A review of RedOx cycling of solid oxide fuel cells anode

Membranes

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 585-664

  Faes, Antonin ^a   Hessler Wyser, Aïcha ^b   Zryd, Amédée ^a   Van Herle, Jan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES WESTERN SWITZERLAND   (Switzerland)

^b EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Nickel reduction and oxidation; RedOx cycle; Reoxidation instability; SOFC anode; Solid oxide fuel cell durability

Indexed keywords

HYDROCARBONS; MICROSTRUCTURE; OPTIMIZATION; REDOX REACTIONS; SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC);

ANODE-SUPPORT; CELL DESIGN; NICKEL REDUCTION; RE-OXIDATION; REDOX CYCLES; REDOX CYCLING; REDOX INSTABILITY; REDUCTION-OXIDATION; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; SMALL SYSTEMS; SOFC ANODE;

NICKEL;

EID: 84872020800     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20770375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/membranes2030585     Document Type: Review

References (267)

1. Singhal, S.C.; Kendall, K. High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Fundamentals, Design and Applications; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2003.
2. Spacil, H.S. Electrical Device including Nickel Containing Stabilized Zirconia Electrode. U.S. Patent 3,503,809, 31 March 1970.
3. Simwonis, D.; Tietz, F.; Stoever, D. Nickel coarsening in annealed Ni/8YSZ anode substrates for solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 2000, 132, 241-251.
4. Faes, A.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; Presvytes, D.; Vayenas, C.G.; van Herle, J. Nickel-zirconia anode degradation and triple phase boundary quantification from microstructural analysis. Fuel cells 2009, 9, 841-851.
5. Tanasini, P.; Costamagna, P.; Cannarozzo, M.; Faes, A.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; Van Herle, J.; Comninellis, C. Experimental and theoretical investigation of SOFC electrodes degradation mechanisms. Fuel Cells 2009, 9, 740-752.
6. Holzer, L.; Iwanschitz, B.; Hocker, T.; Muench, B.; Prestat, M.; Wiedenmann, D.; Vogt, U.; Holtappels, P.; Sfeir, J.; Mai, A.; Graule, T. Microstructure degradation of cermet anodes for solid oxide fuel cells: Quantification of nickel grain growth in dry and in humid atmospheres. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 1279-1294.
7. Nelson, G.J.; Grew, K.N.; Izzo, J.R., Jr.; Lombardo, J.J.; Harris, W.M.; Faes, A.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; Van herle, J.; Wang, S.; Chu, Y.S.; Virkar, A.V.; Chiu, W.K.S. Three-dimensional microstructural changes in the Ni-YSZ solid oxide fuel cell anode during operation. Acta Mater. 2012, 60, 3491-3500.
8. 3 as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2002, 22, 1673-1681.
9. Matsuzaki, Y.; Yasuda, I. Poisoning effect of sulfur-containing impurity gas on a SOFC anode: Part I. Dependence on temperature, time, and impurity concentration. Solid State Ionics 2000, 132, 261-269.
10. Cassidy, M.; Lindsay, G.; Kendall, K. The reduction of nickel-zirconia cermet anodes and the effects on supported thin electrolytes. J. Power Sources 1996, 61, 189-192.
11. Larrain, D.; Van herle, J.; Favrat, D. Simulation of SOFC stack and repeat elements including interconnect degradation and anode reoxidation risk. J. Power Sources 2006, 161, 392-403.
12. Sarantaridis, D.; Atkinson, A. Redox cycling of Ni-based solid oxide fuel cell anodes: A review. Fuel Cells 2007, 7, 246-258.
13. Comminges, C.; Fu, Q.X.; Zahid, M.; Steiner, N.Y.; Bucheli, O. Monitoring the degradation of a solid oxide fuel cell stack during 10,000 h via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 59, 367-375.
14. Ettler, M.; Timmermann, H.; Malzbender, J.; Weber, A.; Menzler, N.H. Durability of Ni anodes during reoxidation cycles. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 5452-5467.
15. Fu, Q.X.; Tietz, F. Ceramic-based anode materials for improved redox cycling of solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel Cells 2008, 8, 283-293.
16. Mueller, A. Mehrschicht-Anode für die Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle (SOFC). Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe genehmigte, Karlsrhue, Germany, 2004.
17. Klemensoe, T.; Appel, C.C.; Mogensen, M. In situ observations of microstructural changes in SOFC anodes during redox cycling. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2006, 9, 403-407.
18. Sarantaridis, D. Redox Cycling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College London, London, UK, 2008.
19. Contino, A.R. Modification of Anode Microstructure to Improve Redox Stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Ph.D. Thesis, Universita degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy, 2010.
20. Dikwal, C.M. Cycling Studies of Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, 2009.
21. Pihlatie, M. Stability of Ni-YSZ Composites for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells During Reduction and Re-Oxidation; VTT-Technical Research Center of Finland: Espoo, Finland, 2010.
