Arbuscular mycorrhizae and alleviation of soil stresses on plant growth

Mycorrhizae: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 99-134

  Giasson, Philippe ^a   Karam, Antoine ^b   Jaouich, Alfred ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Heavy metals; Metal pollution; Mycorrhizoremediation; Nutrient availability; Rhizoextraction

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872404717     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8770-7_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (201)

1. Al-Karaki, G. N., 2006, Nursery inoculation of tomato with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and subsequent performance under irrigation with saline water. Sci. Hort. 109:1-7.
2. Allen, M. F., Figueroa, C., Weinbaum, B. S., Barlow, S. B., and Allen, E. B., 1996, Differential production of oxalate by mycorrhizal fungi in arid ecosystems. Biol. Fert. Soils 22:287-292.
3. Almås, Å. R., Bakken, L. R., and Mulder, J., 2004, Changes in tolerance of soil microbial communities in Zn and Cd contaminated soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36:805-813.
4. Angle, J. S., Spiro, M. A., Heggo, A. M., El-Kherbawy, M., and Chaney, R. L., 1988, Soil microbial - legume interacts in heavy metal contaminated at Palmerton, PA., pp. 321-336. Trace substances in the environment health, 22nd Conference, St-Louis, MO, May 23-26.
5. Arines, J., Vilariño, A., and Sainz, M., 1990. Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Mn uptake by red clover. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 29:1-4.
6. Atkinson, D. J., Baddeley, A., Goicoechea, N., Green, J., Sanchez-Díaz, M., and Watson, C. A., 2002, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in low input agriculture, pp. 211-222. In S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp, J. M. Barea, and K. Haselwandter (Eds.), Mycorrhizal technology in agriculture: From genes to bioproducts. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
7. Audet, P., and Charest, C., 2006, Effects of AM colonization on "wild tobacco" plants grown in zinc-contaminated soil. Mycorrhiza 16:277-283.
8. Bai, J., Lin, X., Yin, R., Zhang, H., Junhua, W., Xueming, C., and Yongming, L., 2008, The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on As and P uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) from AS-contaminated soils. Appl. Soil Ecol. 38:137-145.
9. Baker, A., Brooks, R., and Reeves, R., 1988, Growing for gold⋯ and copper⋯ and zinc. New Sci. 1603:44-48.
10. Ballen, K. G., and Graham, P. H., 2002, The role of acid pH in symbiosis between plants and soil organisms, pp. 383-404. In Z. Rengel (Ed.), Handbook of plant growth - pH as the master variable. Marcel Dekker, New York.
11. Barea, J.-M., and Jeffries, P., 1995, Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil plant systems, pp. 521-560. In B. Hock and A. Varma (Eds.), Mycorrhiza: Structure, function, molecular biology and biotechnology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
12. Barea, J.-M., Azcón, R., and Azcón-Aguilar, C., 2002, Mycorrhizosphere interactions to improve plant fitness and soil quality. Antonie van Leeuwenkoek 81:343-351.
13. Berthelin, J., Leyval, C., and Mustin, C., 2000, Illustrations of the occurrence and diversity of mineral-microbe interactions involved in weathering of minerals, pp. 7-25. In J. D. Cotter-Howells, L. S. Campbell, E. Valsami-Jones, and M. Batchelder (Eds.), Environmental mineralogy: Microbial interactions, anthropogenic influences, contaminated land and waste management, Mineral Society Series 9. Mineral Society, London.
14. Bi, Y. L., Li, X. L. Christie, P., Hu, Z. Q., and Wong, M. H., 2003, Growth and nutrient uptake of arbuscular mycorrhizal maize in different depths of soil overlying coal fly ash, Chemosphere 50:863-869.
15. Biró, B., Posta, K., Füzy, A., Kadar, I., and Németh, T., 2005, Mycorrhizal functioning as part of the survival mechanisms of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at long-term heavy metal stress. Acta Biol. Szegedien. 49:65-67.
16. Boivin, M.-E. Y., Breure, A. M., Posthuma, L., and Rutgers, M., 2002, Determination of field effects of contaminants-significance of pollution-induced community tolerance. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 8:1035-1055.
17. Boruvka L., and Drabek O., 2004, Heavy metal distribution between fractions of humic substances in heavy polluted soils. Plant, Soil Environ. 50:339-345.
18. Brady, N. C., and Weil, R. R., 2008, The nature and properties of soils. 14th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
19. Bradley, R., Burt, A. J., and Read, D. J., 1981, Mycorrhizal infection and resistance to heavy metal toxicity in Calluna vulgaris. Nature 292:335-337.
20. Brooks, R. R., 1995, Biological systems in mineral exploration and processing. Ellis Horwood, Toronto.
21. Brooks, R. R., 1998, Plants that hyperaccumulate heavy metals: Their role in phytoremediation, microbiology, archaeology, mineral exploration and phytomining, CAB International, New York.
