A fiduciary theory of judging

California Law Review

Volumn 101, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 699-753

  Leib, Ethan J ^a   Ponet, David L ^b   Serota, Michael ^c  

^a FORDHAM LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNICEF   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872731118     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (466)

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27. Evan J. Criddle, Fiduciary Foundations of Administrative Law, 54 UCLA L. Rev. 117 (2006) [hereinafter Criddle, Foundations];.
28. Evan Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, 31 queen's L J. 259 (2005);.
29. Ethan J. Leib & David L. Ponet, Fiduciary Representation and Deliberative Engagement with Children, 20 J. pol. phil. 178 (2012).
30. Paul Finn, Public Trust and Public Accountability, 3 griffith L. rev. 224 (1994) [hereinafter Finn, Public Trust];.
31. Paul Finn, The Forgotten "Trust": The People and the State, in equity: Issues and Trends 131 (Malcolm Cope ed., 1995).
32. D. Theodore Rave, Politicians as Fiduciaries, 126 harv. L. Rev. 671 (2013).
33. Ethan J. Leib, David L. Ponet & Michael Serota, Translating Fiduciary Principles into Public Law, 126 harv. L. Rev. F. 91 (2013).
34. Robert g. Natelson, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
35. Robert g. Natelson, The Constitution and the Public Trust, 52 BUFF. L. Rev. 1077 (2004) [hereinafter Natelson, The Constitution];.
36. E. Mabry Rogers & Stephen B. Young, Public Office as a Public Trust: A Suggestion that Impeachment for High Crimes and Misdemeanors Implies a Fiduciary Standard, 63 geo. L.J. 1025 (1975).
37. Lisa L. Casey, Reforming Securities Class Actions from the Bench: Judging Fiduciaries and Fiduciary Judging, 2003 B YU L. Rev. 1239, 1314-23 (2003).
38. Scott C. Idleman, A Prudential Theory of Judicial Candor, 73 TEX. L. Rev. 1307, 1330-33 (1995).
39. Lawrence B. Solum, Virtue Jurisprudence: A Virtue-Centered Theory of Judging, 34 METAPHILOSOPHY 178 (2003).
40. generally Micah Schwartzman, Judicial Sincerity, 94 Va. L. Rev. 987 (2008).
41. Ethan J. Leib & Michael Serota, The Costs of Consensus in Statutory Construction, 120 Yale L.J. online 47, 51 (2010), available at http://yalelawjournal.org/2010/7/30/leib-serota.html.
42. Ethan J. Leib, The Perpetual Anxiety of Living Constitutionalism, 24 const. comment. 353 (2007);.
43. Michael Serota, Popular Constitutional Interpretation, 44 conn. L. Rev. 1635 (2012).
44. Jack M. Balkin, How Social Movements Change (or Fail to Change) the Constitution: The Case of the New Departure, 39 suffolk U. L. Rev. 27 (2005);.
45. Robert A. Dahl, Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker, 6 J. PUB. L. 279 (1957).
46. Terri Jennings Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court (1999);.
47. Barry Friedman, Mediated Popular Constitutionalism, 101 MICH. L. REV. 2596 (2003).
48. Richard H. Pildes, Is the Supreme Court a "Majoritarian" Institution?, 2010 SUP. ct. Rev. 103 (2010).
49. Lee Epstein & Andrew D. Martin, Does Public Opinion Influence the Supreme Court? Possibly Yes (But We're Not Sure Why), 13 U. Pa. J. const. L. 263 (2010).
50. Ethan J. Leib & David L. Ponet, Representation in America: Some Thoughts on Nancy Pelosi, Gavin Newsom, Tim Johnson, and Deliberative Engagement, 16 good soc'y, 1 (2007);.
51. Ethan J. Leib & David Ponet, When Vermont's, Scm Francisco's, and Other Cities' and Towns' Constituents Call for Impeachment of the President and Vice-President, Must Their Federal Representatives Listen?: The Ethics of Representative-Constituent Relations, flndlaw's writ (July 26, 2007), http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20070726-ponet.html.
