Neural responses to visual food cues: Insights from functional magnetic resonance imaging

European Eating Disorders Review

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 89-98

  Garcia Garcia I ^a,b   Narberhaus, A ^a,b,c   Marques Iturria I ^a,b   Garolera, M ^c,d   Radoi A ^e   Segura, B ^a,c   Pueyo, R ^a,b,c   Ariza, M ^a,b,c   Jurado, M A ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior (IR3C)   (Spain)

^c Grup de Recerca Consolidat en Neuropsicologia (SGR0941)   (Spain)

^d Brain   (Spain)

^e HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

Author keywords

anorexia nervosa; binge eating disorder; bulimia nervosa; neuroimaging; obesity

Indexed keywords

BINGE EATING DISORDER; BULIMIA; COGNITION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FOOD; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HUMAN; LIMBIC CORTEX; LIMBIC SYSTEM; OBESITY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REVIEW; REWARD; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ADULT; BRAIN; CUES; EATING DISORDERS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY;

EID: 84873407481     PISSN: 10724133     EISSN: 10990968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/erv.2216     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Alonso-Alonso, M., Ziemke, F., Magkos, F., Barrios, F. A., Brinkoetter, M., Boyd, I., et al. (2011). Brain responses to food images during the early and late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in healthy young women: Relation to fasting and feeding. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94 (2), 377-384.
2. Appelhans, B. M., (2009). Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: Implications for dieting and obesity. Obesity, 17 (4), 640-647.
3. Ariza, M., Garolera, M., Jurado, M. A., Garcia-Garcia, I., Hernan, I., Sanchez-Garre, C., et al. (2012). Dopamine genes (DRD2/ANKK1-TaqA1 and DRD4-7R) and executive function: Their interaction with obesity. PloS One, 7 (7), e41482.
4. Balthasar, N., (2006). Genetic dissection of neuronal pathways controlling energy homeostasis. Obesity, 14 (Suppl 5), 222S-227S.
5. Batterink, L., Yokum, S., &, Stice, E., (2010). Body mass correlates inversely with inhibitory control in response to food among adolescent girls: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 52 (4), 1696-1703.
6. Beaver, J., Lawrence, A., van Ditzhuijzen, J., Davis, M. H., Woods, A., &, Calder, A., (2006). Individual differences in reward drive predict neural responses to images of food. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26 (19), 5160-5166.
7. Benedict, C., Brooks, S. J., O'Daly, O. G., Almen, M. S., Morell, A., Aberg, K., et al. (2012). Acute sleep deprivation enhances the brain's response to hedonic food stimuli: An fMRI study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 97 (3), E443-E447.
8. Berthoud, H. R., &, Morrison, C., (2008). The brain, appetite, and obesity. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 55-92.
9. Born, J. M., Lemmens, S. G., Rutters, F., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., et al. (2009). Acute stress and food-related reward activation in the brain during food choice during eating in the absence of hunger. International Journal of Obesity, 34 (1), 172-181.
10. Bohon, C., &, Stice, E., (2010). Reward abnormalities among women with full and subthreshold bulimia nervosa: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44 (7), 585-595.
11. Brooks, S. J., Benedict, C., Burgos, J., Kempton, M. J., Kullberg, J., Nordenskjold, R., et al. (2012). Late-life obesity is associated with smaller global and regional gray matter volumes: A voxel-based morphometric study. International Journal of Obesity (2005), doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.13.
12. Brooks, S. J., O'Daly, O., Uher, R., Friederich, H. C., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., et al. (2012). Thinking about eating food activates visual cortex with reduced bilateral cerebellar activation in females with anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study. PloS One, 7 (3), e34000.
13. Brooks, S. J., O'Daly, O. G., Uher, R., Hans-Christoph, F., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., et al. (2011). Differential neural responses to food images in women with bulimia versus anorexia nervosa. PloS One, 6 (7), e22259.
14. Bruce, J. M., Hancock, L., Bruce, A., Lepping, R. J., Martin, L., Lundgren, J. D., et al. (2011). Changes in brain activation to food pictures after adjustable gastric banding. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, (in press).