22. Brundrett, M. C., and Abbott, L. K., 2002, Arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant communities, pp. 151-193. In K. Sivasithamparam, K. Dixon, and R. L. Barrett (Eds.), Micro-organisms in plant conservation and biodiversity. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
23. Burke, S. C., Angle, J. S., Chaney, R. L., and Cunningham, S. D., 2000, Arbuscular mycorrhizae effects on heavy metal uptake by corn. Intern. J. Phytorem. 2:23-29.
24. 65Zn uptake in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) by 3 vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a root-free sandy soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:1117-1124.
25. Burleigh, S. H., Kristensen, B. K., and Bechmann, I. E., 2003, A plasma membrane zinc transporter from Medicago truncatula is up-regulated in roots by Zn fertilization, yet down-regulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Plant Mol. Biol. 52:1077-1088.
26. Cardoso, I. M., and Kuyper, T. W., 2006, Mycorrhizas and tropical soil fertility. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 116:72-84.
27. Cataldo, D. A., and Wildung, R. E., 1978, Soil and plant factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals by plants. Environ. Health Perspect. 27:149-159.
28. Cavagnaro, T. R., 2008, The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in improving plant zinc nutrition under low soil zinc concentrations: A review. Plant Soil 304:315-325.
29. Cavagnaro, T. R., Jackson, L. E., Scow, K. M., and Hristova, K. R., 2007, Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas on ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an organic farm soil. Microb. Ecol. 54:618-626.
30. Chaudry, T. M., Hill, L., Khan, A. G., and Keuk, C., 1999, Colonization of iron and zinccontaminated dumped filter cake waste by microbes, plants and associated mycorrhizae, pp. 275-283. In M. H. Wong and A. J. M. Baker (Eds.), Remediation and management of degraded land. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
31. Chen, B. D., Li, X. L., Tao, H. Q., Christie, P., and Wong, M. H., 2003, The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in zinc uptake by red clover growing in a calcareous soil spiked with various quantities of zinc. Chemosphere 50:839-846.
32. Chen, B. D., Zhu, Y. G., Duan, J., Xiao, X. Y., and Smith, S. E., 2007, Effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on growth and metal uptake by four plant species in copper mine tailings. Environ. Pollut. 147:374-380.
33. Cheung, K. C., Zhang, J. Y., Deng, H. H., Ou, Y. K., Leung, H. M., Wu, S. C., and Wong, M. H., 2008, Interaction of higher plant (jute), electrofused bacteria and mycorrhiza on anthracene biodegradation. Bioresour. Technol. 99:2148-2155.
34. Christie, P., Li, X. L., and Chen, B. D., 2004, Arbuscular mycorrhizas can depress translocation of zinc to shoots of host plants in soils moderately polluted with zinc. Plant Soil 261:209-217.
35. Citterio, S., Prato, N., Fumagalli, P., Massa, N., Santagostino, A., Sgorbati, S., and Berta, G., 2005, The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae induces growth and metal accumulation changes in Cannabis sativa L. Chemosphere 59:21-29.
36. Colpaert, J. V., 1998, Biological interactions: The significance of root-microbial symbioses for phytorestoration of metal-contaminated soils, pp. 75-91. In J. Vangronsveld and S. D. Cunningham (Eds.), Metal-contaminated soils: In situ inactivation and phytorestoration. Springer, New York.
37. Cooper, K. M., and Tinker, P. B., 1978, Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas. II. Uptake and translocation of phosphorus, zinc and sulfur. New Phytol. 81:43-52.
38. Courchesne, F., Séguin, V., and Dufresne, A., 2001, Solid phase fractionation of metals in the rhizosphere of forest soils, pp. 189-206. In G. R. Gobran, W. W. Wenzel, and E. Lombi (Eds.), Trace elements in the rhizosphere. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
39. Crowley, D. E., and Alvey, S. A., 2002, Regulation of microbial processes by soil pH, pp. 351-382. In Z. Rengel (Ed.), Handbook of plant growth - pH as the master variable. Marcel Dekker, New York.
40. Cui, M., and Nobel, P. S., 1992, Nutrient status, water uptake and gas exchange for three desert succulents infected with mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 122:643-649.
41. Dai, J., Becquer, T., Rouiller, J. H., Reversat, G., Bernhardt-Reversat, F., and Lavelle, P., 2004, Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, and Cd-contaminated soils. Appl. Soil Ecol. 25:99-109.
42. Danielson, R. M., 1985, Mycorrhizae and reclamation of stressed terrestrial environments, pp. 173-201. In R. L. TateIII and D. A. Klein (Eds.), Soil reclamation processes - microbiological analyses and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York.
43. Davis, M. R. H., Zhao, F. J., and McGrath, S. P., 2004, Pollution induced community tolerance of soil microbes in response to a zinc gradient. Environ. Toxi. Chem. 23:2665-2672.
44. Davies, F. T., Puryear, J. D., Newton, R. J., Egilla, J. N., and Saraiva Grossi, J. A., 2001, Mycorrhizal fungi enhance accumulation and tolerance of chromium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). J. Plant Physiol. 158:777-786.
