Smolt Physiology and Endocrinology

Fish Physiology

Volumn 32, Issue , 2012, Pages 199-251

  McCormick, Stephen D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Endocrinology; Environment; Hormone; Imprinting; Ion transport; Osmoregulation; Parr; Salinity tolerance; Salmon; Salmonid; Smolt

Indexed keywords

ONCORHYNCHUS KETA; SALMO SALAR; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 84872401890     PISSN: 15465098     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-396951-4.00005-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (231)

1. Adams B.L., Zaugg W.S., McLain L.R. Temperature effect on parr-smolt tranformation in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) as measured by gill sodium-potassium stimulated ATPase. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [A] 1973, 44:1333-1339.
2. Agustsson T., Sundell K., Sakamoto T., Johansson V., Ando M., Bjornsson BT. Growth hormone endocrinology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): pituitary gene expression, hormone storage, secretion and plasma levels during parr-smolt transformation. J. Endocr. 2001, 170:227-234.
3. Arnesen A.M., Halvorsen M., Nilssen K.J. Development of hypoosmoregulatory capacity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) reared under either continuous light or natural photoperiod. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1992, 49:229-237.
4. Baggerman B. Factors in the diadromous migrations of fish. Zool. Soc. Symp., London I 1960, 33-60.
5. Ban M., Kanno H., Izumi T., Yamauchi K. Body size and seawater tolerance in the hatchery-reared underyearling masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. Bull. 1988, 50:117-123.
6. Bandoh H., Kida I., Ueda H. Olfactory responses to natal stream water in sockeye salmon by BOLD fMRI. PLOS ONE 2011, 6:e16051.
7. Banks J.L. Raceway density and water flow as factors affecting spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during rearing and after release. Aquaculture 1994, 119:201-217.
8. Beckman B.R., Dickhoff W.W. Plasticity of smolting in spring chinook salmon: relation to growth and insulin-like growth factor-I. J. Fish Biol. 1998, 53:808-826.
9. Beckman B.R., Dickhoff W.W., Zaugg W.S., Sharpe C., Hirtzel S., Schrock R., Larsen D.A., Ewing R.D., Palmisano A., Schreck C.B., Mahnken C.W. Growth, smoltification, and smolt-to-adult return of spring chinook salmon from hatcheries on the Deschutes River, Oregon [Review]. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1999, 128:1125-1150.
10. Beckman B.R., Gadberry B., Parkins P., Cooper K.A., Arkush K.D. State-dependent life history plasticity in Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): interactions among photoperiod and growth modulate smolting and early male maturation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2007, 64:256-271.
11. Beeman J.W., Rondorf D.W., Tilson M.E. Assessing smoltification of juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) using changes in body morphology. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1994, 51:836-844.
12. Bern H.A. Endocrinological studies on normal and abnormal salmon smoltification. Comparative Endocrinology 1978, 77-100. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam. P.J. Gaillard, H.H. Boer (Eds.).
13. Bertmar G. Monthly development of Baltic salmon olfactory organs before and during the imprinting period, and comparisons with precocious males of the same stock. Aquillo Ser. Zool. 1983, 22:37-44.
14. Bilton H.T., Alderdice D.F., Schnute J.T. Influence of time and size at release of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on returns at maturity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1982, 39:426-447.
15. Björnsson B.Th., Stefansson S.O., McCormick S.D. Environmental endocrinology of salmon smoltification. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2011, 170:290-298.
16. Black V.S. Changes in body chloride, density and water content of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon fry when transferred from fresh water to sea water. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1951, 8:164-177.
17. Boeuf G. Salmonid smolting: a pre-adaptation to the oceanic environment. Fish ecophysiology 1993, 105-135. Chapman and Hall, London. J.C. Rankin, F.B. Jensen (Eds.).
18. Bourgeois C.E., O'Connell M.F. Observations on the seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts through a large lake as determined by radiotelemetry and Carlin tagging studies. Can. J. Zool. 1988, 66:685-691.
19. Brannon E.L., Quinn T.P. Field test of pheromone hypothesis for homing of pacific salmon. J. Chem. Ecol. 1990, 16:603-610.
20. Brauner C.J., Shrimpton J.M., Randall D.J. Effect of short-duration seawater exposure on plasma ion concentrations and swimming performance in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) parr. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1992, 49:2399-2405.
21. Carey J.B., McCormick S.D. Atlantic salmon smolts are more responsive to an acute handling and confinement stress than parr. Aquaculture 1998, 168:237-253.
22. Clarke W.C., Saunders R.L., McCormick S.D. Smolt Production. Principles of Salmonid Culture 1996, vol. 29:517-567. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
23. Clements S., Schreck C.B. Central administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone alters downstream movement in an artificial stream in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2004, 137:1-8.
24. Collie N.L., Bern H.A. Changes in intestinal fluid transport associated with smoltification and seawater adaptation in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). J. Fish Biol. 1982, 21:337-348.
25. Connor W.P., Smith S.G., Andersen T., Bradbury S.M., Burum D.C., Hockersmith E.E., Schuck M.L., Mendel G.W., Bugert R.M. Postrelease performance of hatchery yearling and subyearling fall chinook salmon released into the Snake River. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 2004, 24:545-560.
26. Conte F.P., Wagner H.H. Development of osmotic and ionic regulation in juvenile steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1965, 14:603-620.
27. Conte F.P., Wagner H.H., Fessler J., Gnose C. Development of osmotic and ionic regulation in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1966, 18:1-15.