22. Ettler, M. Einfluss von Reoxidationszyklen auf die Betriebsfestigkeit von anodengestützten Festoxid-Brennstoffzellen. Ph.D. Thesis, Forschungzentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany, 2009.
23. Faes, A. RedOx Cycling of Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, 2011.
24. Iwanschitz, B. Degradation von Ni-Cermet-Anoden in keramischen Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen. Ph.D. Thesis, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, 2012.
25. Kofstad, P. High temperature corrosion; Elsevier applied science: London, UK, 1988.
26. Klemensoe, T.; Chung, C.; Larsen, P.H.; Mogensen, M. The mechanism behind redox instability of anodes in high-temperature SOFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, 2186-2192.
27. Klemensoe, T. Relationships between Structure and Performance of SOFC anodes. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Danemark, Risoe National Laboratory, Topsoe Fuel Cell, Risø, Denmark, 2005.
28. Klemensoe, T.; Chung, C.; Larsen, P.H.; Mogensen, M. The mechanism behind redox instability of SOFC anodes, In Proceedings of International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Quebec PQ, Canada, 15-20 May 2005; Electrochemical Society: Pennington, NJ, USA, 2005; p. 1051.
29. Weast, R.C. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 53rd ed.; CRC Press: Cleveland, OH, USA, 1973.
30. Campbell, A.J.; Danielson, L.; Righter, K.; Seagle, C.T.; Wang, Y.; Prakapenka, V.B. High pressure effects on the iron-iron oxide and nickel-nickel oxide oxygen fugacity buffers. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 286, 556-564.
31. Vassen, R.; Simwonis, D.; Stoever, D. Modelling of the agglomeration of Ni-particles in anodes of solid oxide fuel cells. J. Mater. Sci. 2001, 36, 147-151.
32. Thydén, K. Microstructural Degradation of Ni-YSZ Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Danemark: Roskilde, Danemark, 2008.
33. Van herle, J.; Larrain, D.; Autissier, N.; Wuillemin, Z.; Molinelli, M.; Favrat, D. Modeling and experimental validation of solid oxide fuel cell materials and stacks. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2005, 25, 2627-2632.
34. Wuillemin, Z.; Autissier, N.; Van Herle, J.; Favrat, D. Modeling and study of the influence of sealing on a solid oxide fuel cell. In Proceedings of the 1st European Fuel Cell Technology and Applications Conference 2005, Rome, Italy, 14-16 December 2005;Volume 5, pp. 130-136.
35. Steele, B.C.H.; Heinzel, A. Materials for fuel-cell technologies. Nature 2001, 414, 345-352.
36. Tikekar, N.M.; Armstrong, T.J.; Virkar, A.V. Reduction and reoxidation kinetics of nickel-based SOFC anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, 654-663.
37. Richardson, J.T.; Scates, R.; Twigg, M.V. X-ray diffraction study of nickel oxide reduction by hydrogen. Appl. Catal. A General 2003, 246, 137-150.
38. Pihlatie, M.; Kaiser, A.; Mogensen, M. Redox stability of SOFC: Thermal analysis of Ni-YSZ composites. Solid State Ionics 2009, 180, 1100-1112.
39. Rao, Y.K.; Rashed, A.H. Kinetics of reduction of nickel oxide with helium-hydrogen gas mixtures in the range 300-400 °C. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 2001, 110, 1-6.
40. Modena, S.; Ceschini, S.; Tomasi, A.; Montinaro, D.; Sglavo, V.M. Reduction and reoxidation processes of NiO/YSZ composite for solid oxide fuel cell anodes. J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. 2006, 3, 487-491.
41. Waldbillig, D.; Wood, A.; Ivey, D.G. Thermal analysis of the cyclic reduction and oxidation behaviour of SOFC anodes. Solid State Ionics 2005, 176, 847-859.
42. 2 (cubic) composite. Microsc. Microanal. 1997, 3, 443-450.
43. Furstenau, R.P.; McDougall, G.; Langell, M.A. Initial stages of hydrogen reduction of NiO(100). Surf. Sci. 1985, 150, 55-79.
44. Utigard, T.A.; Wu, M.; Plascencia, G.; Marin, T. Reduction kinetics of Goro nickel oxide using hydrogen. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60, 2061-2062.
45. West, J.M. Basic corrosion and oxidation; Ellis Horwood: Chichester, UK, 1980
46. Shreir, L.L.; Jarman, R.A.; Busrstein, C.T. Corrosion-Metal/Environment Reactions; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 1994.
47. Atkinson, A. Transport processes during the growth of oxide films at elevated temperature. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1985, 57, 437-470.