15. Bruce, A. S., Holsen, L. M., Chambers, R. J., Martin, L. E., Brooks, W. M., Zarcone, J. R., et al. (2010). Obese children show hyperactivation to food pictures in brain networks linked to motivation, reward and cognitive control. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 34 (10), 1494-1500.
16. Burger, K. S., &, Stice, E., (2010). Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures. NeuroImage, 55 (1), 233-239.
17. Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., et al. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 (36), 14998-15003.
18. Coletta, M., Platek, S., Mohamed, F. B., van Steenburgh, J. J., Green, D., &, Lowe, M. R., (2009). Brain activation in restrained and unrestrained eaters: An fMRI study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118 (3), 598-609.
19. Cornier, M. A., Melanson, E. L., Salzberg, A. K., Bechtell, J. L., &, Tregellas, J. R., (2012). The effects of exercise on the neuronal response to food cues. Physiology & Behavior, 105 (4), 1028-1034.
20. Cornier M. A., Salzberg A. K., Endly D. C., Bessesen D. H., Rojas D. C., &, Tregellas J. R., (2009). The effects of overfeeding on the neuronal response to visual food cues in thin and reduced-obese individuals. PloS One 4 (7): e6310.
21. Cornier, M. A., Salzberg, A. K., Endly, D. C., Bessesen, D. H., &, Tregellas, J. R., (2010). Sex-based differences in the behavioral and neuronal responses to food. Physiology & Behavior, 99 (4), 538-543.
22. Cornier, M. A., Von Kaenel, S. S., Bessesen, D. H., &, Tregellas, J. R., (2007). Effects of overfeeding on the neuronal response to visual food cues. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86 (4), 965-971.
23. Cowdrey, F. A., Park, R. J., Harmer, C. J., &, McCabe, C., (2011). Increased neural processing of rewarding and aversive food stimuli in recovered anorexia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 70 (8), 736-743.
24. Crosson, B., Ford, A., McGregor, K. M., Meinzer, M., Cheshkov, S., Li, X., et al. (2010). Functional imaging and related techniques: An introduction for rehabilitation researchers. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 47 (2), vii-xxxiv.
25. Davids, S., Lauffer, H., Thoms, K., Jaqdhuhn, M., Hirschfeld, H., Domin, M., et al. (2009). Increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in obese children during observation of food stimuli. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 34 (1), 94-104.
26. Davis, C., Strachan, S., &, Berkson, M., (2004). Sensitivity to reward: Implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite, 42 (2), 131-138.
27. Demos, K. E., Heatherton, T. F., &, Kelley, W. M., (2012). Individual differences in nucleus accumbens activity to food and sexual images predict weight gain and sexual behavior. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32 (16), 5549-5552.
28. Demos, K. E., Kelley, W. M., &, Heatherton, T. F., (2010). Dietary restraint violations influence reward responses in nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23 (8), 1952-1963.
29. Dimitropoulos, A., Tkach, J., Ho, A., &, Kennedy, J., (2012). Greater corticolimbic activation to high-calorie food cues after eating in obese vs. normal-weight adults. Appetite, 58 (1), 303-312.
30. Evero, N., Hackett, L. C., Clark, R. D., Phelan, S., &, Hagobian, T. A., (2012). Aerobic exercise reduces neuronal responses in food reward brain regions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 112 (9), 1612-1619.
31. Ferris C. F., Febo M., Luo F., Schmidt K., Brevard M., Harder J. A., et al. (2006). Functional magnetic resonance imaging in conscious animals: A new tool in behavioural neuroscience research. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 18 (5): 307-318.
32. Frank, G. K., Reynolds, J. R., Shott, M. E., O'Reilly, R. C.,. (2011). Altered temporal difference learning in bulimia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 70 (8), 728-735.
33. Frank, S., Laharnar, N., Kullmann, S., Veit, R., Canova, C., Hegner, Y. L., et al. (2010). Processing of food pictures: Influence of hunger, gender and calorie content. Brain Research, 1350, 159-166.
34. Frankort, A., Roefs, A., Siep, N., Roebroeck, A., Havermans, R., &, Jansen, A., (2011). Reward activity in satiated overweight women is decreased during unbiased viewing but increased when imagining taste: An event-related fMRI study. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 36 (5), 627-637.