28. Dauder S., Young G., Hass L., Bern H.A. Prolactin receptors in liver, kidney, and gill of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): characterization and effect of salinity on specific binding of iodinated ovine prolactin. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1990, 77:368-377.
29. Davie A., Minghetti M., Migaud H. Seasonal variations in clock-gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Chronobiol. Int. 2009, 26:379-395.
30. Dickhoff W.W., Beckman B.R., Larsen D.A., Duan C., Moriyama S. The role of growth in endocrine regulation of salmon smoltification. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1997, 17:231-236.
31. Dickhoff W.W., Folmar L.C., Gorbman A. Changes in plasma thyroxine during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1978, 36:229-232.
32. Dickhoff W.W., Sullivan C.V. Involvement of the thyroid gland in smoltification, with special reference to metabolic and developmental processes. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1987, 1:197-210.
33. Dieperink C., Bak B.D., Pedersen L.F., Pedersen M.I., Pedersen S. Predation on Atlantic salmon and sea trout during their first days as postsmolts. J. Fish Biol. 2002, 61:848-852.
34. Dittman A.H., Quinn T.P. Homing in Pacific salmon: Mechanisms and ecological basis. J. Exp. Biol. 1996, 199:83-91.
35. Dittman A.H., Quinn T.P., Nevitt G.A. Timing of imprinting to natural and artificial odors by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1996, 53:434-442.
36. Dittman A.H., Quinn T.P., Nevitt G.A., Hacker B., Storm D.R. Sensitization of olfactory guanylyl cyclase to a specific imprinted odorant in coho salmon. Neuron 1997, 19:381-389.
37. Duan C.M., Plisetskaya E.M., Dickhoff W.W. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I in normally and abnormally developing coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Endocrinol. 1995, 136:446-452.
38. Dukes J.P., Deaville R., Bruford M.W., Youngson A.F., Jordan W.C. Odorant receptor gene expression changes during the parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon. Molec. Ecol. 2004, 13:2851-2857.
39. Duston J., Saunders R.L. Advancing smolting to autumn in age 0+ Atlantic salmon by photoperiod, and long-term performance in sea water. Aquaculture 1995, 135:295-309.
40. Duston J., Saunders R.L., Knox D.E. Effects of increases in freshwater temperature on loss of smolt characteristics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1991, 48:164-169.
41. Ebbesson L.O.E., Ebbesson S.O.E., Nilsen T.O., Stefansson S.O., Holmqvist B. Exposure to continuous light disrupts retinal innervation of the preoptic nucleus during parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 2007, 273:345-349.
42. Ebbesson L.O.E., Nilsen T.O., Helvik J.V., Tronci V., Stefansson S.O. Corticotropin-releasing factor neurogenesis during midlife development in salmon: genetic, environmental and thyroid hormone regulation. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23:733-741.
43. Eddy F.B., Talbot C. Urine production in smolting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture 1985, 45:67-72.
44. Edwards, S. L. and Marshall, W. S. (2013). Principles and patterns of osmoregulation and euryhalinity in fishes. In Fish Physiology, Vol. 32, Euryhaline Fishes (eds. S. D. McCormick, C. J. Brauner and A. P. Farrell). Amsterdam: Academic Press, pp. 1-44.
45. Eriksson L.-O., Lundqvist H. Circannual rhythms and photoperiod regulation of growth and smolting in Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 1982, 28:113-121.
46. Evans D.H., Piermarini P.M., Choe K.P. The multifunctional fish gill: Dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Physiolog. Rev. 2005, 85:97-177.
47. Falcon J., Besseau L., Sauzet S., Boeuf G. Melatonin effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in fish. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 18:81-88.
48. Fontaine M., Hatey J. Sur la teneur en 17-hydroxycorticosteroides du plasm de saumon (Salmo salar L.). Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1954, 239:319-321.
49. Fry F.E.J. The effect of environmental factors on the physiology of fish. Fish Physiology, Volume VI, Environmental Relations and Behavior 1971, 1-98. Academic Press, New York. W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall (Eds.).
50. Gallagher, Z., Bystriansky, J.S., Farrell, A.P. and Brauner, C.J. (2013). A novel pattern of smoltification in the most anadromous salmonid: Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in press).
51. Gibson R.J. Water velocity as a factor in the change from aggressive to schooling behaviour and subsequent migration of Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar). Le Naturaliste Canadien 1983, 110:143-148.
52. Gorbman A., Dickhoff W.W., Mighell J.L., Prentice E.F., Waknitz F.W. Morphological indices of developmental progress in the parr-smolt coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture 1982, 28:1-19.
53. Grau E.G., Dickhoff W.W., Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A., Folmar L.C. Lunar phasing of the thyroxine surge preparatory to seaward migration of salmonid fish. Science 1981, 211:607-609.
54. Gregory R.S., Levings C.D. Turbidity reduces predation on migrating juvenile Pacific salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1998, 127:275-285.
55. Grossell M. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in salt and water balance 2011, 135-164. Elsevier, London. M. Grosell, A.P. Farrell, C.J. Brauner (Eds.).
56. Handeland S.O., Jarvi T., Ferno A., Stefansson S.O. Osmotic stress, antipredator behaviour, and mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1996, 53:2673-2680.
57. Handeland S.O., Wilkinson E., Sveinsbo B., McCormick S.D., Stefansson S.O. Temperature influence on the development and loss of seawater tolerance in two fast-growing strains of Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 2004, 233:513-529.