48. Peraldi, R.; Monceau, D.; Pieraggi, B. Correlations between growth kinetics and microstructure for scales formed by high-temperature oxidation of pure nickel. I. Morphologies and microstructures. Oxid. Met. 2002, 58, 249-273.
49. Peraldi, R.; Monceau, D.; Pieraggi, B. The nickel, model material for the high temperature oxidation studies: First steps towards predictive modelling. Rev. Métall. 2005, 102, 135-146.
50. Sarantaridis, D.; Chater, R.J.; Atkinson, A. Changes in physical and mechanical properties of SOFC Ni-YSZ composites caused by redox cycling. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155, B467-B472.
51. Nakamura, R.; Lee, J.G.; Mori, H.; Nakajima, H. Oxidation behaviour of Ni nanoparticles and formation process of hollow NiO. Philos. Mag. 2008, 88, 257-264.
52. Yin, Y.; Rioux, R.M.; Erdonmez, C.K.; Hughes, S.; Somorjal, G.A.; Alivisatos, A.P. Formation of hollow nanocrystals through the nanoscale kirkendall effect. Science 2004, 304, 711-714.
53. Railsback, J.G.; Johnston-Peck, A.C.; Wang, J.; Tracy, J.B. Size-dependent nanoscale kirkendall effect during the oxidation of nickel nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1913-1920.
54. Gmelin, L. Gmelin Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. Ni: Nickel, 8th ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1968.
55. Fact-Web programs. Available online: http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/factweb.php (accessed on 15 August 2012).
56. Suwanwatana, W.; Yarlagadda, S.; Gillespie, J.W., Jr. An investigation of oxidation effects on hysteresis heating of nickel particles. J. Mater. Sci. 2003, 38, 565-573.
57. Karmhag, R.; Niklasson, G.A.; Nygren, M. Oxidation kinetics of nickel nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 89, 3012-3017.
58. Karmhag, R.; Niklasson, G.A.; Nygren, M. Oxidation kinetics of small nickel particles. J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 85, 1186-1191.
59. Karmhag, R.; Niklasson, G.A.; Nygren, M. Oxidation kinetics of large nickel particles. J. Mater. Res. 1999, 14, 3051-3058.
60. Haugsrud, R. On the high-temperature oxidation of nickel. Corros. Sci. 2002, 45, 211-235.
61. Peraldi, R.; Monceau, D.; Pieraggi, B. Correlations between growth kinetics and microstructure for scales formed by high-temperature oxidation of pure nickel. II. Growth kinetics. Oxid. Met. 2002, 58, 275-295.
62. 3-stabilized zirconia anode substrate for solid-oxide fuel cells. J. Mater. Res. 2002, 17, 951-958.
63. Czerwinski, F.; Smeltzer, W.W. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1993, 140, 2606-2615.
64. Galinski, H.; Reuteler, J.; Rupp, J.L.M.; Bieberle-Hütter, A.; Gauckler, L.J. Ostwald ripening and oxidation kinetics of nickel gadolinia doped ceria anodes. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 2057-2060.
65. Galinski, H.; Bieberle-Hütter, A.; Rupp, J.L.M.; Gauckler, L.J. Nonlinear oxidation kinetics of nickel cermets. Acta Mater. 2011, 59, 6239-6245.
66. Fouquet, D.; Mueller, A.C.; Weber, A.; Ivers-Tiffee, E. Kinetics of Oxidation and Reduction of Ni/YSZ Cermets. Ionics 2003, 8, 103-108.
67. Jeangros, Q.; Faes, A.; Wagner, J.B.; Hansen, T.W.; Aschauer, U.; Van herle, J.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; Dunin-Borkowski, R.E. In situ redox cycle of a nickel-YSZ fuel cell anode in an environmental transmission electron microscope. Acta Mater. 2010, 58, 4578-4589.
68. Grahl-Madsen, L.; Larsen, P.H.; Bonanos, N.; Engell, J.; Linderoth, S. Mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of Ni-YSZ cermets fabricated by viscous processing. J. Mater. Sci. 2006, 41, 1097-1107.
69. Li, T.S.; Wang, W.G.; Miao, H.; Chen, T.; Xu, C. Effect of reduction temperature on the electrochemical properties of a Ni/YSZ anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell. J. Alloys Compd. 2010, 495, 138-143.
70. Jung, G.B.; Lo, K.F.; Chan, S.H. Effect of pretreatments on the anode structure of solid oxide fuel cells. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2007, 11, 1435-1440.
71. Pihlatie, M.H.; Frandsen, H.L.; Kaiser, A.; Mogensen, M. Continuum mechanics simulations of NiO/Ni-YSZ composites during reduction and re-oxidation. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 2677-2690.
72. Pihlatie, M.; Kaiser, A.; Larsen, P.H.; Mogensen, M. Dimensional behaviour of Ni-YSZ anode supports for SOFC under RedOx cycling conditions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, B322-B329.
