Towards a more relevant hind limb model of muscle ischaemia

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 227, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-8

  Lotfi, Shamim ^a   Patel, Ashish S ^a   Mattock, Katherine ^a   Egginton, Stuart ^b   Smith, Alberto ^a   Modarai, Bijan ^a  

^a ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Critical limb ischaemia; Hind limb ischaemia; Peripheral arterial disease; Therapeutic angiogenesis

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN;

ARTERY LIGATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BONE MARROW CELL; COLLATERAL CIRCULATION; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRIPSY; FEMORAL ARTERY; FEMORAL VEIN; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; HINDLIMB; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; NONHUMAN; PERFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMORAL ARTERY; HINDLIMB; HUMANS; ISCHEMIA; LIGATION; MICE; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84873423211     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: 18791484     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.060     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Attanasio S., Snell J. Therapeutic angiogenesis in the management of critical limb ischemia: current concepts and review. Cardiol Rev 2009, 17(3):115-120. [Epub 2009/04/23].
2. Aranguren X.L., Verfaillie C.M., Luttun A. Emerging hurdles in stem cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease. J Mol Med 2009, 87(1):3-16. [Epub 2008/08/21].
3. Emanueli C., Madeddu P. Therapeutic angiogenesis: translating experimental concepts to medically relevant goals. Vascul Pharmacol 2006, 45(5):334-339. [Epub 2006/09/30].
4. Heil M., Eitenmuller I., Schmitz-Rixen T., Schaper W. Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis: similarities and differences. J Cell Mol Med 2006, 10(1):45-55. [Epub 2006/03/28].
5. Lawall H., Bramlage P., Amann B. Treatment of peripheral arterial disease using stem and progenitor cell therapy. J Vasc Surg 2011, 53(2):445-453. [Epub 2010/10/30].
6. Madeddu P., Emanueli C., Spillmann F., et al. Murine models of myocardial and limb ischemia: diagnostic end-points and relevance to clinical problems. Vascul Pharmacol 2006, 45(5):281-301. [Epub 2006/10/03].
7. Leeper N.J., Hunter A.L., Cooke J.P. Stem cell therapy for vascular regeneration: adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 2010, 122(5):517-526. [Epub 2010/08/04].
8. Staton C.A., Reed M.W., Brown N.J. A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays. Int J Exp Pathol 2009, 90(3):195-221. [Epub 2009/07/01].
9. Hudlicka O., Brown M., Egginton S. Angiogenesis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Physiol Rev 1992, 72(2):369-417. [Epub 1992/04/01].
10. Hudlicka O., Brown M.D., Egginton S., Dawson J.M. Effect of long-term electrical stimulation on vascular supply and fatigue in chronically ischemic muscles. J Appl Physiol 1994, 77(3):1317-1324. [Epub 1994/09/01].
11. Becit N., Ceviz M., Kocak H., et al. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on angiogenesis: an experimental study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg: Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 2001, 22(4):310-316. [Epub 2001/09/21].
12. Yasumura E.G., Stilhano R.S., Samoto V.Y., et al. Treatment of mouse limb ischemia with an integrative hypoxia-responsive vector expressing the vascular endothelial growth factor gene. PloS One 2012, 7(3):e33944. [Epub 2012/04/04].
13. Masaki I., Yonemitsu Y., Yamashita A., et al. Angiogenic gene therapy for experimental critical limb ischemia: acceleration of limb loss by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 but not of fibroblast growth factor-2. Circ Res 2002, 90(9):966-973. [Epub 2002/05/23].
14. Rissanen T.T., Korpisalo P., Karvinen H., et al. High-resolution ultrasound perfusion imaging of therapeutic angiogenesis. JACC Cardiovasc Imag 2008, 1(1):83-91. [Epub 2008/01/01].
15. Nagahama R., Matoba T., Nakano K., Kim-Mitsuyama S., Sunagawa K., Egashira K. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of pioglitazone enhances therapeutic neovascularization in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012, 32(10):2427-2434. [Epub 2012/08/11].
16. Bickert T., Marshall R.P., Zhang Z., et al. Acceleration of collateral development by carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 expression on CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid cells-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012, 32(11):2566-2568. [Epub 2012/09/11].
17. Suzuki H., Shibata R., Kito T., et al. Comparative angiogenic activities of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from young and old mice. PloS One 2012, 7(6):e39562. [Epub 2012/07/05].