58. Hansen L.P., Jonsson B. Downstream migration of hatchery-reared smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the River Imsa. Aquaculture 1985, 45:237-248.
59. Hansen L.P., Quinn T.R. The marine phase of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life cycle, with comparisons to Pacific salmon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1998, 55:104-118.
60. Hara T.J. Olfaction and gustation in fish: An overview. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1994, 152:207-217.
61. Hasler A.D., Scholz A.T. Olfactory Imprinting and Homing in Salmon 1983, Springer-Verlag, New York.
62. Heifetz J., Johnson S.W., Koski K.V., Murphy M.L. Migration timing, size, and salinity tolerance of sea-type sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in an Alaska estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1989, 46:633-637.
63. Hesthagen T., Garnas E. Migration of Atlantic salmon smolts in River Orkla, central Norway in relation to management of a hydroelectric station. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1986, 6:376-382.
64. Hoar W.S. The thyroid gland of the Atlantic salmon. J. Morphol. 1939, 65:257-295.
65. Hoar W.S. Smolt transformation: evolution, behavior, and physiology. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1976, 33:1234-1252.
66. Hoar W.S. The physiology of smolting salmonids. Fish Physiology 1988, Vol. XIB:275-343. Academic Press, New York.
67. Hoffnagle T.L., Fivizzani A.J. Stimulation of plasma thyroxine levels by novel water chemistry during smoltification in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1990, 47:1513-1517.
68. Hogasen H.R., Prunet P. Plasma levels of thyroxine, prolactin, and cortisol in migrating and resident wild arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1997, 54:2947-2954.
69. Hosmer M.J., Stanley J.G., Hatch R.W. Effects of hatchery procedures on later return of Atlantic salmon to rivers. Prog. Fish-Culturist 1979, 41:115-119.
70. Huang T.S., Ruoff P., Fjelldal P.G. Diurnal expression of clock genes in pineal gland and brain and plasma levels of melatonin and cortisol in Atlantic salmon parr and smolts. Chronobiol. Int. 2010, 27:1697-1714.
71. Hutchison M.J., Iwata M. Effect of thyroxine on the decrease of aggressive behaviour of four salmonids during the parr-smolt transformation. Aquaculture 1998, 168:169-175.
72. Hvidsten N.A., Hansen L.P. Increased recapture rate of adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., stocked as smolts at high water discharge. J. Fish Biol. 1988, 32:153-154.
73. Iwata M. Downstream migratory behavior of salmonids and its relationship with cortisol and thyroid hormones: A review. Aquaculture 1995, 135:131-139.
74. Iwata M., Tsuboi H., Yamashita T., Amemiya A., Yamada H., Chiba H. Function and trigger of thyroxine surge in migrating chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry. Aquaculture 2003, 222:315-329.
75. Iwata M., Yamauchi K., Nishioka R.S., Lin R., Bern H.A. Effects of thyroxine, growth hormone and cortisol on salinity preference of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 1990, 17:191-201.
76. Jarrard H.E. Postembryonic changes in the structure of the olfactory bulb of the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) across its life history. Brain, Behav. Evol. 1997, 49:249-260.
77. Jarvi T. Cumulative acute physiological stress in Atlantic salmon smolts: the effect of osmotic imbalance and the presence of predators. Aquaculture 1990, 89:337-350.
78. Johnston C.E., Eales J.G. Purines in the integument of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during parr-smolt transformation. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1967, 24:955-964.
79. Johnston C.E., Saunders R.L. Parr-smolt transformation of yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at several rearing temperatures. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1981, 38:1189-1198.
80. Johnstone K.A., Lubieniekci K.P., Koop B.F., Davidson W.S. Expression of olfactory receptors in different life stages and life histories of wild Altantic salmon (Salmo salar). Molec. Ecol. 2011, 20:4059-4069.
81. Jonsson B., Jonsson N., Hansen L.P. Differences in life history and migratory behaviour between wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon in nature. Aquaculture 1991, 98:69-78.
82. Kato F. Life histories of masu and amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus). Pacific salmon life histories 1991, 447-520. UBC Press, Vancouver. C. Groot, L. Margolis (Eds.).
83. Kelley K.M., Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A. In vitro effect of osmotic pressure and cortisol on prolactin cell physiology in the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the parr-smolt transformation. J. Exp. Zool. 1990, 254:72-82.
84. Kiilerich P., Kristiansen K., Madsen S.S. Cortisol regulation of ion transporter mRNA in Atlantic salmon gill and the effect of salinity on the signaling pathway. J. Endocrinol. 2007, 194:417-427.
85. Kiilerich P., Kristiansen K., Madsen S.S. Hormone receptors in gills of smolting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: Expression of growth hormone, prolactin, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticold receptors and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2007, 152:295-303.
86. Klemetsen A., Amundsen P.-A., Dempson J.B., Jonsson B., Jonsson N., O'Connell M.F., Mortensen E. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., brown trout Salmo trutta L. and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: a review of aspects of their life histories. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2012, 12:1-59.
87. Kristinsson J.B., Saunders R.L., Wiggs A.J. Growth dynamics during the development of bimodal length-frequency distribution in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 1985, 45:1-20.
88. Kudo H., Tsuneyoshi Y., Nagae M., Adachi S., Yamauchi K., Ueda H., Kawamura H. Detection of thyroid hormone receptors in the olfactory system and brain of wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort), during smolting by in vitro autoradiography. Aquacult. Fish. Mngmnt 2002, 25(s2):171-182.