45. Davies, F. T., Puryear, J. D., Newton, R. J., Egilla, J. N., and Saraiva Grossi, J. A., 2002, Mycorrhizal fungi increase chromium uptake by sunflower plants: Influence on tissue mineral concentration, growth, and gas exchange. J. Plant Nutri. 25:2389-2407.
46. Dehn, B., and Schüepp, H., 1989, Influence of VA mycorrhizae on the uptake and distribution of heavy metals in plants. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 29:79-83.
47. Del Val, C., Barea, J. M., and Azcón-Aguilar, C., 1999a, Assessing the tolerance to heavy metals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates from sewage sludge-contaminated soils. Appl. Soil Ecol. 11:261-269.
48. Del Val, C., Barea, J. M., and Azcón-Aguilar, C., 1999b, Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus populations in heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:718-723.
49. Deram, A., Languereau-Leman, F., Howsam, M., Petit, D., and Haluwyn, C. V., 2008, Seasonal patterns of cadmium accumulation in Arrhenatherum elatius (Poaceae): Influence of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal colonisation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40:845-848.
50. Díaz, G., and Honrubia, M., 1994, A mycorrhizal survey of plants growing on mine wastes in Southeast Spain. Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 8:59-68.
51. Dinel, H., Pare, T., Schnitzer, M., and Pelzer, N., 2000, Direct land application of cement kiln dust- and lime-sanitized biosolids: Extractability of trace metals and organic matter quality. Geoderma 96:307-320.
52. Dixon, R. K., 1988, The response of ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to soil cadmium, nickel and lead. Soil Biol. Biochem. 20:555-559.
53. Dixon R. K., and Buschena, C. A., 1988, Response of ectomycorrhizal Pinus banksiana and Picea glauca to heavy metals in soil. Plant Soil 105:265-271.
54. Douds, D. D. Jr., and Millner, P. D., 1999. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 74:77-93.
55. Dueck, T. A., Visser, P., Ernst, W. H. O., and Schat, H., 1986, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae decrease zinc toxicity to grasses growing in zinc-polluted soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18:331-333.
56. Duffus, J. H., 2002, "Heavy Metals" - A Meaningless Term. Pure Appl. Chem. 74:793-807.
57. Ensley, B. D., 2000, Rationale for use of phytoremediation, pp. 3-12. In I. Raskin and B. D. Ensley (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals. Using plants to clean up the environment. John, Toronto.
58. Entry, J. A., Watrud, L. S., and Reeves, M., 1999, Accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr from contaminated soil by three grass species inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Environ. Pollut. 104:449-457.
59. Fomina, M. A., Alexander, I. J., Colpaert, J. V., and Gadd, G. M., 2005, Solubilization of toxic metal minerals and metal tolerance of mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol.. Biochem. 37:851-866.
60. Foster, J. W., and Hall, H. K., 1990, Adapative acification tolerance response of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 172:771-778.
61. Frostegård, Å., Tunlid, A., and Bååth, E., 1993, Phospholipid fatty-acid composition, biomass, and activity of microbial communities from 2 soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy-metals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3605-3617.
62. Gadd, G. M., 1990, Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms. Experientia 46:834-840.
63. Gadd, G. M., 1993, Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytol. 124:25-60.
64. Gadd, G. M., 2000, Heterotrophic solubilization of metal-bearing minerals by fungi, pp. 57-75. In J. D. Cotter-Howells, L. S. Campbell, E. Valsami-Jones, and M. Batchelder (Eds.), Environmental mineralogy: Microbial interactions, anthropogenic influences, contaminated land and waste management, Mineral Society Series, 9. Mineral Society, London.
65. Gadd, G. M., 2005, Microorganisms in toxic metal-polluted soils, pp. 325-356. In F. Buscot and A. Varma (Eds.), Microorganisms in soils: Roles in genesis and functions. Part V. Book series: Soil biology, Vol. 3. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
66. Gadd, G. M., and White, C., 1989, Heavy metal and radionuclide accumulation and toxicity in fungi and yeasts, pp. 19-38. In R. K. Poole and G. M. Gadd (Eds.), Metal-microbe interactions. Special publication of the Society for General Microbiology, Vol. 26. IRL Press/Oxford University Press, New York.
67. Gaither, L. A., and Eide, D. J., 2001, Eukaryotic zinc transporters and their regulation. Biometals 14:251-270.
68. Galli, U., Schüepp, H., and Brunold, C., 1994, Heavy metal binding by mycorrhizal fungi. Physiol. Plant. 92:364-368.
69. George, E., Häussler, K. U., Vetterlein, K. U., Gorgus, E., and Marschner, H., 1992, Water and nutrient translocation by hyphae of Glomus mosseae. Can. J. Botany. 70:2130-2137.
70. Giasson, P., and Jaouich, A. 1998, La phytorestauration des sols contaminés au Québec. Vecteur Environnement 31:40-53.
71. Giasson, P., Jaouich, A., Gagné, S., and Moutoglis, P., 2005a, Endomycorrhizae involvement in Zn and Cd speciation change and phytoaccumulation. Remediation 15:75-81.