52. David L. Ponet & Ethan J. Leib, Fiduciary Law's Lessons for Deliberative Democracy, 91 B.U. L. Rev. 1249 (2011).
53. Michael Serota, Intelligible Justice, 66 U. miami L. rev. 649 (2012).
54. Jack M. Balkin & Sanford Le vinson, Understanding the Constitutional Revolution, 87 VA. L. REV. 1045 (2001).
55. David E. Pozen, Judicial Elections as Popular Constitutionalism, 110 colum. L. Rev. 2047 (2010).
56. Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
57. Paul B. Miller, A Theory of Fiduciary Liability, 56 McGlLL L.J. 235 (2011).
58. D. Gordon Smith, The Critical Resource Theory of Fiduciary Duty, 55 Vand. L. Rev. 1399, 1400 (2002).
59. generally leonard i. rotman, fiduciary law (2005);.
60. j.c. shepherd, the law of Fiduciaries (1981);.
61. l.S. Sealy, Fiduciary Relationships, 20 cambridge l.j. 69 (1962);.
62. j.c. Shepherd, Towards a Unified Concept of Fiduciary Relationships, 97 l. q. rev. 51 (1981);.
63. Ernest j. Weinrib, The Fiduciary Obligation, 25 U. toronto l.J. 1 (1975).
64. Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, queen's L J. (2005)14, at 299.
65. Tamar Frankel, Fiduciary Law, 71 CAUF. L. REV. 795, 810 (1983).
66. Martha Albertson Fineman, The Vulnerable Subject and the Responsive State, 60 Emory L.J. 251 (2010);.
67. Martha Albertson Fineman, The Vulnerable Subject: Anchoring Equality in the Human Condition, 20 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM, 1 (2008).
68. Ethan J. Leib, Friends as Fiduciaries, 86 WASH. u. L. Rev. 665, 682-84 (2009).
69. Eileen A. Scallen, Promises Broken vs. Promises Betrayed: Metaphor, Analogy, and the New Fiduciary Principle, 1993 U. ill. L. REV. 897, 910 n.48, 911.
70. Leib, Friends as Fiduciaries, 86 WASH. u. L. Rev. (2009). at 683.
71. Natelson, Judicial Review, Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
72. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
73. T. BIANCO, TRUST: Representatives and Constituents (1994);.
74. Democracy and Trust (Mark E. Warren ed., 1999).
75. Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
76. Paul Stanton Kibel, The Public Trust Navigates California's Bay Delta, 51 NAT. resources j. 35-36 (2011).
77. Kenneth B. Davis Jr., Judicial Review of Fiduciary Decisionmaking-Some Theoretical Perspectives, 80 Nw. U. L. REV. 1, 7 (1985).
78. Leib, Friends as Fiduciaries, 86 WASH. u. L. Rev. (2009). at 683.
79. Steven J. Burton, Breach of Contract and the Common Law Duty to Perform in Good Faith, 94 Harv. L. Rev. 369 (1980).
80. annette c. baier, Trust and Antitrust, in Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics 95, 132 (1995).
81. Kenneth B. Davis Jr., Judicial Review of Fiduciary Decisionmaking-Some ll Perspectives, 80 Nw. U. L. REV. 1, 7 (1985).
82. Frank H. Easterbrook & Daniel R. Fischel, Contract and Fiduciary Duty, 36 J.L. & ECON. 425, 432 (1993).
83. D. Gordon Smith, The Critical Resource Theory of Fiduciary Duty, 55 Vand. L. Rev. 1399, 1400 (2002).
84. Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
85. Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, queen's L J. (2005)14, at 299.
86. generally Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
87. Eileen A. Scallen, Promises Broken vs. Promises Betrayed: Metaphor, Analogy, and the New Fiduciary Principle, 1993 U. ILL. L. REV. 897, 910 n.48, 911.
88. Leib, Friends as Fiduciaries, 86 WASH. u. L. Rev. (2009). at 683.
89. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
90. t. bianco, trust: Representatives and Constituents (1994);.
91. Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
92. Paul Stanton Kibel, The Public Trust Navigates California's Bay Delta, 51 NAT. resources J. 35-36 (2011).
93. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
94. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part I): Ecological Realism and the Need for a Paradigm Shift, 39 envtl. L. 43, 69 (2009).
95. Joseph L. Sax, Introduction to the Public Trust Doctrine, in THE PUBLIC TRUST Doctrine and Its Application to Protecting Instream Flows: Proceedings of a Workshop 5, 8.