89. +-ATPase, SDH and chloride cells in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [A] 1984, 77:9-12.
90. Larsen D.A., Beckman B.R., Dickhoff W.W. The effect of low temperature and fasting during the winter on growth and smoltification of coho salmon. N. Am. J. Aquacult. 2001, 63:1-10.
91. Larsen D.A., Swanson P., Dickey J.T., Rivier J., Dickhoff W.W. In vitro thyrotropin-releasing activity of corticotropin-releasing hormone-family peptides in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1998, 109:276-285.
92. Larsen D.A., Swanson P., Dickhoff W.W. The pituitary-thyroid axis during the parr-smolt transformation of Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch: Quantification of TSH beta mRNA, TSH, and thyroid hormones. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2011, 171:367-372.
93. Lawson P.W., Logerwell E.A., Mantua N.J., Francis R.C., Agostini V.N. Environmental factors influencing freshwater survival and smolt production in Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61:360-373.
94. Lema S.C., Nevitt G.A. Evidence that thyroid hormone induces olfactory cellular proliferation in salmon during a sensitive period period for imprinting. J. Exp. Biol. 2004, 207:3317-3327.
95. Leonard J.B.K., McCormick S.D. Metabolic enzyme activity during smolting in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2001, 58:1585-1593.
96. Letunic I., Bork P. Interactive Tree of Life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy. Nuc. Acid Res. 2011, 39:W475-W478.
97. Levings C.D. Feeding behaviour of juvenile salmon and significance of habitat during estuary and early sea phase. Nord. J. Fresh. Res. 1994, 69:7-16.
98. Li W.M., Sorensen P.W., Gallaher D.D. The olfactory system of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is specifically and acutely sensitive to unique bile acids released by conspecific larvae. J. Gen. Physiol. 1995, 105:569-587.
99. Loge F.J., Arkoosh M.R., Ginn T.R., Johnson L.L., Collier T.K. Impact of environmental stressors on the dynamics of disease transmission. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:7329-7336.
100. Loretz C.A., Collie N.L., Richman N.H., Bern H.A. Osmoregulatory changes accompanying smoltification in coho salmon. Aquaculture 1982, 28:67-74.
101. Lorz H.W., McPherson B.P. Effects of copper or zinc in fresh water on the adaptation to sea water and ATPase activity, and the effects of copper on migratory disposition of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1976, 33:2023-2030.
102. Lubin R.T., Rourke A.W., Bradley T.M. Ultrasturctural alteration in branchial chloride cells of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during the parr-smolt transformation and early development in sea water. J. Fish Biol. 1989, 34:259-272.
103. Lundqvist H., Mckinnell S., Fangstam H., Berglund I. The effect of time, size and sex on recapture rates and yield after river releases of Salmo salar smolts. Aquaculture 1994, 121:245-257.
104. 2+ levels on in vitro prolactin release from the rostral pars distalis of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Zool. 1983, 61:682-684.
105. McCormick S.D. Ontogeny and evolution of salinity tolerance in anadromous salmonids: Hormones and heterochrony. Estuaries 1994, 17:26-33.
106. McCormick S.D. Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish. Am. Zool. 2001, 41:781-794.
107. +-ATPase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J. Comp. Physiol. 1995, 165:245-254.
108. +-ATPase to cortisol in salmonids. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1991, 84:308-317.
109. McCormick S.D., Hansen L.P., Quinn T.P., Saunders R.L. Movement, migration, and smolting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1998, 55:77-92.
110. McCormick S.D., Lerner D.T., Monette M.Y., Nieves-Puigdoller K., Kelly J.T., Björnsson B.Th. Taking it with you when you go: How perturbations to the freshwater environment, including temperature, dams, and contaminants, affect marine survival of salmon. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 2009, 69:195-214.
111. McCormick S.D., Moriyama S., Björnsson B.Th. Low temperature limits photoperiod control of smolting in Atlantic salmon through endocrine mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. - Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000, 278:R1352-R1361.
112. McCormick S.D., Naiman R.J. Osmoregulation in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. II. Effects of size, age and photoperiod on seawater survival and ionic regulation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1984, 79A:17-28.
113. McCormick S.D., O'Dea M.F., Moeckel A.M., Björnsson B.Th. Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release. Aquaculture 2003, 222:45-57.
114. McCormick S.D., Regish A., O'Dea M.F., Shrimpton J.M. Are we missing a mineralocorticoid in teleost fish? Effects of cortisol, deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone on osmoregulation, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and isoform mRNA levels in Atlantic salmon. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2008, 157:35-40.
115. McCormick S.D., Regish A.M., Christensen A.K. Distinct freshwater and seawater isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase in gill chloride cells of Atlantic salmon. J. Exp. Biol. 2009, 212:3994-4001.
116. McCormick, S. D., Regish, A. M., Christensen, A. K., and Björnsson, B. Th. (2013a). Differential regulation of sodium-potassium pump isoforms during smolt development and seawater exposure of Atlantic salmon. J. Exp. Biol. in press.
117. McCormick S.D., Saunders R.L. Preparatory physiological adaptations for marine life in salmonids: osmoregulation, growth and metabolism. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1987, 1:211-229.
118. McCormick S.D., Saunders R.L., MacIntyre A.D. Mitochondrial enzyme activity and ion regulation during parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1989, 6:231-241.