72. Giasson, P., Jaouich, A., Gagné, S., and Moutoglis, P., 2005b, Phytoremediation of zinc and cadmium: A study of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. Remediation 15:113-122.
73. Giasson, P., Jaouich, A., Gagné, S., Massicotte, L., Cayer, P., and Moutoglis, P., 2006, Enhanced phytoremediation: A study of mycorrhizoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Remediation 17:97-110.
74. Gildon, A., and Tinker, P. B., 1981, A heavy metal tolerant strain of a mycorrhizal fungus. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 77:648-649.
75. Gildon, A., and Tinker, P. B., 1983a, Interactions of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and heavy metals in plants. 1. The effects of heavy metals on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytol. 95:247-261.
76. Gildon, A., and Tinker, P. B., 1983b, Interactions of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and heavy-metals in plants. 2. The effects of infection on uptake of copper. New Phytol. 95:263-268.
77. Giller, K. E., Witter, E., and McGrath, S., 1998, Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial processes in agricultural soils: A review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:1389-1414.
78. Göhre, V., and Paszkowski, U., 2006, Contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to heavy metal phytoremediation. Planta 223:1115-1122.
79. Gonzalez-Chavez, C., D'Haen, J., Vangronsveld, J., and Dodd, J. C., 2002a, Copper sorption and accumulation by the extraradical mycelium of different Glomus spp. (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) isolated from the same polluted soil. Plant Soil 240:287-297.
80. Gonzalez-Chavez, C., Harris, P. J., Dodd, J., and Meharg, A. A., 2002b, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi confer enhanced arsenate resistance on Holcus lanatus. New Phytol. 155:163-171.
81. Gonzalez-Chavez, M. C., Carrillo-Gonzalez, R., Wright, S. F., and Nichols, K. A., 2004, The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestering potentially toxic elements. Environ. Pollut. 130:317-323.
82. Gregory, P. J., 2006, Plant roots. growth, activity and interaction with soils. Blackwell, Oxford.
83. Hamel, C., and Plenchette, C., 2007, Mycorrhizae in crop production. Haworth, Binghampton, NY.
84. Harrison, M. J., 2005, Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 59:19-42.
85. Harrison, M. J., Dewbre, G. R., and Liu, J., 2002, A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Cell 14:2413-2429.
86. Hetrick, B. A. D., Wilson, G. W. T., and Figge, D. A. H., 1994, The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer amendments on establishment of vegetation in heavy metal mine spoil. Environ. Pollut. 86:171-179.
87. Hildebrandt, U., Regvar, M., and Bothe, H., 2007, Arbuscular mycorrhiza and heavy metal tolerance. Phytochem. 68:139-146.
88. Hinojosa, M. B., Carreira, J. A., García-Ruíz, R., and Dick, R. P., 2005, Microbial response to heavy metal-polluted soils. J. Environ. Qual. 34:1789-1800.
89. Holtan-Hartvik, L., Bechman, H., Høyås, T. R., Linjordet, R., and Bakken, L. R., 2002, Heavy metals tolerance of soil denitrifying communities: N2O dynamics. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34:1181-1190.
90. Homer, F. A., Reeves, R. D., and Brooks, R. R., 1997, The possible involvement of aminoacids in nickel chelation in some nickel-accumulating plants. Curr. Top. Phytochem. 14:31-33.
91. Hovsepyan A., and Greipsson, S., 2004, Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phytoextraction by corn (Zea mays) of lead-contaminated soil. Intern. J. Phytorem. 6:305-321.
92. Hughes, M. N., and Poole, R. K., 1989, Metal mimicry and metal limitation in studies of metal - microbe interactions, pp. 1-17. In R. K. Poole and G. M. Gadd (Eds.), Metal - microbe interactions. Society for General Microbiology, IRL Press/Oxford University Press, New York.
93. Hutchinson, S. L., Schwab, A. P., and Banks, M. K., 2003, Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere, pp. 355-386. In S. C. McCutcheon and J. L. Schnoor (Eds.), Phytoremediation. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ.
94. Ietswaart, J. H., Griffioen, W. A. J., and Ernst, W. H. O., 1992, Seasonality of VAM infection in three populations of Agrostis capillaries (Gramineae) on soil with or without heavy metal enrichment. Plant Soil 139:67-73.
95. Jackson, A. P., and Alloway, B. J., 1992, The transfer of cadmium from agricultural soils to the human food chain, pp. 109-158. In D. C. Adriano (Ed.), Biogeochemistry of trace metals. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
96. Jackson, L. E., Burger, M., and Cavagnaro, T. R., 2008, Roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59:341-363.
97. Jamal, A., Ayub, N., Usman, M., and Khan, A. G., 2002, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance zinc and nickel uptake from contaminated soil by soybean and lentil. Intern. J. Phytorem. 4:205-221.
98. Jansa, J., Smith, F. A., and Smith, S. E., 2008, Are there benefits of simultaneous root colonization by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? New Phytol. 177:779-789.