96. Charter of Connecticut-1662, THE AVALON PROJECT, http://avalon.law.yale. edu/17th-century/ct03.aspOastvisitedMar. 4, 2013).
97. Paul Finn, The Forgotten "Trust": The People and the State, in equity: Issues and Trends 131 (Malcolm Cope ed., 1995).
98. Paul Finn, The Forgotten "Trust": The People and the State, in equity: Issues and Trends 131 (Malcolm Cope ed., 1995).
99. Paul Finn, The Forgotten "Trust": The People and the State, in equity: Issues and Trends 131 (Malcolm Cope ed., 1995).
100. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
101. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
102. Tamar frankel, fiduciary Law 284-87 (2011).
103. Mary Sarah Bilder, The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review, 116 Yale l.j. 502 (2006).
104. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
105. Cent R.R. Co. v. Illinois, 146 U.S. 387, 453 (1892).
106. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part I): Ecological Realism and the Need for a Paradigm Shift, 39 envtl. L. 43, 69 (2009).
107. Joseph L. Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention, 68 mich. L. Rev. 471 (1970);.
108. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 envtl L. 91 (2009).
109. Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 529 (1895);.
110. Ridenour v. Furness, 504 N.E.2d 273 (Ind. Ct App. 1987);.
111. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part I): Ecological Realism and the Need for a Paradigm Shift, 39 envtl. L. 43, 69 (2009).
112. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part I): Ecological Realism and the Need for a Paradigm Shift, 39 envtl. L. 43, 69 (2009).
113. handbook of federal indian Law 221 (1982).
114. Mary Christina Wood, Indian Land and the Promise of Native Sovereignty: The Trust Doctrine Revisited, 1994 UTAH L. Rev. 1471, 1495-96.
115. Mary Christina Wood, Indian Land and the Promise of Native Sovereignty: The Trust Doctrine Revisited, 1994 UTAH L. Rev. 1471, 1495-96.
116. Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, queen's L J. (2005)14, at 299.
117. Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 529 (1895).
118. Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
119. generally Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
120. generally Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
121. Evan J. Criddle & Evan Fox-Decent, A Fiduciary Theory of Jus Cogens, 34 Yale J. int'l L. 331 (2009).
122. Evan Fox- Decent & Evan J. Criddle, The Fiduciary Constitution of Human Rights, 15 legal theory 301 (2009).
123. Evan Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, queen's L J. (2005)14, at 299.
124. Leib, Friends as Fiduciaries, 86 WASH. u. L. Rev. (2009). at 683.
125. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
126. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
127. Ethan J. Leib, The Perpetual Anxiety of Living Constitutionalism, 24 const. comment. 353 (2007);.
128. Mary Sarah Bilder, The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review, 116 Yale L.J. 502 (2006).
129. Natelson, The Constitution, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 tex. Rev. L. & pol. 239, 245 (2007).
130. Cent R.R. Co. v. Illinois, 146 U.S. 387, 453 (1892).
131. Mary Christina Wood, Indian Land and the Promise of Native Sovereignty: The Trust Doctrine Revisited, 1994 UTAH L. Rev. 1471, 1495-96.
132. generally fiduciary duty and the atmospheric trust (Ken Coghill et al. eds., 2012);.
133. Joseph L. Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention, 68 mich. L. Rev; 471 (1970);.
134. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 Envtl L. 91 (2009).
135. Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 529 (1895);.
136. v. Hassell, 837 P.2d 158 (Ariz. Ct App. 1991);.
137. National Audubon Society v. Superior Court of Alpine County, 658 P.2d 709 (Cal. 1983);.
138. Ridenour v. Furness, 504 N.E.2d 273 (Ind. Ct App. 1987);.
139. State v. City of Bowling Green, 313 N.E.2d 409 (Ohio 1974).
140. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 Envtl L. 91 (2009).
141. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 Envtl L. 91 (2009).
142. F. Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law 221 (1982).
143. United States v. Cherokee Nation of Okla., 480 U.S. 700-707 (1987);.
144. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 Envtl L. 91 (2009).
145. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 Envtl L. 91 (2009).
146. Mary Christina Wood, Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present and Future Generations (Part II): Instilling a Fiduciary Obligation in Governance, 39 Envtl L. 91 (2009).
147. Evan Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, queen's L J. (2005)14, at 299.
148. Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 529 (1895).
149. Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
150. Evan J. Criddle, Fiduciary Foundations of Administrative Law, 54 UCLA L. Rev. 117 (2006) [hereinafter Criddle, Foundations];.
151. generally Evan J. Criddle, Proportionality in Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, 87 notre Dame L. rev. 1073 (2012).
152. Evan J. Criddle & Evan Fox-Decent, A Fiduciary Theory of Jus Cogens, 34 YALE J. Int'L L. 331 (2009).
153. Evan Fox- Decent & Evan J. Criddle, The Fiduciary Constitution of Human Rights, 15 LEGAL THEORY 301 (2009).
154. Fox-Decent, The Fiduciary Nature of State Legal Authority, queen's L J. (2005)14, at 299.
155. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's Promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.
156. Robert G. Natelson, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Clouse and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 TEX. REV. L. & POL 239, 245 (2007).
157. Robert G. Natelson, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Clouse and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 TEX. REV. L. & POL 239, 245 (2007).
158. Ethan J. Leib & David L. Ponet, Representation in America: Some Thoughts on Nancy Pelosi, Gavin Newsom, Tim Johnson, and Deliberative Engagement, 16 good soc'y, 1 (2007).
159. Ethan J. Leib & David L. Ponet, Representation in America: Some Thoughts on Nancy Pelosi, Gavin Newsom, Tim Johnson, and Deliberative Engagement, 16 good soc'y, 659 (2007).
160. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's Promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.
161. Malcolm Thorburn, Justifications, Powers, and Authority, 117 yale L.J. 1070, 1103 (2008).
162. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.
163. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's promise: The State as Fiduciary ,265,2011.
164. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.
165. Kathleen Clark, Do We Have Enough Ethics in Government Yet? An Answer from Fiduciary Theory;.
166. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.
167. Ethan J. Leib & David L. Ponet, Representation in America: Some Thoughts on Nancy Pelosi, Gavin Newsom, Tim Johnson, and Deliberative Engagement, 16 GOOD SOC'Y, 1 (2007).
168. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.
169. Karen J. Alter, Agents or Trustees? International Courts in Their Political Context, 14 eur. J. int'l REL. 33 (2008);.
170. Ethan J. Leib & David L. Ponet, Representation in America: Some Thoughts on Nancy Pelosi, Gavin Newsom, Tim Johnson, and Deliberative Engagement, 16 good soc'y, 659 (2007).
171. Paul Stanton Kibel, The Public Trust Navigates California's Bay Delta, 51 NAT. resources J. 249 (2011).
172. Paul W. Kahn, The reign of Law: Marbury v. Madison and the Construction of America (1997)at 113.
173. black's Law DICTIONARY 1314-15 (8th ed. 2004).
174. generally john locke, Second Treatise: An Essay Concerning the True, Original, xtent, and End of Civil Government, in two treatises of government and a letter Concerning Toleration.
175. Robert G. Naielson, Judicial Review of Special Interest Spending: The General Welfare Clause and the Fiduciary Law of the Founders, 11 TEX. REV. L. & POL. 1025-28, (2007).
176. E. Mabry Rogers & Stephen B. Young, Public Office as a Public Trust: A Suggestion that Impeachment for High Crimes and Misdemeanors Implies a Fiduciary Standard, 63 GEO. L.J. 1038-39 (1975).
177. Saikrishna Prakash & Steven D. Smith, Removing Federal Judges Without Impeachment, 116 Yale L.J. pocket Part 95 (2006), http://www.yalelawjournal. org/the-yale-law-journal-pocket-pait/constitutional-law/removing-federal-judges- without-impeachment/.
178. Saikrishna Prakash & Steven D. Smith, How to Remove a Federal Judge, 116 yale L.J. 72 (2006).
179. Martin H. Redish, Good Behavior, Judicial Independence, and the Foundations of American Constitutionalism, 116 Yale L.J. 139 (2006).
180. E. Mabry Rogers & Stephen B. Young, Public Office as a Public Trust: A Suggestion that Impeachment for High Crimes and Misdemeanors Implies a Fiduciary Standard, 63 GEO. L.J. 1044 (1975).
181. E. Mabry Rogers & Stephen B. Young, Public Office as a Public Trust: A Suggestion that Impeachment for High Crimes and Misdemeanors Implies a Fiduciary Standard, 63 GEO. L.J. 1044 no.137 (1975).