35. Fuhrer, D., Zysset, S., &, Stumvoll, M., (2008). Brain activity in hunger and satiety: An exploratory visually stimulated FMRI study. Obesity, 16 (5), 945-950.
36. Fuster, J. M., (2008). The prefrontal cortex (4th edn). Elsevier.
37. Garcia-Garcia, I., Jurado, M. A., Garolera, M., Segura, B., Sala-Llonch, R., Marques-Iturria, I., et al. (2012). Alterations of the salience network in obesity: A resting-state fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, doi: 10.1002/hbm.22104.
38. Geier C. F., Terwilliger R., Teslovich T., Velanova K., &, Luna B., (2010). Immaturities in reward processing and its influence on inhibitory control in adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 20 (7), 1613-1629.
39. Gizewski, E. R., Rosenberger, C., de Greiff, A., Moll, A., Senf, W., Wanke, I., et al. (2010). Influence of satiety and subjective valence rating on cerebral activation patterns in response to visual stimulation with high-calorie stimuli among restrictive anorectic and control women. Neuropsychobiology, 62 (3), 182-192.
40. Goldstone, A. P., d'Hernández, C. G., Beaver, J. D., Muhammed, K., Croese, C., Bell, G., et al. (2009). Fasting biases brain reward systems towards high-calorie foods. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 30 (8), 1625-1635.
41. Grimm, O., Jacob, M. J., Kroemer, N. B., Krebs, L., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Kobiella, A., et al. (2012). The personality trait self-directedness predicts the amygdala's reaction to appetizing cues in fMRI. Appetite, 58 (3), 1023-1029.
42. Grosshans, M., Vollmert, C., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Tost, H., Leber, S., Bach, P., et al. (2012). Association of leptin with food cue-induced activation in human reward pathways. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69 (5), 529-537.
43. Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., &, Rangel, A., (2009). Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science, 324 (5927), 646-648.
44. Hare, T. A., Malmaud, J., &, Rangel, A., (2011). Focusing attention on the health aspects of foods changes value signals in vmPFC and improves dietary choice. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31 (30), 11077-11087.
45. Hollmann, M., Hellrung, L., Pleger, B., Schlogl, H., Kabisch, S., Stumvoll, M., et al. (2011). Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 36 (5), 648-655.
46. Holsen, L. M., Lawson, E. A., Blum, J., Ko, E., Makris, N., Fazeli, P. K., et al. (2012). Food motivation circuitry hypoactivation related to hedonic and nonhedonic aspects of hunger and satiety in women with active anorexia nervosa and weight-restored women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 37 (3), 110156.
47. Holsen, L. M., Savage, C. R., Martin, L. E., Bruce, A. S., Lepping, R. J., Ko, E., et al. (2011). Importance of reward and prefrontal circuitry in hunger and satiety: Prader-Willi syndrome vs simple obesity. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 36 (5), 638-647.
48. Holsen, L. M., Zarcone, J. R., Thompson, T. I., Brooks, W. M., Anderson, M. F., Ahluwalia, J. S., et al. (2005). Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents. NeuroImage, 27 (3), 669-676.
49. Joos, A. A., Saum, B., Zeeck, A., Perlov, E., Glauche, V., Hartmann, A., et al. (2011). Frontocingular dysfunction in bulimia nervosa when confronted with disease-specific stimuli. European Eating Disorders Review, doi: 10.1002/erv.1150.
50. Kahneman, D., (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
51. Kaye W. H., Fudge J. L., &, Paulus M.,. (2009). New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 10 (8): 573-584.
52. Kaye W. H., Wagner A., Fudge J. L., &, Paulus M.,. (2011). Neurocircuity of eating disorders. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 6: 37-57.
53. Killgore, W. D., Young, A. D., Femia, L. A., Bogorodzki, P., Rogowska, J., &, Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., (2003). Cortical and limbic activation during viewing of high- versus low-calorie foods. NeuroImage, 19 (4), 1381-1394.
54. Killgore, W. D., &, Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., (2005a). Body mass predicts orbitofrontal activity during visual presentations of high-calorie foods. Neuroreport, 16 (8), 859-863.
55. Killgore, W. D., &, Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., (2005b). Developmental changes in the functional brain responses of adolescents to images of high and low-calorie foods. Developmental Psychobiology, 47 (4), 377-397.