99. Jasper, D. A., Abbott, L. K., and Robson, A. D., 1989, Hyphae of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus maintain infectivity in dry soil, except when the soil is disturbed. New Phytol. 112:101-107.
100. Jastrow, J. D., Miller, R. M., and Lussenhop, J., 1998, Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:905-916.
101. Jeffries, P., Gianinazzi, S., Perotto, S., Turnau, K., and Barea, J. M., 2003, The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biol. Fert. Soils 37:1-16.
102. Joner, E. J., and Leyval, C., 1997, Uptake of 109Cd by roots and hyphae of a Glomus mosseae/Trifolium subterraneum mycorrhiza from soil amended with high and low concentrations of cadmium. New Phytol. 135:353-360.
103. Joner, E. J., Briones, R., and Leyval, C., 2000, Metal-binding capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium. Plant Soil 226:227-234.
104. Jun, J., Abubaker, J., Rehrer, C. Pfeffer, P. E., Shachar-Hill, Y., and Lammers, P. J., 2002, Expression in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of genes putatively involved in metabolism, transport, the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle. Plant Soil 244:141-148.
105. Kabata-Pendias, A., 2001, Trace elements in soils and plants. 3rd Edition, CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
106. Kabata-Pendias, A., and Mukherjee, A. B., 2007, Trace elements from soil to human. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany/New York.
107. Kapoor, R., and Viraraghavan, T., 1998, Biosorption of heavy metals on Aspergillus niger: Effect of pre-treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 63:109-113.
108. Karam, A., 2007, Métaux lourds et environnement du sol. Notes de cours. Département des sols et de génie agroalimentaire. Université Laval. Québec, Canada.
109. Karam, A., and De Coninck, A. S., 2007, Effect of turbot residue amendment on the sorption and desorption of cadmium in an acid loamy sand soil, pp. 384-385. In Abad Chabbi (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Organic Matter Dynamics in Agro-Ecosystems, University of Poitiers, Les Presses de l'Imprimerie Oudin Poitiers, France. ISBN 978-2-7380-1245-6.
110. Karam, A., Côté, C., and Parent, L. É., 2003, Retention of copper in Cu-enriched organic soils, pp. 137-150. In L.-E. Parent and P. Ilnicki (Eds.), Organic soils and peat materials for sustainable agriculture. CRC LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
111. Karanika, E. D., Voulgari, O. K., Mamolos, A. P., Alifragis, D. A., and Veresoglou, D. S., 2008, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in northern Greece and influence of soil resources on their colonization. Pedobiologia: 409-418.
112. Keller, C., McGrath, S. P., and Dunham, S. J., 2002, Trace metal leaching through a soil-grassland system after sewage sludge application. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1550-1560.
113. Khan, A. G., 2006, Mycorrhizoremediation - an enhanced form of phytoremediation. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 7:503-514.
114. Killham, K., and Firestone, M. K., 1983, Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal mediation of grass response to acidic and heavy metal deposition. Plant Soil 72:39-48.
115. Kistner, C., and Parniske, M., 2002, Evolution of signal transduction in intracellular symbiosis. Trends Plant Sci. 7:511-518.
116. Kothari, S. K., Marschner, H., and Römheld, V., 1990, Direct and indirect effects of VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms on acquisition of mineral nutrients by maize (Zea mays L.) in a calcareous soil. New Phytol. 116:637-645.
117. Kucey, R. M. N., and Janzen, H. H., 1987, Effects of VAM and reduced nutrient availability on growth and phosphorus and micronutrient uptake of wheat and field beans under greenhouse conditions. Plant Soil 104:71-78.
118. Kumar, P. B. A. N., Dushenkov, V., Motto, H., and Raskin, I., 1995, Phytoextraction: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1232-1238.
119. Laheurte, F., Leyval, C., and Berthelin, J., 1990, Root exudates of maize, pine and beech seedlings influenced by mycorrhizal and bacterial inoculation. Symbiosis 9:111-116.
120. Lambert, D. H., and Weidensaul, T. C., 1991, Element uptake by mycorrhizal soybean from sewage-sludge-treated soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:393-398.
121. Lasat, M. M., 2002, Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms. J. Environ. Qual. 31:109-120.
122. Lepp, N. W., 1992, Uptake and accumulation of metals in bacteria and fungi, pp. 277-298. In D. C. Adriano (Ed.), Biogeochemistry of trace metals. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
123. Leyval, C., and Joner, E. J., 2001, Bioavailability of heavy metals in the mycorrhizosphere, pp. 165-185. In G. R. Gobran, W. W. Wenzel, and E. Lombi (Eds.), Trace elements in the rhizosphere. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
124. Leyval, C., Berthelin, J., Schontz, D., Weissenhorn, I., and Morel, J. L., 1991, Influence of endomycorrhizas on maize uptake of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd applied as mineral salts or sewage sludge, pp. 204-207. In J. G. Farmer (Ed.), Heavy metals in the environment, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, UK.
125. Leyval, C. Turnau, K., and Haselwandter, K., 1997, Effect of heavy metal pollution on mycorrhizal colonization and function: Physiological, ecological and applied aspects. Mycorrhiza 7:139-153.