119. McCormick S.D., Sheehan T., Björnsson B.Th., Lipsky C., Kocik J., Regish A.M., O'Dea M.F. Physiological and endocrine changes in Atlantic salmon smolts during hatchery rearing, downstream migration and ocean entry. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2013, in press.
120. McCormick S.D., Shrimpton J.M., Moriyama S., Björnsson B.Th. Effects of an advanced temperature cycle on smolt development and endocrinology indicate that temperature is not a zeitgeber for smolting in Atlantic salmon. J. Exp. Biol. 2002, 205:3553-3560.
121. McCormick S.D., Shrimpton J.M., Moriyama S., Björnsson B.Th. Differential hormonal responses of Atlantic salmon parr and smolt to increased daylength: A possible developmental basis for smolting. Aquaculture 2007, 273:337-344.
122. McCormick S.D., Shrimpton J.M., Zydlewski J.D. Temperature effects on osmoregulatory physiology of juvenile anadromous fish. Global Warming: Implications for Freshwater and Marine Fish 1997, 279-301. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. C.M. Wood, D.G. Mcdonald (Eds.).
123. Mcginnity P., de Eyto E., Cross T.F., Coughlan J., Whelan K., Ferguson A. Population specific smolt development, migration and maturity schedules in Atlantic salmon in a natural river environment. Aquaculture 2007, 273:257-268.
124. Miyakoshi Y., Nagata M., Kitada S. Effect of smolt size on postrelease survival of hatchery-reared masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Fish. Sci. 2001, 67:134-137.
125. Mizuno S., Misaka N., Ando D., Kitamura T. Quantitative changes of black pigmentation in the dorsal fin margin during smoltification in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Aquaculture 2004, 229:433-450.
126. Mizuno S., Misaka N., Ando D., Torao M., Urabe H., Kitamura T. Effects of diets supplemented with iron citrate on some physiological parameters and on burst swimming velocity in smoltifying hatchery-reared masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Aquaculture 2007, 273:284-297.
127. Mizuno S., Ura K., Onodera Y., Fukada H., Misaka N., Hara A., Adachi S., Yamauchi K. Changes in transcript levels of gill cortisol receptor during smoltification in wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Zool. Sci. 2001, 18:853-860.
128. Monette M.Y., McCormick S.D. Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: a direct comparison of parr and smolts. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 86:216-226.
129. Morin P.P., Andersen O., Haug E., Doving K.B. Changes in serum free thyroxine, prolactin, and olfactory activity during induced smoltification in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1994, 51:1985-1992.
130. Morin P.P., Doving K.B. Changes in the olfactory function of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the course of smoltification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1992, 49:1704-1713.
131. Morin P.P., Hara T.J., Eales J.G. T-4 depresses olfactory responses to L-alanine and plasma T-3 and T-3 production in smoltifying Atlantic salmon. Am. J. Physiol - Regul. Integr. C 1995, 38:R1434-R1440.
132. Moriyama S., Ito T., Takahashi A., Amano M., Sower S.A., Hirano T., Yamamori K., Kawauchi H. A homolog of mammalian PRL-releasing peptide (fish arginyl-phenylalanyl-amide peptide) is a major hypothalamic peptide of PRL release in teleost fish. Endocrinol. 2002, 143:2071-2079.
133. Nevitt G.A., Dittman A.H., Quinn T.P., Moody W.J. Evidence for a peripheral olfactory memory in imprinted salmon. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994, 91:4288-4292.
134. Nielsen C., Madsen S.S., Björnsson B.Th. Changes in branchial and intestinal osmoregulatory mechanisms and growth hormone levels during smolting in hatchery-reared and wild brown trout. J. Fish Biol. 1999, 54:799-818.
135. - cotransporter and CFTR anion channel in juvenile anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J. Exp. Biol. 2007, 210:2885-2896.
136. Nilsen T.O., Ebbesson L.O.E., Kiilerich P., Björnsson B.Th., Madsen S.S., McCormick S.D., Stefansson S.O. Endocrine systems in juvenile anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Seasonal development and seawater acclimation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2008, 155:762-772.
137. Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A., Lai K.V., Nagahama Y., Grau E.G. Changes in the endocrine organs of coho salmon during normal and abnormal smoltification - an electron-microscopy study. Aquaculture 1982, 28:21-38.
138. Nordeng H. A pheromone hypothesis for homeward migration in anadromous salmoinds. Oikos 1977, 28:155-159.
139. Ogata H.Y., Konno S., Silverstein J.T. Muscular buffering capacity of the parr and smolts in Oncorhynchus masou. Aquaculture 1998, 168:303-310.
140. Ojima D., Iwata M. Seasonal changes in plasma thyroxine kinetics in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch during smoltification. Aquaculture 2007, 273:329-336.
141. Ojima D., Iwata M. The relationship between thyroxine surge and onset of downstream migration in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry. Aquaculture 2007, 273:185-193.
142. Ojima D., Iwata M. Central administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone triggers downstream movement and schooling behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry in an artificial stream. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A - Molecul. Integr. Physiol. 2009, 152:293-298.
143. Ojima D., Iwata M. Central administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulate downstream movement and thyroxine secretion in fall-smolting coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2010, 168:82-87.
144. Orciari R.D., Leonard G.H. Length characteristics of smolts and timing of downstream migration among three strains of Atlantic salmon in a southern New England stream. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 1996, 16:851-860.
145. Parhar I.S., Iwata M. Intracerebral expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone is delayed until smoltification in the salmon. Neurosci. Res. 1996, 26:299-308.