73. Pihlatie, M.; Ramos, T.; Kaiser, A. Testing and improving the redox stability of Ni-based solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2009, 193, 322-330.
74. Contino, A.R.; Cologna, M.; Modena, S.; Sglavo, V.M. Effect of doping elements on redox kinetics of NiO-YSZ powders for SOFC applications. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 2003-2012.
75. Young, J.L.; Vedahara, V.; Kung, S.; Xia, S.; Birss, V.I. Understanding nickel oxidation and reduction processes in SOFC systems. ECS Trans. 2007, 7, 1511-1519.
76. Zhang, Y.; Liu, B.; Tu, B.; Dong, Y.; Cheng, M. Redox cycling of Ni-YSZ anode investigated by TPR technique. Solid State Ionics 2005, 176, 2193-2199.
77. Ettler, M.; Blass, G.; Menzler, N.H. Characterisation of Ni-YSZ-cermets with respect to redox stability. Fuel Cells 2007, 7, 349-355.
78. Aaberg, R.J.; Tunold, R.; Poulsen, F.W.; Bonanos, N. Short term structural changes in Ni/YSZ electrode upon reduction. In Proceedings of 2nd European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum, Oslo, Norway, 1996; Thorstensen, B., Ed.; Morgenacherstr. 2F: Oberrohrdorf, Switzerland, 1996; p. 363.
79. Davarzani, H.; Marcoux, M.; Costeseque, P.; Quintard, M. Experimental measurement of the effective diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients for binary gas mixture in porous media. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2010, 65, 5092-5104.
80. Roche, V.; Roux, C.; Steil, M.C. Safe Operating Conditions to Prevent Damage in Ni-YSZ Anode Supported SOFC. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 1571-1579.
81. Iwanschitz, B.; Sfeir, J.; Mai, A.; Schotze, M. Degradation of SOFC Anodes upon redox cycling: A comparison between Ni/YSZ and Ni/CGO. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B269-B278.
82. Zhang, Y.; Liu, B.; Tu, B.; Dong, Y.; Cheng, M. Understanding of redox behavior of Ni-YSZ cermets. Solid State Ionics 2009, 180, 1580-1586.
83. Young, J.L.; Briss, V.I. Crack severity in relation to non-isotropic Ni oxidation in anode-supported SOFCs. In Proceedings of 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2010; pp. 7-30.
84. Young, J.L.; Birss, V.I. Crack severity in relation to non-homogeneous Ni oxidation in anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 7126-7135.
85. Faes, A.; Nakajo, A.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; Dubois, D.; Modena, S.; Brisse, A.; Van Herle, J. RedOx study of anode supported solid oxide fuel cell. J. Power Sources 2009, 193, 55-64.
86. Faes, A.; Fuerbringer, J.-M.; Mohamedi, D.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; Caboche, G.; van Herle, J. Design of experiment approach applied to reducing and oxidizing tolerance of anode supported solid oxide fuel cell. Part I: Microstructure optimization. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 7058-7069.
87. Mori, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Itoh, H.; Inaba, H.; Tagawa, H. Thermal expansion of nickel-zirconia anodes in solid oxide fuel cells during fabrication and operation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 1374-1381.
88. Pihlatie, M.; Kaiser, A.; Larsen, P.H.; Mogensen, M. Dimensional behaviour of Ni-YSZ anode supports for SOFC under RedOx cycling conditions. ECS Trans. 2007, 7, 1501-1510.
89. Fouquet, D.; Mueller, A.C.; Weber, A.; Ivers-Tiffee, E. Kinetics of oxidation and reduction of Ni/YSZ cermets. In Proceedings of 5th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Huijsmans, J., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2002; pp. 467-474.
90. Robert, G.; Kaiser, A.; Honegger, K.; Batawi, E. Anode supported solide oxide fuel cells with a thick anode substrate. In Proceedings of 5th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Huijsmans, J., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2002; p. 116.
91. Fischer, W.; Malzbender, J.; Blass, G.; Steinbrech, R.W. Residual stresses in planar solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2005, 150, 73-77.
92. Atkinson, A.; Selçuk, A. Residual stress and fracture of laminated ceramic membranes. Acta Mater. 1999, 47, 867-874.
93. Radovic, M.; Lara-Curzio, E. Mechanical properties of tape cast nickel-based anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells before and after reduction in hydrogen. Acta Mater. 2004, 52, 5747-5756.
94. MacDowell, A.A.; Celestre, R.S.; Tamura, N.; Spolenak, R.; Valek, B.; Brown, W.L.; Bravman, J.C.; Padmore, H.A.; Batterman, B.W.; Patel, J.R. Submicron X-ray diffraction. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 2001, 467, 936-943.
95. Villanova, J.; Sicardy, O.; Fortunier, R.; Micha, J.S.; Bleuet, P. X-ray diffraction determination of macro and micro stresses in SOFC electrolyte and evolution with redox cycling of the anode. Mater. Sci. Forum 2011, 681, 25-30.