126. Li, X. L., Marschner, H., and George, E., 1991, Acquisition of phosphorus and copper by VA-mycorrhizal hyphae and root to shoot transport in white clover. Plant Soil 136:49-57.
127. Lingfei, Li., Anna, Y., and Zhiwei, Z., 2005, Seasonality of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and dark septate endophytes in a grassland site in southwest China. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 54:367-373.
128. Liu, W., and Lianfeng, D., 2008, Interactions between Bt transgenic crops and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: A new urgent issue of soil ecology in agroecosystems. Acta Agri. Scandin. section B., Soil & Plant Science 58:187-192.
129. Lombi, E., Wenzel, W. W., Gobran, G. R., and Adriano, D. C., 2001, Dependency of phytoavailability of metals on indigenous and induced rhizosphere processes: A review, pp. 3-24. In G. R. Gobran, W. W. Wenzel, and E. Lombi (Eds.), Trace elements in the rhizosphere. CRC, New York.
130. Lozet, J., and Mathieu, C., 1991, Dictionary of soil science. 2nd Edition, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
131. Lux, H. B., and Cumming, J. R., 2001, Mycorrhizae confer aluminium resistance to tulippoplar seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 31:694-702.
132. Ma, L. Q., and Rao, G. N., 1997, Heavy metals in the environment-chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 26:259-264.
133. Marie-Victorin, F. 1964, Flore laurentienne. Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
134. Marschner, P., 2007, Plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and nutrient cycling, pp. 159-182. In P. Marschner and Z. Rengel (Eds.), Nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Part I. Book series: Soil biology, Vol. 10. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
135. Marschner, P., Jentschke, G., and Godbold, D. L., 1998, Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 205:93-98.
136. Martin, F., Perotto, S., and Bonfante, P., 2007, Mycorrhizal fungi: A fungal community at the interface between soil and roots, pp. 201-236. In R. Pinton, Z. Varanini, and P. Nannipieri (Eds.), The rhizosphere: Biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. Marcel Dekker, New York.
137. McGrath, S. P., 1994, Effects of heavy metals from sewage sludge on soil microbes in agricultural ecosystems, pp. 247-274. In S. M. Ross (Ed.), Toxic metals in soil-plant systems, John, Chichester, UK.
138. McGrath, S. P., Chaudri, A. M., and Giller, K. E., 1995, Long-term effects of metals in sewage sludge on soils, microorganisms and plants. J. Indus. Microbiol. 14:94-104.
139. McIntyre, T., 2003, Phytoremediation of heavy metals from soils, pp. 887-904. In D. T. Tsao (Ed.), Phytoremediation., Vol. 78. Advances in biochemical engineering biotechnology. Springer, New York.
140. Meharg, A. A., Bailey, J., Breadmore, K., and Macnair, M. R., 1994, Biomass allocation, phosphorus nutrition and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in clones of Yorkshire Fog, Holcus lanatus L. (Poaceae) that differ in their phosphate uptake kinetics and tolerance to arsenate. Plant Soil 160:11-20.
141. Mench, M., and Martin, E., 1991, Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by root exudates by Zea mays L., Nicotina tabacum L., and Nicotina rustica. Plant Soil 132:187-196.
142. Mhatre, G. N., and Pankhurst, C. E., 1997, Bioindicators to detect contamination of soils with special reference to heavy metals, pp. 349-369. In C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Doube, and V. V. S. R. Gupta (Eds.), Biological indicators of soil health. CAB International, New York.
143. Mohammad, M. J., Pan, W. L., and Kennedy, A. C., 1995, Wheat responses to vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation of soils from eroded toposequence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59:1086-1090.
144. Morley, G. F., and Gadd, G. M., 1995, Sorption of toxic metals by fungi and clay minerals. Mycol. Res. 99:1429-1438.
145. Morris, C, 1992, Academic press dictionary of science and technology. Academic, San Diego, CA.
146. Muchovej, R. M., 2001, Importance of mycorrhizae for agriculture crops. University of Florida Extension Service. Pamphlet SS-AGR-170, 5 pp. Available on line.
147. Mullen, M. D., Wolf, D. C., Beveridge, T. J., and Bailey, G. W., 1992, Sorption of heavy metals by the soil fungi Aspergillus niger and Mucor rouxii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24:129-135.
148. Murphy, R. T., and Levy, J. F., 1983, Production of copper oxalate by some copper tolerant fungi. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 81:165-168.
149. Nadian, H., Smith, S. E., Alston, A. M., and Murray, R. S., 1997, Effects of soil compaction on plant growth, phosphorus uptake and morphological charecteristics of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Trifolium subterraneum. New Phytol. 135:303-311.
150. Naidu, R. Oliver, D., and McConnel, S., 2003, Heavy metal phytotoxicity in soils, pp. 235-241. In A. Langley, M. Gilbey, and B. Kennedy (Eds), Proceedings of the Fifth National Workshop on the Assesment of Site Contamination. National Environment Protection Council (NEPC), Adelaide, Australia.