146. Parry G. The development of salinity tolerance in the salmon, Salmo salar (L.) and some related species. J. Exp. Biol. 1960, 37:425-434.
147. Patino R., Schreck C.B., Redding J.M. Clearance of plasma corticostreroids during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [A] 1985, 82A:531-535.
148. Peake S., McKinley R.S. A re-evaluation of swimming performance in juvenile salmonids relative to downstream migration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1998, 55:682-687.
149. - cotransporter localization and abundance in the gills of Atlantic salmon. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2001, 124:134-143.
150. Pelis R.M., McCormick S.D. Fin development in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 2003, 220:525-536.
151. - cotransporter abundance and location in Atlantic salmon: effects of seawater and smolting. Am. J. Physiol. - Reg. Integr. & Comp. Physiol. 2001, 280:R1844-R1852.
152. Pisam M., Prunet P., Boeuf G., Rambourg A. Ultrastructural features of chloride cells in the gill epithelium of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and their modifications during smoltification. Am. J. Anat. 1988, 183:235-244.
153. Price C.S., Schreck C.B. Stress and saltwater-entry behavior of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): conflicts in physiological motivation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2003, 60:910-918.
154. Primmett D.R.N., Eddy F.B., Miles M.S., Talbot C., Thorpe J.E. Transepithelial ion exhange in smolting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1988, 5:181-186.
155. Prunet P., Boeuf G., Bolton J.P., Young G. Smoltification and seawater adaptation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): plasma prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1989, 74:355-364.
156. Quinn M.C.J., Veillette P.A., Young G. Pseudobranch and gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha: developmental changes and effects of growth hormone, cortisol and seawater transfer. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2003, 135:249-262.
157. Quinn T.P., Brannon E.L., Dittman A.H. Spatial aspects of imprinting and homing in coho salmon. Fish. Bull. 1989, 87:769-774.
158. Rechisky E.L., Welch D.W., Porter A.D., Jacobs M.C., Ladouceur A. Experimental measurement of hydrosystem-induced delayed mortality in juvenile Snake River spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) using a large-scale acoustic array. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2009, 66:1019-1024.
159. Redding J.M., Patino R., Schreck C.B. Clearance of corticosteroids in yearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in fresh water and seawater and after stress. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1984, 54:433-443.
160. Richards J.G., Semple J.W., Bystriansky J.S., Schulte P.M. Na+/K+-ATPase α-isoform switching in gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during salinity transfer. J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 206:4475-4486.
161. Richman N.H., Tai de Diaz S., Nishioka R.S., Prunet P., Bern H.A. Osmoregulatory and endocrine relationships with chloride cell morphology and density during smoltification in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 1987, 60:265-285.
162. Rimmer D.M., Paim U., Saunders R.L. Autumnal habitat shift in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a small river. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1983, 40:671-680.
163. Robertson, L. S. and McCormick, S. D. (2012). Transcriptional profiling of the parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A - Molecul. Integr. Physiol. 7, 351-360.
164. Rosseland B.O., Kroglund F., Staurnes M., Hindar K., Kvellestad A. Tolerance to acid water among strains and life stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Water Air Soil. Pollut. 2001, 130:899-904.
165. Rounsefell G.A. Anadromy in North American salmonidae. Fish. Bull. 1958, 58:171-185.
166. Sakamoto T., Hirano T., Madsen S.S., Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A. Insulin-like growth factor I gene expression during parr-smolt transformation of coho salmon. Zool. Sci. 1995, 12:249-252.
167. Saloniemi I., Jokikokko E., Kallio-Nyberg I., Jutila E., Pasanen P. Survival of reared and wild Atlantic salmon smolts: size matters more in bad years. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2004, 61:782-787.
168. Schreck C.B., Solazzi M.F., Johnson S.L., Nickelson T.E. Transportation stress affects performance of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture 1989, 82:15-20.
169. Schreck C.B., Stahl T.P., Davis L.E., Roby D.D., Clemens B.J. Mortality estimates of juvenile spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Lower Columbia River and estuary, 1992-1998: Evidence for delayed mortality?. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2006, 135:457-475.
170. Seidelin M., Madsen S.S. Prolactin antagonizes the seawater-adaptive effect of cortisol and growth hormone in anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta). Zool. Sci. 1997, 14:249-256.
171. Seidelin M., Madsen S.S. Endocrine control of Na+,K+-ATPase and chloride cell development in brown trout (Salmo trutta): interaction of insulin-like growth factor-I with prolactin and growth hormone. J. Endocr. 1999, 162:127-135.
172. Sheridan M. Effects of thyroxine, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin on lipid metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during smoltification. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1986, 64:220-238.
173. Shimizu M., Kudo H., Ueda H., Hara A., Shimazaki K., Yamauchi K. Identification and immunological properties of an olfactory system-specific protein in kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Zool. Sci. 1993, 10:287-294.
174. Shoji T., Ueda H., Ohgami T., Sakamoto T., Katsuragi Y., Yamauchi K., Kurihara K. Amino acids dissolved in stream water as possible home stream odorants for masu salmon. Chem. Sens. 2000, 25:533-540.
175. Shoji T., Yamamoto Y., Nishikawa D., Kurihara K., Ueda H. Amino acids in stream water are essential for salmon homing and migration. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2003, 28:249-251.