96. Tanaka, K.; Akiniwa, Y.; Kimura, H.; Ukai, K.; Yokoyama, M.; Mizutani, Y. In situ synchrotron measurement of internal stresses in solid-oxide fuel cell during red-ox cycle. Mater. Sci. Forum 2008, 571-572, 339-344.
97. Malzbender, J.; Wessel, E.; Steinbrech, R.W.; Singheiser, L. Reduction and re-oxidation of anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). In Proceedings of Ceramic Engineering and Science-28th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA, 2004; Lara-Curzio, E., Readey, M.J., Eds.; The American Ceramic Society: Westerville, OH, USA, 2004; pp. 387-392.
98. Faes, A.; Frandsen, H.L.; Pihlatie, M.; Kaiser, A.; Goldstein, D.R. Curvature and strength of Ni-YSZ solid oxide half-cells after redox treatments. J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. 2010, 7, 051011:1-051011:7.
99. Li, W.; Hasinska, K.; Seabaugh, M.; Swartz, S.; Lannutti, J. Curvature in solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2004, 138, 145-155.
100. Contino, A.R.; Cologna, M.; Modena, S.; Bertoldi, M.; Sglavo, V.M. SOFC Characterization upon RedOx Cycles. In Proceedings of European Fuel Cell Technology and Applications-Pietro Lunghi Conference, Rome, Italy, 15-18 December 2009; pp. 65-66.
101. Laurencin, J.; Delette, G.; Usseglio-Viretta, F.; Di Iorio, S.; Lefebvre-Joud, F. Characterization of the Ni-8YSZ cermet creep and its impact on the cell "redox" tolerance. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 1463-1471.
102. Atkinson, A.; Selcuk, A. Mechanical behaviour of ceramic oxygen ion-conducting membranes. Solid State Ionics 2000, 134, 59-66.
103. Pihlatie, M.; Kaiser, A.; Mogensen, M. Mechanical properties of NiO/Ni-YSZ composites depending on temperature, porosity and redox cycling. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2009, 29, 1657-1664.
104. Pusz, J.; Smirnova, A.; Mohammadi, A.; Sammes, N.M. Fracture strength of micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell anode in redox cycling experiments. J. Power Sources 2007, 163, 900-906.
105. Ihringer, R. 2R-cell: Reliability of anode supported thin electrolyte upon multi thermo and redox cycles. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 473-483.
106. Sarantaridis, D.; Atkinson, A. Mechanical modeling of redox cycling damage in solid oxide fuel cells. In Proceedings of the 7th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Bossel, U., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2006; p. P0728.
107. Malzbender, J.; Steinbrech, R.W. Advanced measurement techniques to characterize thermo-mechanical aspects of solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2007, 173, 60-67.
108. Malzbender, J.; Steinbrech, R.W.; Singheiser, L. A review of advanced techniques for characterising SOFC behaviour. Fuel Cells 2009, 9, 785-793.
109. Klemensoe, T.; Sorensen, B.F. Evaluating redox stability of Ni-YSZ supported SOFCs based on simple layer models. In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells IV; Singh, P., Bansal, N.P., Eds.; The American Ceramic Society: Westerville, OH, USA, 2009; pp. 81-92.
110. Laurencin, J.; Delette, G.; Dupeux, M.; Lefebvre-Joud, F. A numerical approach to predict the SOFC fracture: The case of an anode supported cell. ECS Trans. 2007, 7, 677-686.
111. Laurencin, J.; Delette, G.; Lefebvre-Joud, F.; Dupeux, M. A numerical tool to estimate SOFC mechanical degradation: Case of the planar cell configuration. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2008, 28, 1857-1869.
112. Sarantaridis, D.; Rudkin, R.A.; Atkinson, A. Oxidation failure modes of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2008, 180, 704-710.
113. Laurencin, J.; Delette, G.; Morel, B.; Lefebvre-Joud, F.; Dupeux, M. Solid oxide fuel cells damage mechanisms due to Ni-YSZ re-oxidation: Case of the anode supported cell. J. Power Sources 2009, 192, 344-352.
114. Klemensoe, T.; Mogensen, M. Ni-YSZ solid oxide fuel cell anode behavior upon redox cycling based on electrical characterization. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2007, 90, 3582-3588.
115. Liu, B.; Zhang, Y.; Tu, B.; Dong, Y.; Cheng, M. Electrochemical impedance investigation of the redox behaviour of a Ni-YSZ anode. J. Power Sources 2007, 165, 114-119.
116. Pomfret, M.B.; Steinhurst, D.A.; Kidwell, D.A.; Owrutsky, J.C. Thermal imaging of solid oxide fuel cell anode processes. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 257-262.
