and Cultural Change 41 (2): 395-405.
31. Gurr, Ted Robert. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
32. Gurr, Ted Robert. 2000. Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
33. Gustafson, Per, Victor Gomes, Cesaltina Veiira, Henrik Jaensen, Remonie Seng, Renee Norberg, Badara Samb, Anders Naucler, and Peter Aaby. 2001. "Tuberculosis Mortality during a Civil War in Guinea-Bissau." Journal of the American Medical Association 286 (5): 599-603.
34. Hartzell, Caroline, Matthew Hoddie, and Donald Rothchild. 2001. "Stabilizing the Peace After Civil Wars." International Organization 55 (1): 183-208.
35. Hegre, Havard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils Fetter Gleditsch. 2001, "Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992." American Political Science Review 95 (1): 33-48.
36. Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
37. Lake, David, and Matthew Baum. 2001. "The Invisible Hand of Democracy: Political Control and the Provision of Public Services." Comparative Political Studies 34 (6): 587-621.
38. Licklider, Roy. 1995. "The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993." American Political Science Review 89 (3): 681-90.
39. Maoz, Zeev, and Bruce Russett. 1993. "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986." American Political Science Review 87 (3): 624-38.
40. Mathers, Colin, Ritu Sadana, Joshua Salomon, Christopher Murray, and Alan Lopez. 2000. "Estimates of DALE for 191 Countries: Methods and Results." Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Working Paper No. 16. Geneva: World Health Organization.
41. Mintz, Alex. 1989. "Guns versus Butter." American Political Science Review 83 (4): 1285-93.
42. Mock, Nancy, and Ellen Mathys. 2002. "Conflict and HIV: A Framework for Risk Assessment to Prevent HIV in Conflict Settings." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA.
43. Moon, Bruce. 1991. The Political Economy of Basic Human Needs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
44. Moon, Bruce, and William Dixon. 1992. "Basic Needs and Growth-Welfare Tradeoffs." International Studies Quarterly 36 (2): 191-212.
45. Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, Nancy Hill, Steve Shiboski, Kirn Powell, Naomi Jay, Evelyn Hanson, Susana Miller, Lisa Clayton, Sepideh Farhat, Jeanette Broening, Teresa Darragh, and Joel Palefsky. 2001. "Risks for Incident Human Papillomavirus and Low-Grade Squamous Intrepithelial Lesion Development in Young Females." Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (23): 2995-3002.
46. Murdoch, James, and Todd Sandler. 2002. "Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 91-110.
47. Murray, Christopher, and Alan Lopez. 1996. The Global Burden of Disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and World Bank.
48. Murray, Christopher, and Alan Lopez. 2000. "Progress and Directions in Refining the Global Burden of Disease Approach: A Response to Williams." Health Economics 9 (1): 69-82.
49. Olson, Mancur. 1993. "Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development." American Political Science Review 87 (3): 567-76.
50. Pederson, Duncan. 2002. "Political Violence, Ethnic Conflict and Contemporary Wars: Broad Implications for Health and Well-Being." Social Science and Medicine 55 (2): 175-90.
51. Pouillier, J. P., and P. Hernandez. 2000. "Estimates of National Health Accounts: Aggregates for 191 Countries in 1997." GPE Discussion Paper No. 26. Geneva: World Health Organization.
52. Price-Smith, Andrew T. 2002. The Health of Nations; Infectious Disease, Environmental Change, and Their Effects on National Security and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53. Pritchett, Lant, and Lawrence Summers. 1996, "Wealthier Is Healthier." Journal of Human Resources 31 (4): 841-68.
54. Przeworski, Adam, Michael Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Regan, Patrick. 2000. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
56. Reid, Elizabeth. 1998. "A Future, If One Is Still Alive: The Challenge of the HIV Epidemic." In Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention, ed. Jonathan Moore. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 269-86.
57. Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. "Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 29-54.
58. Roberts, Les, Charles Hale, Fethi Belyakdoumi, Laiura Cobey, Roselida Ondeko, Michael Despines, and John Keys. 2001. Mortality in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Atlanta, G A: International Rescue Committee.
59. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2001. "Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part I)." Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (3): 259-82.
60. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2002. "A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Literature on Civil War." Defence and Peace Economics 14 (3): 215-43.
61. Sen, Amartya. 1981. Poverty and Famine. New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Shah, Ghanshyam. 1997. Public Health and Urban Development: The Plague in Surat. London: Sage.
63. Singer, J. David, and Melvin Small. 1994. "Correlates of War Project: Data on Civil Wars, 1816-1992." Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan, No. 9905.
64. Starr, Harvey, and G. Dale Thomas. 2002. "The 'Nature' of Contiguous Borders: Ease of Interaction, Salience, and the Analysis of Crisis," International Interactions 28 (3): 213-35.
65. Stein, Arthur A. 1980. The Nation at War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
66. Stein, Arthur A., and Bruce Russett: 1980. "Evaluating War: Outcomes and Consequences." In Handbook of Political Conflict, ed. Ted Robert Gurr. New York: Free Press.
67. Stewart, F. 1993. "War and Underdevelopment: Can Economic Analysis Help Reduce the Costs?" Journal of International Development 5 (4): 357-80.
68. Szreter, Simon. 2001. "Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease, and Death," In Plague and Politics, ed, Andrew T. Price-Smith. New York: Palgrave.
69. Taylor, Charles L., and Michael C. Hudson. 1972. World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
70. Toole, Michael J. 1997. "Complex Emergencies: Refugee and Other Populations." In The Public Health Consequences of Disasters, ed. Eric Noji. New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Toole, Michael J. 2000. "Displaced Persons and War." In War and Public Health, ed. Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
72. United Nations. 1998. World Urbanization Prospects: The 1996 Revision. New York: United Nations.
73. Vanhanen, Tatu. 1999. "Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Peace Research 36 (1): 55-73.
74. Vanhanen, Tatu. 2000. "A New Data Set for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998." Journal of Peace Research 37 (2): 251-65.
75. Wallensteen, Peter, and Margareta Sollenberg. 2000. "Armed Conflict, 1989-99." Journal of Peace Research 37 (5): 635-50.
76. Walter, Barbara. 2002. Committing to Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
77. Ward, Michael D., and Kristian S. Gleditsch. 2002. "Location, Location, Location: An MCMC Approach to Modeling the Spatial Context of War and Peace." Political Analysis 10:244-60.
78. Wilkinson, Richard. 1996. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. New York: Routledge.
79. Williams, Alan. 1999. "Calculating the Global Burden of Disease: Time for a Strategic Reappraisal?" Health Economics 8 (1): 1-8.
80. World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. The World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving Performance. Geneva: World Health Organization.