56. Killgore, W. D., &, Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., (2006). Affect modulates appetite-related brain activity to images of food. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39 (5), 357-363.
57. Killgore, W. D., &, Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., (2010). Sex differences in cerebral responses to images of high versus low-calorie food. Neuroreport, 21, 354-358.
58. Kim, K. R., Ku, J., Lee, J. H., Lee, H., &, Jung, Y. C., (2012). Functional and effective connectivity of anterior insula in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Neuroscience Letters, 521 (2), 152-157.
59. Koehler, J., &, Leonhaeuser, I. U., (2008). Changes in food preferences during aging. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52 (Suppl 1), 15-19.
60. Kringelbach, M. L., (2004). Food for thought: Hedonic experience beyond homeostasis in the human brain. Neuroscience, 126 (4), 807-819.
61. Kroemer, N. B., Krebs, L., Kobiella, A., Grimm, O., Pilhatsch, M., Bidlingmaier, M., et al. (2012). Fasting levels of ghrelin covary with the brain response to food pictures. Addiction Biology, (in press).
62. Kroemer, N. B., Krebs, L., Kobiella, A., Grimm, O., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Wolfensteller, U., et al. (2012). (Still) longing for food: Insulin reactivity modulates response to food pictures. Human Brain Mapping, doi: 10.1002/hbm.22071.
63. Kullmann, S., Pape, A. A., Heni, M., Ketterer, C., Schick, F., Haring, H. U., et al., (2012). Functional network connectivity underlying food processing: Disturbed salience and visual processing in overweight and obese adults. Cerebral Cortex, doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs124
64. LaBar, K. S., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. B., Kim, Y. H., Nobre, A. C., &, Mesulam, M. M., (2001). Hunger selectively modulates corticolimbic activation to food stimuli in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115 (2), 493-500.
65. Lawrence, N. S., Hinton, E. C., Parkinson, J. A., &, Lawrence, A. D., (2012). Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. NeuroImage, 63 (1), 415-422.
66. Lawson, E. A., Holsen, L. M., Santin, M., Meenaghan, E., Eddy, K. T., Becker, A. E., et al. (2012). Oxytocin secretion is associated with severity of disordered eating psychopathology and insular cortex hypoactivation in anorexia nervosa. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1702
67. Levy, D. J., &, Glimcher, P. W., (2011). Comparing apples and oranges: Using reward-specific and reward-general subjective value representation in the brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31 (41), 14693-14707.
68. Linder, N. S., Uhl, G., Fliessbach, K., Trautner, P., Elger, C. E., &, Weber, B., (2010). Organic labeling influences food valuation and choice. NeuroImage, 53 (1), 215-220.
69. Litt, A., Plassmann, H., Shiv, B., &, Rangel, A., (2011). Dissociating valuation and saliency signals during decision-making. Cerebral Cortex, 21 (1), 95-102.
70. Malik, S., McGlone, F., Bedrossian, D., &, Dagher, A., (2008). Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell Metabolism, 7 (5), 400-409.
71. Marsh, R., Maia, T. V., &, Peterson, B. S., (2009). Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166 (6), 664-674.
72. Martin, L. E., Holsen, L. M., Chambers, R. J., Bruce, A. S., Brooks, W. M., Zarcone, J. R., et al. (2009). Neural mechanisms associated with food motivation in obese and healthy weight adults. Obesity, 18 (2), 254-260.
73. McCaffery, J. M., Haley, A. P., Sweet, L. H., Phelan, S., Raynor, H. A., Del Pagiri, A., et al. (2009). Differential functional magnetic resonance imaging response to food pictures in successful weight-loss maintainers relative to normal-weight and obese controls. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90 (4), 928-934.
74. Metcalfe, J., &, Mischel, W., (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106 (1), 3-19.
75. Mohanty, A., Gitelman, D. R., Small, D. M., &, Mesulam, M. M., (2008). The spatial attention network interacts with limbic and monoaminergic systems to modulate motivation-induced attention shifts. Cerebral Cortex, 18 (11), 2604-2613.
76. Murdaugh, D. L., Cox, J. E., Cook, E. W., III, &, Weller, R. E., (2012). FMRI reactivity to high-calorie food pictures predicts short- and long-term outcome in a weight-loss program. NeuroImage, 59 (3), 2709-2721.