176. Shrimpton J.M., Bernier N.J., Iwama G.K., Randall D.J. Differences in measurements of smolt development between wild and hatchery-reared juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after saltwater exposure. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1994, 51:2170-2178.
177. Shrimpton J.M., Devlin R.H., Mclean E., Byatt J.C., Donaldson E.M., Randall D.J. Increases in gill corticosteroid receptor abundance and saltwater tolerance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) treated with growth hormone and placental lactogen. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1995, 98:1-15.
178. Shrimpton J.M., McCormick S.D. Regulation of gill cytosolic corticosteroid receptors in juvenile Atlantic salmon: Interaction effects of growth hormone with prolactin and triiodothyronine. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1998, 112:262-274.
179. Shrimpton J.M., McCormick S.D. Seasonal differences in plasma cortisol and gill corticosteroid receptors in upper and lower mode juvenile Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 1998, 168:205-219.
180. Shrimpton J.M., Randall D.J. Downregulation of corticosteroid receptors in gills of coho salmon due to stress and cortisol treatment. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 267:R432-R438.
181. Sigholt T., Asgard T., Staurnes M. Timing of parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects of changes in temperature and photoperiod. Aquaculture 1998, 160:129-144.
182. Singer T.D., Clements K.M., Semple J.W., Schulte P.M., Bystriansky J.S., Finstad B., Fleming I.A., McKinley R.S. Seawater tolerance and gene expression in two strains of Atlantic salmon smolts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2002, 59:125-135.
183. Solbakken V.A., Hansen T., Stefansson S.O. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on growth and parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) and subsequent performance in seawater. Aquaculture 1994, 121:13-27.
184. Specker J.L. Interrenal function and smoltification. Aquaculture 1982, 28:59-66.
185. Specker J.L., Brown C.L., Bern H.A. Asynchrony of changes in tissue and plasma thyroid hormones during the parr-smolt transformation of coho salmon. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1992, 88:397-405.
186. Specker J.L., Distefano J.J., Grau E.G., Nishioka R.S., Bern H.A. Development-associated changes in thyroxine kinetics in juvenile salmon. Endocrinol. 1984, 115:399-406.
187. Specker J.L., Schreck C.B. Changes in plasma corticosteroids during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1982, 46:53-58.
188. Specker J.L., Schreck C.B. Thyroidal response to mammalian thyrotropin during smoltification of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1984, 78:441-444.
189. Staurnes M., Lysfjord G., Hansen L.P., Heggberget T.G. Recapture rates of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) related to smolt development and time of release. Aquaculture 1993, 118:327-337.
190. Stefansson S.O., Björnsson B.Th., Ebbesson L.O.E., McCormick S.D. Smoltification. Fish Larval Physiology. 2008, 639-681. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA. R.N. Finn, B.G. Kapoon (Eds.).
191. Stefansson S.O., Björnsson B.Th., Sundell K., Nyhammer G., McCormick S.D. Physiological characteristics of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts during estuarine and coastal migration. J. Fish Biol. 2003, 63:942-955.
192. Stefansson S.O., Haugland M., Björnsson B.Th., McCormick S.D., Holm M., Ebbesson L.O.E., Holst J.C., Nilsen T.O. Growth, osmoregulation and endocrine changes in wild Atlantic salmon smolts and post-smolts during marine migration. Aquaculture 2012, 363:127-136.
193. Stefansson S.O., Nilsen T.O., Ebbesson L.O.E., Wargelius A., Madsen S.S., Björnsson B.Th., McCormick S.D. Molecular mechanisms of continuous light inhibition of Atlantic salmon parr-smolt transformation. Aquaculture 2007, 273:235-245.
194. Sundell K., Jutfelt F., Agustsson T., Olsen R.E., Sandblom E., Hansen T., Björnsson B.Th. Intestinal transport mechanisms and plasma cortisol levels during normal and out-of-season parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture 2003, 222:265-285.
195. Sykes G.E., Johnson C.J., Shrimpton J.M. Temperature and flow effects on migration timing of chinook salmon smolts. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 2009, 138:1252-1265.
196. Sykes G.E., Shrimpton J.M. Effect of temperature and current manipulation on smolting in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): the relationship between migratory behaviour and physiological development. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2010, 67:191-201.
197. Takei, Y. and McCormick, S. D. (2013). Hormonal control of fish euryhalinity. In Fish Physiology, Vol. 32, Euryhaline Fishes (eds. S. D. McCormick, C. J. Brauner and A. P. Farrell), pp. 69-124. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
198. Taylor E.B. Phenotypic correlates of life-history variation in juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. J. Anim. Ecol. 1990, 59:455-468.
199. Thorpe J.E. Downstream movements of juvenile salmonids: a forward speculative view. Mechanisms of migration in fishes 1984, 387-396. Plenum Press, New York. J.D. McCleave, G.P. Arnold, J.J. Dodson, W.H. Neill (Eds.).
200. Thorpe J.E. An alternative view of smolting in salmonids. Aquaculture 1994, 121:105-113.
201. Thorpe J.E. Salmonid fishes and the estuarine environment. Estuaries 1994, 17:76-93.
202. Thorpe J.E., Morgan R.I.G. Periodicity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolt migration. J. Fish Biol. 1978, 12:541-548.
203. Thorstad E.B., Whoriskey F., Uglem I., Moore A., Rikardsen A.H., Finstad B. A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post-smolt migration. J. Fish Biol. 2012, 81:500-542.
