Physiological and endocrine changes in Atlantic salmon smolts during hatchery rearing, downstream migration, and ocean entry

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 105-118

  McCormick, Stephen D ^a   Sheehan, Timothy F ^b   Björnsson, Björn Thrandur ^c   Lipsky, Christine ^d   Kocik, John F ^d   Regish, Amy M ^a   O'Dea, Michael F ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^d NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPTURE METHOD; CONDITION FACTOR; DATA SET; ENDOCRINOLOGY; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; HATCHERY; HORMONE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; MIGRATION; MORTALITY; OCEAN; PLASMA; REARING; SALMONID; SMOLT;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 84872370101     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: 12057533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/cjfas-2012-0151     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Ágústsson, T., Sundell, K., Sakamoto, T., Johansson, V., Ando, M., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2001. Growth hormone endocrinology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): pituitary gene expression, hormone storage, secretion and plasma levels during parr-smolt transformation. J. Endocrinol. 170: 227-234. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1700227. PMID:11431155.
2. Ágústsson, T., Sundell, K., Sakamoto, T., Ando, M., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2003. Pituitary gene expression of somatolactin, prolactin, and growth hormone during Atlantic salmon parrsmolt transformation. Aquaculture, 222: 229-238.
3. Arnesen, A.M., Toften, H., Agustsson, T., Stefansson, S.O., Handeland, S.O., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2003. Osmoregulation, feed intake, growth and growth hormone levels in 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) transferred to seawater at different stages of smolt development. Aquaculture, 222: 167-187.
4. Beckman, B.R., Larsen, D.A., Moriyama, S., Leepawlak, B., and Dickhoff, W.W. 1998. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and environmental modulation of growth during smoltification of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 109: 325-335.
5. Beckman, B.R., Dickhoff, W.W., Zaugg, W.S., Sharpe, C., Hirtzel, S., Schrock, R., Larsen, D.A., Ewing, R.D., Palmisano, A., Schreck, C.B., and Mahnken, C.W. 1999. Growth, smoltification, and smolt-to-adult return of spring chinook salmon from hatcheries on the Deschutes River, Oregon. [Review.] Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 128: 1125-1150. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<1125:GSASTA>2.0. CO;2.
6. Björnsson, B.Th., Thorarensen, H., Hirano, T., Ogasawara, T., and Kristinsson, J.B. 1989. Photoperiod and temperature affect plasma growth hormone levels, growth, condition factor and hypoosmoregulatory ability of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during parr smolt transformation. Aquaculture, 82: 77-91.
7. Björnsson, B.Th., Taranger, G.L., Hansen, T., Stefansson, S.O., and Haux, C. 1994. The interrelation between photoperiod, growth hormone, and sexual maturation of adult atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 93: 70-81. doi:10.1006/gcen.1994.1009. PMID:8138121.
8. Björnsson, B.Th., Stefansson, S.O., and McCormick, S.D. 2011. Environmental endocrinology of salmon smoltification. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 170: 290-298. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.003. PMID:20627104.
9. Bolton, J.P., Takahashi, A., Kawauchi, H., Kuboto, J., and Hirano, T. 1986. Development and validation of a salmon growth hormone radioimmunoassay. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62: 230-238. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(86)90113-9. PMID: 3781223.
10. Carey, J.B., and McCormick, S.D. 1998. Atlantic salmon smolts are more responsive to an acute handling and confinement stress than parr. Aquaculture, 168: 237-253.
11. Deane, E.E., and Woo, N.Y.S. 2009. Modulation of fish growth hormone levels by salinity, temperature, pollutants and aquaculture related stress: a review. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 19: 97-120. doi:10.1007/s11160-008-9091-0
12. Dempson, J.B., Robertson, M.J., Pennell, C.J., Furey, G., Bloom, M., Shears, M., Ollerhead, L.M., Clarke, K.D., Hinks, R., and Robertson, G.J. 2011. Residency time, migration route and survival of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in a Canadian fjord. J. Fish Biol. 78: 1976-1992. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02971.x. PMID:21651545.
13. Dickhoff, W.W., Folmar, L.C., and Gorbman, A. 1978. Changes in plasma thyroxine during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 36: 229-232. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(78)90027-8. PMID:738596.
14. Dittman, A.H., and Quinn, T.P. 1996. Homing in Pacific salmon: Mechanisms and ecological basis. J. Exp. Biol. 199: 83-91. PMID:9317381.