18. Iba O., Matsubara H., Nozawa Y., et al. Angiogenesis by implantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets into ischemic limbs. Circulation 2002, 106(15):2019-2025. [Epub 2002/10/09].
19. Iwase T., Nagaya N., Fujii T., et al. Comparison of angiogenic potency between mesenchymal stem cells and mononuclear cells in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia. Cardiovasc Res 2005, 66(3):543-551. [Epub 2005/05/26].
20. Oi K., Fukumoto Y., Ito K., et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy ameliorates hindlimb ischemia in rabbits. Tohoku J Exp Med 2008, 214(2):151-158. [Epub 2008/02/21].
21. Pan Y., Dong Y., Hou W., et al. Effects of PEMF on microcirculation and angiogenesis in a model of acute hindlimb ischemia in diabetic rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2012, [Epub 2012/09/07].
22. Arras M., Ito W.D., Scholz D., Winkler B., Schaper J., Schaper W. Monocyte activation in angiogenesis and collateral growth in the rabbit hindlimb. J Clin Invest 1998, 101(1):40-50. [Epub 1998/02/14].
23. Burkhardt G.E., Spencer J.R., Gifford S.M., et al. A large animal survival model (Sus scrofa) of extremity ischemia/reperfusion and neuromuscular outcomes assessment: a pilot study. J Trauma 2010, 69(Suppl. 1):S146-S153. [Epub 2010/08/05].
24. Nakada M.T., Montgomery M.O., Nedelman M.A., et al. Clot lysis in a primate model of peripheral arterial occlusive disease with use of systemic or intraarterial reteplase: addition of abciximab results in improved vessel reperfusion. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004, 15(2 Pt 1):169-176. [Epub 2004/02/14].
25. Rosenthal S.L., Guyton A.C. Hemodynamics of collateral vasodilatation following femoral artery occlusion in anesthetized dogs. Circ Res 1968, 23(2):239-248. [Epub 1968/08/01].
26. Limbourg A., Korff T., Napp L.C., Schaper W., Drexler H., Limbourg F.P. Evaluation of postnatal arteriogenesis and angiogenesis in a mouse model of hind-limb ischemia. Nat Protoc 2009, 4(12):1737-1746. [Epub 2009/11/07].
27. Hellingman A.A., Bastiaansen A.J., de Vries M.R., et al. Variations in surgical procedures for hind limb ischaemia mouse models result in differences in collateral formation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg: Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 2010, 40(6):796-803. [Epub 2010/08/14].
28. Brevetti L.S., Paek R., Brady S.E., Hoffman J.I., Sarkar R., Messina L.M. Exercise-induced hyperemia unmasks regional blood flow deficit in experimental hindlimb ischemia. J Surg Res 2001, 98(1):21-26. [Epub 2001/05/23].
29. Baffour R., Garb J.L., Kaufman J., et al. Angiogenic therapy for the chronically ischemic lower limb in a rabbit model. J Surg Res 2000, 93(2):219-229. [Epub 2000/10/12].
30. Tang G.L., Chang D.S., Sarkar R., Wang R., Messina L.M. The effect of gradual or acute arterial occlusion on skeletal muscle blood flow, arteriogenesis, and inflammation in rat hindlimb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2005, 41(2):312-320. [Epub 2005/03/16].
31. Yang Y., Tang G., Yan J., et al. Cellular and molecular mechanism regulating blood flow recovery in acute versus gradual femoral artery occlusion are distinct in the mouse. J Vasc Surg 2008, 48(6):1546-1558. [Epub 2009/01/03].
32. Brown M.D., Kent J., Kelsall C.J., Milkiewicz M., Hudlicka O. Remodeling in the microcirculation of rat skeletal muscle during chronic ischemia. Microcirculation 2003, 10(2):179-191. [Epub 2003/04/18].
33. Silvestre J.S., Mallat Z., Duriez M., et al. Antiangiogenic effect of interleukin-10 in ischemia-induced angiogenesis in mice hindlimb. Circ Res 2000, 87(6):448-452. [Epub 2000/09/16].
34. Egginton S., Hudlicka O. Early changes in performance, blood flow and capillary fine structure in rat fast muscles induced by electrical stimulation. J Physiol 1999, 515(Pt 1):265-275. [Epub 1999/02/02].
35. Hudlicka O., Graciotti L., Fulgenzi G., et al. The effect of chronic skeletal muscle stimulation on capillary growth in the rat: are sensory nerve fibres involved?. J Physiol 2003, 546(Pt 3):813-822. [Epub 2003/02/04].