151. Niklinska, M., Chodak, M., and Laskowski, R., 2006, Pollution-induced community tolerance of microorganisms from forest soil organic layers polluted with Zn or Cu. Appl. Soil Ecol. 32:265-272.
152. Orlowska, E., Zubek, Sz, Jurkiewicz, A. Szarek-Lukaszewska, G., and Turnau, K., 2002, Influence of restoration on arbuscular mycorrhiza of Biscutella laevigata L. (Brassicaceae) and Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) from calamine spoil mounds. Mycorrhiza 12:153-160.
153. Ouziad, F., Hildebrandt, U., Schmelzer, E., and Bothe, H., 2005, Differential gene expressions in arbuscular mycorrhizal-colonized tomato grown under heavy metal stress. J. Plant Physiol. 162:634-649.
154. Pandolfini, T., Gremigni, P., and Gabbrielli, R., 1997, Biomonitoring of soil health by plants, pp. 325-347. In C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Doube, and V. V. S. R. Gupta (Eds.), Biological indicators of soil health. CAB International, New York.
155. Paszkowski, U., 2006, A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006. New Phytol. 172:35-46.
156. Pawlowska, T. E., Blaszkowski, J., and Ruhling, A., 1996, The mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing a calamine spoil mound in southern Poland. Mycorrhiza 6:499-505.
157. Phipps, DA., 1981, Chemistry and biochemistry of trace metals in biological systems. In N. W. Lepp (Ed.), Effect of heavy metal pollution on plants. Applied Science Publishers, Barking, UK.
158. Pichtel, J., and Salt, C. A., 1998, Vegetative growth and trace metal accumulation on metalliferous wastes. J. Environ. Qual. 27:618-624.
159. Piotrowski, J. S., Morford, S. L., and Rillig, M. C., 2008, Inhibition of colonization by a native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community via Populus trichocarpa litter, litter extract, and soluble phenolic compounds. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40:709-717.
160. Rand, G. M., Wells, P. G., and McCarty, L. S., 1995, Introduction to aquatic toxicology, pp. 3-67. In G. M. Rand (Ed.), Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC.
161. Rayner, M. H., and Sadler, P. J., 1989, Cadmium accumulation and resistance mechanisms in bacteria, pp. 39-47. In R. K. Poole and G. M. Gadd (Eds.), Metal - microbe interactions. Society for General Microbiology, IRL Press/Oxford University Press, New York.
162. Roesti, D., Ineichen, K., Braissant, O., Redecker, D., Wiemken, A., and Aragno, M., 2005, Bacteria associated with spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus geosporum and Glomus constrictum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6673-6679.
163. Rufyikiri, G., Thiry, Y., Wang, L., Delvaux, B., and Declerck, S., 2002, Uranium uptake and translocation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, under root-organ culture conditions. New Phytol. 156:275-281.
164. Rufyikiri, G., Thiry, Y., and Declerck, S., 2003, Contribution of hyphae and roots to uranium uptake and translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal carrot roots under root-organ culture conditions. New Phytol. 158:391-399.
165. Sabrana, C., Avio, L., and Giovannetti, M., 1995, The occurrence of calcofluor and lectinbinding polysaccharides in the outer wall of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores. Mycol. Res. 99:1249-1252.
166. Salido, A. L., Hasty, K. L., Lim, J.-M., and Butcher, D. J., 2003, Phytoremediation of arsenic and lead in contaminated soil using Chinese brake ferns (Pteris vittata) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Int. J. Phytoremed. 5:89-103.
167. Salt, D. E., Prince, R. C., Baker, A. J. M., Raskin, I, and Pickering I. J., 1999, Zinc ligands in the metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens as determined using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:713-717.
168. Schnoor, J. L. 1997, Phytoremediation. Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Technology Evaluation Report TE-98-01, Pittsburgh, PA.
169. Schüßler, A., Schwarzott, D., and Walker, C., 2001, A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: Phylogeny and evolution. Mycol. Res. 105:1413-1421.
170. Shetty, K. G., Hetrick, B. A. D., Figge, D. A. H., and Schwab, A. P., 1994, Effects of mycorrhizae and other soil microbes on revegetation of heavy metal contaminated mine spoil. Environ. Pollut. 86:181-188.
171. Siddiqui, Z. A., 2006, PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization. Springer, The Netherlands.
172. Silver, S., Laddaga, R. A., and Misra, T. K., 1989, Plasmid-determined resistance to metal ions, pp. 49-63. In R. K. Poole and G. M. Gadd (Eds.), Metal - microbe interactions. Society for General Microbiology, IRL Press/Oxford University Press, New York.
173. Singh, H., 2006, Mycorrhizal fungi in rhizosophere bioremediation, pp. 533-572. In H. Singh (Ed.), Mycoremediation: Fungal bioremediation. John, New York.
174. Smith, M. R., Charvat, I., and Jacobson, R. L., 1998, Arbuscular mycorrhizae promote establishment of prairie species in a tallgrass prairie restoration. Can. J. Bot. 76:1947-1954.