117. Busawon, A.N.; Sarantaridis, D.; Atkinson, A. Ni infiltration as a possible solution to the redox problem of SOFC anodes. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2008, 11, B186-B189.
118. Hatae, T.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Yamazaki, Y. Study on electrochemical re-oxidation of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells using oxide ion current. Solid State Ionics 2008, 179, 274-281.
119. Hatae, T.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Yamashita, S.; Yamazaki, Y. Current density dependence of changes in the microstructure of SOFC anodes during electrochemical oxidation. Solid State Ionics 2009, 180, 1305-1310.
120. Hatae, T.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Yamashita, S.; Yamazaki, Y. Initial damage to anode microstructure caused by partial redox cycles during electrochemical oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, B609-B613.
121. Hatae, T.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Yamashita, S.; Yamazaki, Y. Destruction modes of anode-supported SOFC caused by degrees of electrochemical oxidation in redox cycle. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B650-B654.
122. Laurencin, J.; Girona, K.; Delette, G.; Lefebvre-Joud, F. In-situ electrochemical characterization of SOFC cell degradation: The cases of mechanical damage and carbon deposition. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 429-438.
123. Takagi, N.; Nakamura, Y.; Shikazono, N.; Kasagi, N. Microstructure change of SOFC anode caused by electrochemical redox cycles. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2010; pp. 7-135.
124. Waldbillig, D.; Wood, A.; Ivey, D.G. Electrochemical and microstructural characterization of the redox tolerance of solid oxide fuel cell anodes. J. Power Sources 2005, 145, 206-215.
125. Faes, A.; Jeangros, Q.; Wagner, J.B.; Hansen, T.W.; Van herle, J.; Brisse, A.; Dunin-Borkowski, R.; Hessler-Wyser, A. In situ reduction and oxidation of nickel from solid oxide fuel cells in a transmission electron microscope. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 1985-1992.
126. Iwanschitz, B.; Mai, A.; Holzer, L.; Hocker, T.; Schütze, M. Degradation of Ni-cermet anodes in solid oxide fuel cells. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2010; pp. 7-61.
127. Laurencin, J.; Delette, G.; Sicardy, O.; Rosini, S.; Lefebvre-Joud, F. Impact of "redox" cycles on performances of solid oxide fuel cells: Case of the electrolyte supported cells. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 2747-2753.
128. Hagen, A.; Poulsen, H.F.; Klemensoe, T.; Martins, R.V.; Honkimki, V.; Buslaps, T.; Feidenshans, R. A depth-resolved in situ study of the reduction and oxidation of Ni-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel Cells 2006, 6, 361-366.
129. Faes, A. A Process to Increase Solid Oxide Fuel Cells durability: RedOx Stability of Anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, 1st ed.; VDM Verlag Dr. Müller: Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011.
130. Shearing, P.R.; Bradley, R.S.; Gelb, J.; Tariq, F.; Withers, P.J.; Brandon, N.P. Exploring microstructural changes associated with oxidation in Ni-YSZ SOFC electrodes using high resolution X-ray computed tomography. Solid State Ionics 2012, 216, 69-72.
131. Glauche, A.; Betz, T.; Mosch, S.; Trofimenko, N.; Kusnezoff, M. Long-term, redox and thermal cycling stability of electrolyte supported cells. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 411-419.
132. Batawi, E.E.; Hickey, D.; McElroy, J. Anode with Remarkable Stability under Conditions of Extreme Fuel Starvation. WO Patent 08048445, 24 April 2008.
133. Szabo, P.; Ansar, A.; Franco, T.; Gindrat, M.; Zagst, A. Dynamic electrochemical behaviour of metal-supported plasma-sprayed SOFC. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Swizerland, 2010; pp. 16-44.
134. Primdahl, S.; Mogensen, M. Gas conversion impedance: A test geometry effect in characterization of solid oxide fuel cell anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 2431-2438.
135. Primdahl, S.; Mogensen, M. Gas diffusion impedance in characterization of solid oxide fuel cell anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1999, 146, 2827-2833.
136. Primdahl, S. Nickel/Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia cermet anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells; DTU: Roskilde, Denmark, 1999.
137. Primdahl, S.; Mogensen, M. Oxidation of hydrogen on Ni/yttria-stabilized zirconia cermet anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, 3409-3419.
138. Sumi, H.; Kishida, R.; Kim, J.-Y.; Muroyama, H.; Matsui, T.; Eguchi, K. Correlation between microstructural and electrochemical characteristics during redox cycles for Ni-YSZ anode of SOFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B1747-B1752.
139. Muroyama, H.; Sumi, H.; Kishida, R.; Kim, J.Y.; Matsui, T.; Eguchi, K. Correlation between microstructure and electrochemical characteristics of ni-ysz anode subjected to redox cycles. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 1379-1387.