36. Caselli A., Bedi D., O'Connor C., Shah C., Veves A. Assessment of laser Doppler perfusion imager's in vivo reliability: can it be used for a prospective analysis?. J Laser Appl 2002, 14(198):5. [Epub 2002/04/11].
37. Hinojosa-Laborde C., Frohlich B.H., Cowley A.W. Contribution of regional vascular responses to whole body autoregulation in conscious are flexic rats. Hypertension 1991, 17(6 Pt 2):1078-1084. [Epub 1991/06/01].
38. Copp S.W., Hirai D.M., Schwagerl P.J., Musch T.I., Poole D.C. Effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition on resting and exercising hindlimb muscle blood flow in the rat. J Physiol 2010, 588(Pt 8):1321-1331. [Epub 2010/02/24].
39. Deveci D., Egginton S. Development of the fluorescent microsphere technique for quantifying regional blood flow in small mammals. Exp Physiol 1999, 84(4):615-630. [Epub 1999/09/11].
40. Prinzen F.W., Bassingthwaighte J.B. Blood flow distributions by microsphere deposition methods. Cardiovasc Res 2000, 45(1):13-21. [Epub 2000/03/23].
41. Wagner S., Helisch A., Ziegelhoeffer T., Bachmann G., Schaper W. Magnetic resonance angiography of collateral vessels in a murine femoral artery ligation model. NMR Biomed 2004, 17(1):21-27. [Epub 2004/03/11].
42. Helisch A., Wagner S., Khan N., et al. Impact of mouse strain differences in innate hindlimb collateral vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26(3):520-526. [Epub 2006/01/07].
43. Luo Y., Mohning K.M., Hradil V.P., et al. Evaluation of tissue perfusion in a rat model of hind-limb muscle ischemia using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imag: JMRI 2002, 16(3):277-283. [Epub 2002/09/03].
44. Badea C.T., Drangova M., Holdsworth D.W., Johnson G.A. In vivo small-animal imaging using micro-CT and digital subtraction angiography. Phys Med Biol 2008, 53(19):R319-R350. [Epub 2008/09/02].
45. Vasquez S.X., Gao F., Su F., et al. Optimization of microCT imaging and blood vessel diameter quantitation of preclinical specimen vasculature with radiopaque polymer injection medium. PloS One 2011, 6(4):e19099. [Epub 2011/05/03].
46. Zagorchev L., Oses P., Zhuang Z.W., et al. Micro computed tomography for vascular exploration. J Angiog Res 2010, 2:7. [Epub 2010/03/20].
47. Lindner J.R. Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004, 3(6):527-532. [Epub 2004/06/03].
48. Sjoberg K.A., Rattigan S., Hiscock N., Richter E.A., Kiens B. A new method to study changes in microvascular blood volume in muscle and adipose tissue: real-time imaging in humans and rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 2011, 301(2):H450-H458. [Epub 2011/05/31].
49. Leong-Poi H., Christiansen J., Klibanov A.L., Kaul S., Lindner J.R. Noninvasive assessment of angiogenesis by ultrasound and microbubbles targeted to alpha(v)-integrins. Circulation 2003, 107(3):455-460. [Epub 2003/01/29].
50. Lindner J.R., Song J., Christiansen J., Klibanov A.L., Xu F., Ley K. Ultrasound assessment of inflammation and renal tissue injury with microbubbles targeted to P-selectin. Circulation 2001, 104(17):2107-2112. [Epub 2001/10/24].
51. Weller G.E., Lu E., Csikari M.M., et al. Ultrasound imaging of acute cardiac transplant rejection with microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Circulation 2003, 108(2):218-224. [Epub 2003/07/02].
52. Klibanov A.L. Targeted delivery of gas-filled microspheres, contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999, 37(1-3):139-157. [Epub 2000/06/06].
53. Minnich B., Leeb H., Bernroider E.W., Lametschwandtner A. Three-dimensional morphometry in scanning electron microscopy: a technique for accurate dimensional and angular measurements of microstructures using stereopaired digitized images and digital image analysis. J Micros 1999, 195(Pt 1):23-33. [Epub 1999/08/12].
54. Janacek J., Cvetko E., Kubinova L., Travnik L., Erzen I. A novel method for evaluation of capillarity in human skeletal muscles from confocal 3D images. Microvasc Res 2011, 81(2):231-238. [Epub 2010/12/15].