77. Nummenmaa, L., Hirvonen, J., Hannukainen, J. C., Immonen, H., Lindroos, M. M., Salminen, P., et al. (2012). Dorsal striatum and its limbic connectivity mediate abnormal anticipatory reward processing in obesity. PloS One, 7 (2), e31089.
78. Page, K. A., Seo, D., Belfort-Deaguiar, R., Lacadie, C., Dzuira, J., Naik, S., et al. (2011). Circulating glucose levels modulate neural control of desire for high-calorie foods in humans. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121 (10), 4161-4169.
79. Paolini, B., Burdette, J. H., Laurienti, P. J., Morgan, A. R., Williamson, D. A., &, Rejeski, W. J., (2012). Coping with brief periods of food restriction: Mindfulness matters. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 4, 13.
80. Passamonti, L., Rowe, J. B., Schwarzbauer, C., Ewbank, M. P., Von dem Hagen, E., &, Calder, A. J., (2009). Personality predicts the brain's response to viewing appetizing foods: The neural basis of a risk factor for overeating. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29 (1), 43-51.
81. Paulus, M. P., &, Frank, L. R., (2003). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation is critical for preference judgments. Neuroreport, 14 (10), 1311-1315.
82. Pietrini F., Castellini G., Ricca V., Polito C., Pupi A., &, Faravelli C.,. (2011). Functional neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa: A clinical approach. European Psychiatry, 26 (3), 176-182.
83. Plassmann, H., O'Doherty, J., &, Rangel, A., (2007). Orbitofrontal cortex encodes willingness to pay in everyday economic transactions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27 (37), 9984-9988.
84. Plassmann, H., O'Doherty, J. P., &, Rangel, A., (2010). Appetitive and aversive goal values are encoded in the medial orbitofrontal cortex at the time of decision making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30 (32), 10799-10808.
85. Polivy, J., &, Herman, C. P., (1985). Dieting and binging. A causal analysis. The American Psychologist, 40 (2), 193-201.
86. Porbuská, K., Veit, R., Preissler, H., Fritsche, A., &, Birbaumer, N., (2006). Subjective feeling of appetite modulates brain activity: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 32 (3), 1273-1280.
87. Prince, A. C., Brooks, S. J., Stahl, D., &, Treasure, J., (2009). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the baseline concentrations and physiologic responses of gut hormones to food in eating disorders. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89 (3), 755-765.
88. Rosenbaum, M., Sy, M., Pavlovich, K., Leibel, R. L., &, Hirsch, J., (2008). Leptin reverses weight loss-induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118 (7), 2583-2591.
89. Rothemund, Y., Buchwald, C., Georgiewa, P., Bohner, G., Bauknecht, H. C., Ballmaier, M., et al. (2011). Compulsivity predicts fronto striatal activation in severely anorectic individuals. Neuroscience, 197, 242-250.
90. Rothemund, Y., Preuschhof, C., Bohner, G., Bauknecht, H. C., Klingebiel, R., Flor, H., et al. (2007). Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. NeuroImage, 37 (2), 410-421.
91. Santel, S., Baving, L., Krauel, K., Munte, T., &, Rotte, M., (2006). Hunger and satiety in anorexia nervosa: FMRI during cognitive processing of food pictures. Brain Research, 1114 (1), 138-148.
92. Scharmuller, W., Ubel, S., Ebner, F., &, Schienle, A., (2012). Appetite regulation during food cue exposure: A comparison of normal-weight and obese women. Neuroscience Letters, 518 (2), 106-110.
93. Schienle, A., Schafer, A., Hermann, A., &, Vaitl, D., (2008). Binge-eating disorder: Reward sensitivity and brain activation to images of food. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 654-661.
94. Schur, E. A., Kleinhans, N. M., Goldberg, J., Buchwald, D. S., Polivy, J., Del Parigi, A., et al. (2012). Acquired differences in brain responses among monozygotic twins discordant for restrained eating. Physiology & Behavior, 105 (2), 560-567.
95. Schur, E. A., Kleinhans, N. M., Goldberg, J., Buchwald, D., Schwartz, M. W., &, Maravilla, K., (2009). Activation in brain energy regulation and reward centers by food cues varies with choice of visual stimulus. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 33 (6), 653-661.
96. Siep, N., Roefs, A., Roebroeck, A., Havermans, R., Bonte, M. L., &, Jansen, A., (2009). Hunger is the best spice: An fMRI study of the effects of attention, hunger and calorie content on food reward processing in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Behavioural Brain Research, 198 (1), 149-158.