204. Tipsmark C.K., Jorgensen C., Brande-Lavridsen N., Engelund M., Olesen J.H., Madsen S.S. Effects of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin on gill claudin expression in Atlantic salmon. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2009, 163:270-277.
205. Tipsmark C.K., Kiilerich P., Nilsen T.O., Ebbesson L.O.E., Stefansson S.O., Madsen S.S. Branchial expression patterns of claudin isoforms in Atlantic salmon during seawater acclimation and smoltification. Am. J. Physiol. - Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008, 294:R1563-R1574.
206. Tipsmark C.K., Madsen S.S. Distinct hormonal regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase genes in the gill of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J. Endocrinol. 2009, 203:301-310.
207. Tipsmark C.K., Mahmmoud Y.A., Borski R.J., Madsen S.S. FXYD-11 associates with Na+K+ATPase in the gill of Atlantic salmon: regulation and localization in relation to changed ion-regulatory status. Am. J. Physiol. - Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2010, 299:R1212-R1223.
208. Tipsmark C.K., Sorensen K.J., Hulgard K., Madsen S.S. Claudin-15 and -25b expression in the intestinal tract of Atlantic salmon in response to seawater acclimation, smoltification and hormone treatment. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A - Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2010, 155:361-370.
209. Tipsmark C.K., Sorensen K.J., Madsen S.S. Aquaporin expression dynamics in osmoregulatory tissues of Atlantic salmon during smoltification and seawater acclimation. J. Exp. Biol. 2010, 213:368-379.
210. Tucker S., Trudel M., Welch D.W. Annual coastal migration of juvenile Chinook salmon: static stock-specific patterns in a highly dynamic ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2012, 449:245-284.
211. Uchida K., Kaneko T., Tagawa M., Hirano T. Localization of cortisol receptor in branchial chloride cells in chum salmon fry. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1998, 109:175-185.
212. Ueda H. Physiological mechanism of homing migration in Pacific salmon from behavioral to molecular biological approaches. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2011, 170:222-232.
213. Veillette P.A., Sundell K., Specker J.L. Cortisol mediates the increase in intestinal fluid absorption in Atlantic salmon during parr smolt transformation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1995, 97:250-258.
214. Veillette P.A., White R.J., Specker J.L. Changes in intestinal fluid transport in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) during parr-smolt transformation. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 1993, 12:193-202.
215. Veillette P.A., Young G. Temporal changes in intestinal Na+, K+-ATPase activity and in vitro responsiveness to cortisol in juvenile chinook salmon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A - Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2004, 138:297-303.
216. Virtanen E., Soderholmtana L., Soivio A., Forsman L., Muona M. Effect of physiological condition and smoltification status at smolt release on subsequent catches of adult salmon. Aquaculture 1991, 97:231-257.
217. Wagner H.H. Photoperiod and temperature regulation of smolting in steelhead trout. Can. J. Zool. 1974, 52:219-234.
218. Wagner H.H., Conte F.P., Fessler J.L. Development of osmotic and ionic regulation in two races of chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1969, 29:325-341.
219. Welch D.W., Melnychuk M.C., Payne J.C., Rechisky E.L., Porter A.D., Jackson G.D., Ward B.R., Vincent S.P., Wood C.C., Semmens J. In situ measurement of coastal ocean movements and survival of juvenile Pacific salmon. PNAS 2011, 108:8708-8713.
220. Wilson M.V.H., Williams R.R.G. Salmoniform fishes: key fossils, supertree, and possible morphological synapomorphies. Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts 2010, 379-409. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen. J.S. Nelson, H.-P. Schultze, M.V.H. Wilson (Eds.).
221. Wood A.W., Duan C.M., Bern H.A. Insulin-like growth factor signaling in fish. Int. Rev. Cytol. 2005, 243:215-285.
222. Yada T., Takahashi K., Hirano T. Seasonal changes in seawater adaptability and plasma levels of prolactin and growth hormone in landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and amago salmon (O. rhodurus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1991, 82:33-44.
223. Yamamoto Y., Hino H., Ueda H. Olfactory imprinting of amino acids in lacustrine sockeye salmon. PLOS ONE 2010, 5:e8633.
224. Yeoh C.-G., Kerstetter T.H., Loudenslager E.J. Twenty-four hour seawater challenge test for coastal cutthroat trout. Progr. Fish-Culturist 1991, 53:173-176.
225. Young G. Enhanced response of the interrenal of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to ACTH after growth hormone treatment in vivo and in vitro. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1988, 71:85-92.
226. Young G. Cortisol secretion in vitro by the interrenal of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification: relationship with plasma thyroxine and plasma cortisol. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1989, 63:191-200.
227. Young G., Björnsson B.Th., Prunet P., Lin R.J., Bern H.A. Smoltification and seawater adaptation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): plasma prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and cortisol. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1989, 74:335-345.
228. Youngson A.F., Hansen L.P., Jonsson B., Naesje T.F. Effects of exogenous thyroxine or prior exposure to raised water-flow on the downstream movement of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts. J. Fish Biol. 1989, 34:791-797.
229. Zaugg W.S., McLain L.R. Adenosine triphosphatase activity in gills of salmonids: seasonal variations and salt water influences in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1970, 35:587-596.
230. Zaugg W.S., McLain L.R. Influence of water temperature on gill sodium, potassium-stimulated ATPase activity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1976, 54A:419-421.
231. Zydlewski G.B., Haro A., McCormick S.D. Evidence for cumulative temperature as an initiating and terminating factor in downstream migratory behavior of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2005, 62:68-78.