55. Schaper W. Collateral circulation: past and present. Basic Res Cardiol 2009, 104(1):5-21. [Epub 2008/12/23].
56. Bentzon J.F., Falk E. Atherosclerotic lesions in mouse and man: is it the same disease?. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010, 21(5):434-440. [Epub 2010/08/05].
57. Zbinden S., Clavijo L.C., Kantor B., et al. Interanimal variability in preexisting collaterals is a major factor determining outcome in experimental angiogenesis trials. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 2007, 292(4):H1891-H1897. [Epub 2006/12/26].
58. Zhang H., Prabhakar P., Sealock R., Faber J.E. Wide genetic variation in the native pial collateral circulation is a major determinant of variation in severity of stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol: Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010, 30(5):923-934. [Epub 2010/02/04].
59. Chalothorn D., Faber J.E. Strain-dependent variation in collateral circulatory function in mouse hindlimb. Physiol Genom 2010, 42(3):469-479. [Epub 2010/06/17].
60. Scholz D., Ziegelhoeffer T., Helisch A., et al. Contribution of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis to postocclusive hindlimb perfusion in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002, 34(7):775-787. [Epub 2002/07/09].
61. Marques S.M., Campos P.P., Castro P.R., Cardoso C.C., Ferreira M.A., Andrade S.P. Genetic background determines mouse strain differences in inflammatory angiogenesis. Microvasc Res 2011, 82(3):246-252. [Epub 2011/09/13].
62. Buschmann I., Schaper W. Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis: two mechanisms of vessel growth. News Physiol Sci 1999, 14:121-125. [Epub 2001/06/08].
63. Austad S.N. Comparative biology of aging. J Gerontol Ser A, Biol Sci Med Sci 2009, 64(2):199-201. [Epub 2009/02/19].
64. Westvik T.S., Fitzgerald T.N., Muto A., et al. Limb ischemia after iliac ligation in aged mice stimulates angiogenesis without arteriogenesis. J Vasc Surg 2009, 49(2):464-473. [Epub 2008/11/26].
65. Wang J., Peng X., Lassance-Soares R.M., et al. Aging-induced collateral dysfunction: impaired responsiveness of collaterals and susceptibility to apoptosis via dysfunctional eNOS signaling. J Cardiovasc Translat Res 2011, 4(6):779-789. [Epub 2011/05/04].
66. Bosch-Marce M., Okuyama H., Wesley J.B., et al. Effects of aging and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity on angiogenic cell mobilization and recovery of perfusion after limb ischemia. Circ Res 2007, 101(12):1310-1318. [Epub 2007/10/13].
67. Shimada T., Takeshita Y., Murohara T., et al. Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are impaired in the precocious-aging klotho mouse. Circulation 2004, 110(9):1148-1155. [Epub 2004/08/11].
68. Norgren L., Hiatt W.R., Dormandy J.A., Nehler M.R., Harris K.A., Fowkes F.G. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007, 45(Suppl. S):S5-S67. [Epub 2007/01/16].
69. Robbins S.L., Kumar V. Robbins and cotran: pathologic basis of disease 2010, Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, xiv, p. 1450. 8th ed.
70. Ziegler M.A., Distasi M.R., Bills R.G., et al. Marvels, mysteries, and misconceptions of vascular compensation to peripheral artery occlusion. Microcirculation 2010, 17(1):3-20. [Epub 2010/02/10].
71. Ruiter M.S., van Golde J.M., Schaper N.C., Stehouwer C.D., Huijberts M.S. Diabetes impairs arteriogenesis in the peripheral circulation: review of molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010, 119(6):225-238. [Epub 2010/06/16].
72. Tesch G.H., Lim A.K. Recent insights into diabetic renal injury from the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 2011, 300(2):F301-F310. [Epub 2010/12/15].
73. Yan J., Tie G., Park B., Yan Y., Nowicki P.T., Messina L.M. Recovery from hind limb ischemia is less effective in type 2 than in type 1 diabetic mice: roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelial progenitor cells. J Vasc Surg 2009, 50(6):1412-1422. [Epub 2009/10/20].
74. Fadini G.P., Miorin M., Facco M., et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells are reduced in peripheral vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45(9):1449-1457. [Epub 2005/05/03].