15. Ebbesson, L.O.E., Ekstrom, P., Ebbesson, S.O.E., Stefansson, S.O., and Holmqvist, B. 2003. Neural circuits and their structural and chemical reorganization in the light-brain-pituitary axis during parr-smolt transformation in salmon. Aquaculture, 222: 59-70.
16. Friedland, K.D., Hansen, L.P., Dunkley, D.A., and Maclean, J.C. 2000. Linkage between ocean climate, post-smolt growth, and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Sea area. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57: 419-429.
17. Handeland, S.O., Berge, A., Björnsson, B.Th., Lie, O., and Stefansson, S.O. 2000. Seawater adaptation by out-of-season Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 181: 377-396.
18. Hoar, W.S. 1988. The physiology of smolting salmonids. In Fish physiology, Vol. XIB. Edited by W.S. Hoar and D. Randall Academic Press, New York. pp. 275-343.
19. Hoffnagle, T.L., and Fivizzani, A.J. 1990. Stimulation of plasma thyroxine levels by novel water chemistry during smoltification in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1513-1517. doi:10.1139/f90-169.
20. Husak, J.F., Irschick, D.J., McCormick, S.D., and Moore, I.J. 2009. Hormonal regulation of whole-animal performance: implications for selection. Integr. Comp. Biol. 49: 349-353.
21. Iwata, M., Tsuboi, H., Yamashita, T., Amemiya, A., Yamada, H., and Chiba, H. 2003. Function and trigger of thyroxine surge in migrating chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry. Aquaculture, 222: 315-329.
22. Kocik, J.F., Hawkes, J.P., Sheehan, T.F., Music, P.A., and Beland, K.F. 2009. Assessing estuarine and coastal migration and survival of wild Atlantic salmon smolts from the Narraguagus River, Maine using ultrasonic telemetry. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 69: 293-310.
23. Lacroix, G.L., Knox, D., and Stokesbury, M.J.W. 2005. Survival and behaviour of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in coastal habitat with extreme tides. J. Fish Biol. 66: 485-498. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00616.x.
24. Larsen, D.A., Beckman, B.R., and Dickhoff, W.W. 2001. The effect of low temperature and fasting during the winter on metabolic stores and endocrine physiology (Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and thyroxine) of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 123: 308-323.
25. + ATPase in families of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62(11): 2661-2672. doi:10.1139/f05-168
26. +-ATPase activity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(3): 656-658. doi:10.1139/ f93-075.
27. McCormick, S.D. 2001. Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish. Am. Zool. 41: 781-794. doi:10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0781:ECOOIT]2.0.CO;2.
28. McCormick, S.D. 2009. Evolution of the hormonal control of animal performance: Insights from the seaward migration of salmon. Integr. Comp. Biol. 49: 408-422.
29. McCormick, S.D., and Björnsson, B.Th. 1994. Physiological and hormonal differences among Atlantic salmon parr and smolts reared in the wild, and hatchery smolts. Aquaculture, 121: 235-244.
30. McCormick, S.D., and Saunders, R.L. 1990. Influence of ration level and salinity on circulating levels of thyroid hormones in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 78: 224-230. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(90)90009-B. PMID:2354765.
31. +-ATPase in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J. Comp. Physiol. 165: 245-254.
32. McCormick, S.D., Hansen, L.P., Quinn, T.P., and Saunders, R.L. 1998. Movement, migration, and smolting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55(S1): 77-92. doi:10.1139/d98-011.
33. McCormick, S.D., Cunjak, R.A., Dempson, B., O'Dea, M.F., and Carey, J. 1999. Temperature-related loss of smolt characteristics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56(9): 1649-1658. doi:10.1139/f99-099.
34. McCormick, S.D., Moriyama, S., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2000. Low temperature limits photoperiod control of smolting in Atlantic salmon through endocrine mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278: R1352-R1361.
35. McCormick, S.D., Shrimpton, J.M., Moriyama, S., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2002. Effects of an advanced temperature cycle on smolt development and endocrinology indicate that temperature is not a zeitgeber for smolting in Atlantic salmon. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 3553-3560.
36. McCormick, S.D., O'Dea, M.F., Moeckel, A.M., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2003. Endocrine and physiological changes in Atlantic salmon smolts following hatchery release. Aquaculture, 222: 45-57.