140. Jacques-Bedard, X.; Napporn, T.W.; Roberge, R.; Meunier, M. Performance and ageing of an anode-supported SOFC operated in single-chamber conditions. J. Power Sources 2006, 153, 108-113.
141. Wang, Z.; Lue, Z.; Wei, B.; Chen, K.; Huang, X.; Pan, W.; Su, W. Redox of Ni/YSZ anodes and oscillatory behavior in single-chamber SOFC under methane oxidation conditions. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 6688-6695.
142. Kellogg, I.D.; Koylu, U.O.; Petrovsky, V.; Dogan, F. Effectiveness of anode in a solid oxide fuel cell with hydrogen/oxygen mixed gases. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 5138-5143.
143. Wood, A.; Pastula, M.; Waldbillig, D.; Ivey, D. Initial testing of solutions to redox problems with anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). In Proceedings of the SOFC-IX-Electrochemical Society Proceedings, Quebec, Canada, 2005; Singhal, S.C., Mizusaki, J., Eds.; The Electrochemical Society: Pennington, NJ, USA, 2005; pp. 571-583.
144. Wood, A.; Pastula, M.; Waldbilig, D.; Ivey, D.G. Initial testing of solutions to redox problems with anode-supported SOFC. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A1929-A1935.
145. Mukerjee, S.; Grieve, M.J.; Keegan, K.R. Methods for Preventing Anode Oxidation in a Fuel Cell. Eur. Patent 1263071, 15 April 2002.
146. England, D.M.; Haltiner, K.J., Jr.; Kelly, S.M.; Faville, M.T. Oxygen Getters for Anode Protection in a Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stack. WO Patent 2004001885, 31 December 2003.
147. Haltiner, K.J., Jr.; Mukerjee, S.; Tachtler, J.; Edlinger, B.; England, D.M.; Faville, M.T.; Kelly, S.M. Oxygen Isolation and Collection For Anode Protection in a Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stack. WO Patent 2004001875, 31 December 2003.
148. Halliop, W.; McAlary, G.M.; George, R.A. Fuel Cell System with Degradation Protected Anode. WO Patent 2004012288A2, 5 February 2004.
149. Singh, S.P.; Malhotra, A. Process and Apparatus for Autothermal Reforming with Recycle of a Portion of the Produced Syngas. Eur. Patent 1400489A1, 11 September 2003.
150. Young, J.L.; Vedharathinam, V.; Birss, V.I. Reverse Cell Bias for the Prevention of Ni Oxidation During Air Exposure. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 1697-1706.
151. Backhaus-Ricoult, M.; Badding, M.E.; Harris, J.M.; Marx, P. Segmented Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack and Methods for Operation and Use Thereof. U.S. Patent 20090110993, 30 April 2009.
152. Vedasri, V.; Young, J.L.; Birss, V.I. A possible solution to the mechanical degradation of Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells due to redox cycling. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 5534-5542.
153. Weissman, J.G.; England, D.M. Method for Cooling Oxygen Sensitive Components. U.S. Patent 20060035122, 16 February 2006.
154. Wuillemin, Z.; Autissier, N.; Nakajo, M.; Luong, M.; van Herle, J.; Favrat, D. Modeling and study of the influence of sealing on a solid oxide fuel cell. J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. 2008, 5, 011016:1-011016:9.
155. Wuillemin, Z. Experimental and Modeling Investigations on Local Performance and Local Degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland, 2009.
156. Dikwal, C.M.; Bujalski, W.; Kendall, K. Characterization of the electrochemical performance of micro-tubular SOFC in partial reduction and oxidation conditions. J. Power Sources 2008, 181, 267-273.
157. Heo, Y.-H.; Lee, J.-W.; Lee, S.-B.; Lim, T.-H.; Park, S.-J.; Song, R.-H.; Park, C.-O.; Shin, D.-R. Redox-induced performance degradation of anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2011, 36, 797-804.
158. Kendall, K. Progress in microtubular solid oxide fuel cells. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2010, 7, 1-9.
159. Williams, M.C.; Strakey, J.; Sudoval, W. U.S. DOE fossil energy fuel cells program. J. Power Sources 2006, 159, 1241-1247.
160. Huang, P.; Tang, E.; Ghosh, D. Redox Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. U.S. Patent 20020098406, 18 July 2002.
161. Batawi, E.; Voisard, C.; Weissen, U.; Hoffmann, J.; Sikora, Y.; Frei, J. Materials developement at Sulzer Hexis for the provision of a combined heat and power SOFC system. In Proceedings of the 6th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Morgensen, M., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2004; pp. 767-773.
162. Mosch, S.; Trofimenko, N.; Kusnezoff, M.; Betz, T.; Kellner, M. Long-term and redox stability of electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cells under various operating conditions. ECS Trans. 2007, 7, 381-388.