97. Siep, N., Roefs, A., Roebroeck, A., Havermans, R., Bonte, M., &, Jansen, A., (2012). Fighting food temptations: The modulating effects of short-term cognitive reappraisal, suppression and up-regulation on mesocorticolimbic activity related to appetitive motivation. NeuroImage, 60 (1), 213-220.
98. Simmons, W. K., Martin, A., &, Barsalou, L. W., (2005). Pictures of appetizing foods activate gustatory cortices for taste and reward. Cerebral Cortex, 15 (10), 1602-1608.
99. Sokol-Hessner, P., Hutcherson, C., Hare, T., &, Rangel, A., (2012). Decision value computation in DLPFC and VMPFC adjusts to the available decision time. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 35 (7), 1065-1074.
100. Stice E., Spoor, S., Ng, J., &, Zaldo, D. H., (2009). Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiology & Behavior, 97 (5), 551-560.
101. Stice, E., Yokum, S., Bohon, C., Marti, N., &, Smolen, A., (2010). Reward circuitry responsivity to food predicts future increases in body mass: Moderating effects of DRD2 and DRD4. NeuroImage, 50 (4), 1618-1625.
102. Stoeckel, L. E., Kim, J., Weller, R. E., Cox, J. E., Cook, E. W., III, &, Horwitz, B., (2009). Effective connectivity of a reward network in obese women. Brain Research Bulletin, 79 (6), 388-395.
103. Stoeckel, L. E., Weller, R. E., Cook, E. W., Twieg, D. B., Knowlton, R. C., &, Cox, J. E., (2008). Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods. NeuroImage, 41 (2), 636-647.
104. St-Onge, M. P., McReynolds, A., Trivedi, Z. B., Roberts, A. L., Sy, M., &, Hirsch, J., (2012). Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95 (4), 818-824.
105. Tataranni, P. A., &, DelParigi, A., (2003). Functional neuroimaging: A new generation of human brain studies in obesity research. Obesity Reviews, 4 (4), 229-238.
106. Uher, R., Brammer, M. J., Murphy, T., Campbell, I. C., Ng, V. W., Williams, S. C., et al. (2003). Recovery and chronicity in anorexia nervosa: Brain activity associated with differential outcomes. Biological Psychiatry, 54 (9), 934-942.
107. Uher, R., Murphy, T., Brammer, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Phillips, M. L., Ng, V. W., et al. (2004). Medial prefrontal cortex activity associated with symptom provocation in eating disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161 (7), 1238-1246.
108. Uher, R., Treasure, J., Heining, M., Brammer, M. J., &, Campbell, I. C., (2006). Cerebral processing of food-related stimuli: Effects of fasting and gender. Behavioural Brain Research, 169 (1), 111-119.
109. Van den Eynde, F., Suda, M., Broadbent, H., Guillaume, S., Van den Eynde, M., Steiger, H., et al. (2012). Structural magnetic resonance imaging in eating disorders: A systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies. European Eating Disorders Review 20, 94-105.
110. Van den Eynde, F., &, Treasure, J., (2009). Neuroimaging in eating disorders and obesity: Implications for research. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18 (1), 95-115.
111. Van Kuyck K., Gerard N., Van Laere K., Casteels C., Pieters G., Gabriels L., et al. (2009). Towards a neurocircuitry in anorexia nervosa: Evidence from functional neuroimaging studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research 43 (14), 1133-1145.
112. Wagner, D. D., Boswell, R. G., Kelley, W. M., &, Heatherton, T. F., (2012). Inducing negative affect increases the reward value of appetizing foods in dieters. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24 (7), 1625-1633.
113. Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., &, Fowler, J. S., (2002). The role of dopamine in motivation for food in humans: Implications for obesity. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 6 (5), 601-609.
114. Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Pappas, N. R., Wong, C. T., Zhu, W., et al. (2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. The Lancet, 357 (9253), 354-357.
115. Weygandt, M., Schaefer, A., Schienle, A., &, Haynes, J. D., (2012). Diagnosing different binge-eating disorders based on reward-related brain activation patterns. Human Brain Mapping, 33 (9), 2135-2146.
116. Yokum, S., Ng, J., &, Stice, E., (2011). Attentional bias to food images associated with elevated weight and future weight gain: An fMRI study. Obesity, 19 (9), 1775-1783.
117. Zhu, Y., Hu, X., Wang, J., Chen, J., Guo, Q., Li, C., et al. (2012). Processing of food, body and emotional stimuli in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. European Eating Disorders Review, doi: 10.1002/erv.2197