37. McCormick, S.D., Shrimpton, J.M., Moriyama, S., and Björnsson, B.Th. 2007. Differential hormonal responses of Atlantic salmon parr and smolt to increased daylength: a possible developmental basis for smolting. Aquaculture, 273: 337-344.
38. +-ATPase in gill chloride cells of Atlantic salmon. J. Exp. Biol. 212: 3994-4001.
39. Moriyama, S., Swanson, P., Nishii, M., Takahashi, A., Kawauchi, H., Dickhoff, W.W., and Plisetskaya, E.M. 1994. Development of a homologous radioimmunoassay for coho salmon insulin-like growth factor-I. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 96: 149-161. doi:10.1006/gcen.1994.1167. PMID:7843563.
40. Music, P.A., Hawkes, J.P., and Cooperman, M.S. 2010. Magnitude and causes of smolt mortality in rotary screw traps: an Atlantic Salmon case study. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 30: 713-722. doi:10.1577/M09-181.1.
41. - cotransporter and CFTR anion channel in juvenile anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J. Exp. Biol. 210: 2885-2896. doi:10.1242/jeb.002873. PMID:17690237.
42. Pierce, A.L., Shimizu, M., Beckman, B.R., Baker, D.M., and Dickhoff, W.W. 2005. Time course of the GH/IGF axis response to fasting and increased ration in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 140: 192-202. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.10.017. PMID:15639147.
43. Prunet, P., Boeuf, G., Bolton, J.P., and Young, G. 1989. Smoltification and seawater adaptation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): plasma prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 74: 355-364. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6480(89)80031-0. PMID:2545514.
44. Renkawitz, M.D., and Sheehan, T.F. 2011. Feeding ecology of early marine phase Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts. J. Fish Biol. 79: 356-373.
45. Renkawitz, M.D., Sheehan, T.F., and Goulette, G.S. 2012. Swimming depth, behavior, and survival of Atlantic salmon postsmolts in Penobscot Bay, Maine. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 141: 1219-1229. doi:10.1080/00028487.2012.688916.
46. Sheehan, T.F., Renkawitz, M.D., and Brown, R.W. 2011. Surface trawl survey for U.S. origin Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J. Fish Biol. 79: 374-398.
47. Shepherd, B.S., Drennon, K., Johnson, J., Nichols, J.W., Playle, R.C., Singer, T.D., and Vijayan, M.M. 2005. Salinity acclimation affects the somatotropic axis in rainbow trout. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. C, 288: R1385-R1395.
48. Spence, B.C., and Hall, J.D. 2010. Spatiotemporal patterns in migration timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts in North America. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 67(8): 1316-1334. doi:10.1139/F10-060.
49. Stefansson, S.O., Björnsson, B.Th., Sundell, K., Nyhammer, G., and McCormick, S.D. 2003. Physiological characteristics of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts during estuarine and coastal migration. J. Fish Biol. 63: 942-955. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00201.x.
50. Stefansson, S.O., Imsland, A.K., and Handeland, S.O. 2009. Food-deprivation, compensatory growth and hydro-mineral balance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts in sea water. Aquaculture, 290: 243-249.
51. Stefansson, S.O., Haugland, M., Björnsson, B.Th., McCormick, S.D., Holm, M., Ebbesson, L.O.E., Holst, J.C., and Nilsen, T.O. 2012. Growth, osmoregulation and endocrine changes in wild Atlantic salmon smolts and post-smolts during marine migration. Aquaculture, 362-363: 127-136. doi:10.1016/j. aquaculture.2011.07.002.
52. Thorstad, E.B., Whoriskey, F., Uglem, I., Moore, A., Rikardsen, A.H., and Finstad, B. 2012. A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post-smolt migration. J. Fish Biol. 81: 500-542. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03370.x. PMID:22803722.
53. Trudel, M., Tucker, S., Morris, J.F.T., Higgs, D.A., and Welch, D.W. 2005. Indicators of energetic status in juvenile coho salmon and Chinook salmon. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 25: 374-390. doi:10.1577/M04-018.1.
54. Young, G., McCormick, S.D., Björnsson, B.Th., and Bern, H.A. 1995. Circulating growth hormone, cortisol and thyroxine levels after 24 h seawater challenge of yearling coho salmon at different developmental stages. Aquaculture, 136: 371-384.