75. Tepper O.M., Galiano R.D., Capla J.M., et al. Human endothelial progenitor cells from type II diabetics exhibit impaired proliferation, adhesion, and incorporation into vascular structures. Circulation 2002, 106(22):2781-2786. [Epub 2002/11/27].
76. Huang P.H., Lin C.P., Wang C.H., et al. Niacin improves ischemia-induced neovascularization in diabetic mice by enhancement of endothelial progenitor cell functions independent of changes in plasma lipids. Angiogenesis 2012, [Epub 2012/04/03].
77. Hazarika S., Dokun A.O., Li Y., Popel A.S., Kontos C.D., Annex B.H. Impaired angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. Circ Res 2007, 101(9):948-956. [Epub 2007/09/08].
78. Tanii M., Yonemitsu Y., Fujii T., et al. Diabetic microangiopathy in ischemic limb is a disease of disturbance of the platelet-derived growth factor-BB/protein kinase C axis but not of impaired expression of angiogenic factors. Circ Res 2006, 98(1):55-62. [Epub 2005/11/25].
79. Seo H.S., Lombardi D.M., Polinsky P., et al. Peripheral vascular stenosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Potential roles of lipid deposition, medial atrophy, and adventitial inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997, 17(12):3593-3601. [Epub 1998/01/23].
80. Balestrieri M.L., Lu S.J., de Nigris F., et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice using bone marrow cells, functional hemangioblasts and metabolic intervention. Atherosclerosis 2010, 209(2):403-414. [Epub 2009/11/26].
81. Kang J., Albadawi H., Patel V.I., et al. Apolipoprotein E-/- mice have delayed skeletal muscle healing after hind limb ischemia-reperfusion. J Vasc Surg 2008, 48(3):701-708. [Epub 2008/06/24].
82. Tirziu D., Moodie K.L., Zhuang Z.W., et al. Delayed arteriogenesis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Circulation 2005, 112(16):2501-2509. [Epub 2005/10/19].
83. Peck M.A., Crawford R.S., Abularrage C.J., et al. A functional murine model of hindlimb demand ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg 2010, 24(4):532-537. [Epub 2010/04/07].
84. Plump A.S., Lum P.Y. Genomics and cardiovascular drug development. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53(13):1089-1100. [Epub 2009/03/28].
85. Molnar J., Yu S., Mzhavia N., Pau C., Chereshnev I., Dansky H.M. Diabetes induces endothelial dysfunction but does not increase neointimal formation in high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice. Circ Res 2005, 96(11):1178-1184. [Epub 2005/05/10].
86. Wu K.K., Wu T.J., Chin J., et al. Increased hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice lacking both ApoE and leptin receptor. Atherosclerosis 2005, 181(2):251-259. [Epub 2005/07/26].
87. Monassier L. Mouse models of hypertension. Drug Discov Today Dis Models 2006, 3(3):273-281.
88. Humar R., Zimmerli L., Battegay E. Angiogenesis and hypertension: an update. J Hum Hypertens 2009, 23(12):773-782. [Epub 2009/08/14].
89. Facemire C.S., Nixon A.B., Griffiths R., Hurwitz H., Coffman T.M. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 controls blood pressure by regulating nitric oxide synthase expression. Hypertension 2009, 54(3):652-658. [Epub 2009/08/05].
90. Zhu X., Wu S., Dahut W.L., Parikh C.R. Risks of proteinuria and hypertension with bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis: Off J Natl Kidney Found 2007, 49(2):186-193. [Epub 2007/01/31].
91. de Nigris F., Balestrieri M.L., Williams-Ignarro S., et al. Therapeutic effects of autologous bone marrow cells and metabolic intervention in the ischemic hindlimb of spontaneously hypertensive rats involve reduced cell senescence and CXCR4/Akt/eNOS pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007, 50(4):424-433. [Epub 2007/12/01].
92. Takeshita S., Tomiyama H., Yokoyama N., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves defective angiogenesis in the ischemic limb of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 2001, 52(2):314-320. [Epub 2001/10/31].
93. Huang P.H., Sata M., Nishimatsu H., Sumi M., Hirata Y., Nagai R. Pioglitazone ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and restores ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetic mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2008, 62(1):46-52. [Epub 2007/08/19].
94. Kuhlencordt P.J., Gyurko R., Han F., et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm formation, and ischemic heart disease in apolipoprotein E/endothelial nitric oxide synthase double-knockout mice. Circulation 2001, 104(4):448-454. [Epub 2001/07/27].