175. Smith, R. A. H., and Bradshaw, A. D., 1979, The use of metal tolerant plant populations for the reclamation of metalliferous wastes. J. Appl. Ecol. 16:595-612.
176. Smith, S. E. and Read, D. J., 1997, Mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2nd Edition, Academic, London.
177. Sudová, R., and Vosátka, M., 2007, Differences in the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal on P and Pb accumulation by maize plants. Plant Soil 296:77-83.
178. Sudová, R., Jurkiewicz, A., Turnau, K., and Vosátka, M., 2007, Persistence of heavy metal tolerance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices under different cultivation regimes. Symbiosis 43:71-81.
179. Sweatt, M. R., and Davis, F. T. Jr., 1984, Mycorrhizae, water relations, growth, and nutrient uptake of geranium grown under moderately high phosphorus regimes. J. Am. Soc. Horti. Sci. 109:210-213.
180. Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., and Bisson, M., 1979, Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analy. Chem. 51:844-851.
181. Thomas, R. S., Franson, R. L., and Bethlenfalvay, G. J., 1993, Separation of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and root effects on soil aggregation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57:77-81.
182. Toler, H. D., Morton, J. B., and Cumming, J. R., 2005, Growth and metal accumulation of mycorrhizal sorghum exposed to elevated copper and zinc. Water Air Soil Poll. 164:155-172.
183. Toljander, J., 2006, Interactions between soil bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, SLU. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Vol. 39.
184. Tosun, H., and Gönül, S. A., 2005, The effect of acid adaptation conditions on acid tolerance response of Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Turk. J. Biol. 29:197-202.
185. Tullio, M., Pierandrei, F. Salerno, A., and Rea, E., 2003, Tolerance to cadmium of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae spores isolated from a cadmium-polluted and unpolluted soil. Biol. Fert. Soils 37:211-214.
186. Turnau, K., and Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J., 2003, Arbuscular mycorrhizal of Berkheya coddii and other Ni-hyperaccumulating members of Asteraceae from ultramafic soils in South Africa. Mycorrhiza 13:185-190.
187. Turnau, K., Kottke, I., and Oberwinkler, F., 1993, Element localisation in mycorrhizal roots of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn collected from experimental plots treated with cadmium dust. New Phytol. 123:313-324.
188. Varma, A., and Hock, B., 1999, Mycorrhiza: Structure, function, molecular biology, and biotechnology. 2nd Edition, Springer, New York.
189. Voegelin, A., Barmettler, K., and Kretzschmar, R. 2003, Heavy metal release from contaminated soils: Comparison of column leaching and batch extraction results. J. Environ. Qual. 32:865-875.
190. Wang, B., and Qiu, Y. L. 2006, Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants. Mycorrhiza 16:299-363.
191. Wang, F., Lin, X., and Yin, R., 2005, Heavy metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizas of Elsholtzia splendens and the potential for phytoremediation of contaminated soil. Plant Soil 269:225-232.
192. Weissenhorn, I., and Leyval, C., 1995, Root colonization of maize by a Cd-sensitive and a Cd-tolerant Glomus mosseae and cadmium uptake in sand culture. Plant Soil 175:233-238.
193. Weissenhorn, I., Leyval, C., and Berthelin, J., 1993, Cd-tolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from heavy metal-polluted soils. Plant Soil 157:247-256.
194. Weissenhorn, I., Glashoff, A., Leyval, C., and Berthelin, J., 1994, Differential tolerance to Cd and Zn of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal spores isolated from heavy metal polluted and unpolluted soils. Plant Soil 167:189-196.
195. Weissenhorn, I., Leyval, C., Belgy, G., and Berthelin, J., 1995a, Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to heavy metals uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in pot culture with contaminated soil. Mycorrhiza 5:245-251.
196. Weissenhorn, I., Leyval, C., and Berthelin, J., 1995b, Bioavailablility of heavy metals and arbuscular mycorrhiza in a soil polluted by atmospheric deposition from a smelter. Biol. Fert. Soils 79:2228.
197. Weissenhorn, I., Mench, M., and Leyval, C., 1995c, Bioavailability of heavy metals and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizas in a sewage sludge amended sandy soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:287-296.
198. Wilkins, D. A., 1991, The influence of sheathing (ecto-) mycorrhizas of tree on the uptake and toxicity of metals. Agricul. Ecosys. Environ. 35:245-260.
199. Zayed, A., Pilon-Smits, E., Desouza, M., Lin, Z-Q., and Terry, N., 2000, Remediation of selenium-polluted soils and waters by phytovolatilization, pp. 61-83. In N. Terry and G. Banuelos (Eds.), Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. CRC LLC, New York.
200. Zhou, J. L., 1999, Zn biosorption by Rhizopus arrhizus and other fungi. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51:686-693.
201. Zhu, Y. G., Christie, P., and Laidlaw, A. S., 2001, Uptake of Zn by arbuscular mycorrhizal white clover from Zn-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 42:193-199.