182. 132 CONG. REC. 31, 493 (1986).
183. 132 CONG. REC. 15, 495-96 (1986).
184. 132 CONG. REC. 27, 765 (1986).
185. 135 cong. REC. 2476 (1989) (statement of Rep. Sangmeister).
186. 135 CONG. REC. 4227-30 (1989) (statement of Rep. Bryant).
187. 155 CONG. REC. 7055 (2009) (statement of Rep. Conyers).
188. 156 CONG. REC. 10229 (2010) (statement of Sen. Levin);.
189. 156 CONG. REC. 8565 (2010) (statement of Rep. Schiff).
190. Christopher Reinhart, Impeachment of State Officials, OFF. Legis. res. (Feb. 9, 2004), http://www.cga.ct.gov/2004/ipt/2004-R-0184.htm.
191. Methods of Removing State Judges, Am. judicature SOC'y, http://www.ajs.org/ethics/eth-impeachement.asp (last visited Mar. 1, 2013).
192. Lisa L. Casey, Class Action Criminality, 34 J. CORP. L. 153, 205 (2008).
193. Evan Fox-Decent, Sovereignty's promise: The State as Fiduciary 2011.at294
194. Kent Greenawalt, Discretion and Judicial Decision: The Elusive Quest for the Fetters That Bind Judges, 75 colum. L. rev. 359 (1975).
195. Jane Mansbridge, A "Selection Model" of Political Representation, 17 J. pol. phil. 369 (2009).
196. Paul B. Miller, Justifying Fiduciary Duties, 58 McGlLL L.J. (forthcoming 2013), available at http://papers.ssm.com/sol3/papers.cfrn?abstractjd=2083855.
197. VOICE, TRUST, AND Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal representation (1998).
198. Philip Pettit, Republican Theory and Political Trust, in trust and governance 295 (Valerie Braithwaite & Margaret Levi eds., 1998).
199. R. Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (1990).
200. Reynolds v. Beneficial Nat'l Bank, 288 F.3d 277, 279-80 (7th Cir. 2002).
201. In re Wash. Pub. Power Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 19 F.3d 1291, 1302 (9th Cir. 1994);.
202. Grunin v. Int'l House of Pancakes, 513 F.2d 114, 123 (8th Cir. 1975);.
203. Greenfield v. Villager Indus., Inc., 483 F.2d 824, 832 (3d Cir. 1973);.
204. In re BankAmerica Corp. Sec. Litig., 228 F. Supp. 2d 1061, 1064 (E.D. Mo. 2002);.
205. In re Sunbeam Sec. Litig., 176 F. Supp. 2d 1323, 1332 (S.D. Fla. 2001);.
206. In re Bausch & Lomb, Inc. Sec. Litig., 183 F.R.D. 78, 82 (W.D.N.Y, 1998);.
207. In re Prudential Sec. Inc. Ltd P'ships Litig., 985 F. Supp. 410, 414 (S.D.N.Y. 1997);.
208. Feinberg v. Hibernia Corp., 966 F. Supp. 442, 446 (E.D. La. 1997);.
209. In re Quantum Health Res., Inc., 962 F. Supp. 1254, 1256 (C.D. Cat 1997);.
210. In re Gould Sec. Litig., 727 F. Supp. 1201, 1203 (N.D. Ill 1989);.
211. Susan P. Koniak & George M. Cohen, Under Cloak of Settlement, 82 VA. L. Rev. 1051, 1122 (1996);.
212. Judith Resnik, Money Matters: Judicial Market Interventions Creating Subsidies and Awarding Fees and Costs in Individual and Aggregate Litigation, 148 U. PA. L. REV. 2119, 2168 (2000);.
213. William C. Rand, The Role of the Judge as Protector in Class Action Settlements, N.Y. L.J., Sept. 24, 2002, at 27;.
214. Joseph A. Grundfest, Attorneys Fees in Class Action Securities Fraud Litigation: A Proposal for Addressing a Problem That Has No Perfect Solution, Testimony Presented Before the Third Circuit Task Force on Selection of Class Counsel (June 1, 2001) available at http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/ classcounselAVitness%20Statements/grundfest2.pdf.Forarejectionofthismodel, seeCasey, supranote16at1318-23.
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