163. Sfeir, J.; Mai, A.; Weissen, U.; Iwanschitz, B.; Denzler, R.; Haberstock, D.; Kruschwitz, R.; Hocker, T.; Roos, M. Status of SOFC stack and material development at Hexis. In Proceedings of the 8th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Bossel, U., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2008; p. B0307.
164. Mai, A.; Iwanschitz, B.; Weissen, U.; Denzler, R.; Haberstock, D.; Nerlich, V.; Sfeir, J.; Schuler, A. Status of Hexis SOFC stack development and the Galileo 1000 N micro-CHP system. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 149-158.
165. Glauche, A.; Betz, T. Commercialization and enhancement of SOFC products. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 2-106.
166. Brabandt, J.; Fang, Q.; Schimanke, D.; Heinrich, M.; Mai, B.E.; Wunderlich, C. System Relevant Redox Cycling in SOFC Stacks. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 243-249.
167. Ouweltjes, J.P.; Van Tuel, M.; Sillessen, M.; Rietveld, G. Redox tolerant SOFC anodes with high electrochemical performance. Fuel Cells 2009, 9, 873-882.
168. Ukai, K.; Hisada, K. Single cell for a solid oxide fuel cell. US Patent 20040072060, 15 April 2004.
169. Weber, A. Fuel cells-Solid oxide fuel cells/life-limiting considerations. In Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources; Jürgen, G., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009; pp. 120-134.
170. Larsen, P.H.; Mogensen, M.B.; Linderoth, S.; Hansen, K.K.; Wang, W. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. WO Patent 2005122300A2-1, 22 December 2005.
171. Larsen, P.H. A Method for Producing a Reversible Solid Oxid Fuel Cell. WO Patent 2006082057A2, 10 August 2006.
172. Lang, M.; Franco, T.; Johnson, M.; Schiller, G.; Szabo, P. Charaterization of vacuum plasma sprayed planar solid oxide fuel cells during reduction-oxidation cycling. In Proceedings of the 6th European Fuel Cell Forum; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2004; pp. 877-886.
173. Lang, M.; Szabo, P.; Ilhan, Z.; Cinque, S.; Franco, T.; Schiller, G. Development of solid oxide fuel cells and short stacks for mobile application. J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol. 2007, 4, 384-391.
174. Szabo, P.; Arnold, J.; Franco, T.; Gindrat, M.; Refke, A.; Zagst, A.; Ansar, A. Progress in the metal supported solid oxide fuel cells and stacks for APU. ECS Trans. 2009, 25, 175-185.
175. Blennow, P.; Hjelm, J.; Klemensoe, T.; Ramousse, S.; Kromp, A.; Leonide, A.; Weber, A. Manufacturing and characterization of metal supported SOFCs. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 16-11.
176. Blennow, P.; Hjelm, J.; Klemenso, T.; Ramousse, S.; Kromp, A.; Leonide, A.; Weber, A. Manufacturing and characterization of metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 7117-7125.
177. Tucker, M.C.; Lau, G.Y.; Jacobson, C.P.; DeJonghe, L.C.; Visco, S.J. Stability and robustness of metal-supported SOFCs. J. Power Sources 2008, 175, 447-451.
178. Fujita, K.; Somekawa, T.; Horiuchi, K.; Matsuzaki, Y. Evaluation of the redox stability of segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cell stacks. J. Power Sources 2009, 193, 130-135.
179. Pillai, M.R.; Gostovic, D.; Kim, I.; Barnett, S.A. Short-period segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells on flattened tube supports. J. Power Sources 2007, 163, 960-965.
180. Pillai, M.R.; Kim, I.; Bierschenk, D.M.; Barnett, S.A. Fuel-flexible operation of a solid oxide fuel cell with Sr0.8La0.2TiO3 support. J. Power Sources 2008, 185, 1086-1093.
181. Ihringer, R. 2R-cell: Reliability of anode supported thin electrolyte upon multi thermo and redox cycles in SOFC. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 2-50.
182. Malzbender, J.; Wessel, E.; Steinbrech, R.W. Reduction and re-oxidation of anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 2005, 176, 2201-2203.
183. Mueller, A.C.; Kruegel, A.; Weber, A.; Ivers-Tiffee, E. Characterization of multilayer anodes for SOFC. In Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Symposium, Symposium EE: Solid State Ionics Conf, Boston MA, December 2002; MRS: Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2003; pp. 533-538.
184. Itoh, H.; Yamamoto, T.; Mori, M.; Horita, T.; Sakai, N.; Yokokawa, H.; Dokiya, M. Configurational and electrical behavior of Ni-YSZ cermet with novel microstructure for solid oxide fuel cell anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, 641-646.
185. Robert, G.; Kaiser, A.; Batawi, E. Anode substrate design for redox-stable ASE cells. In Proceedings of the 6th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Mogensen, M., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2004; p. 193.
186. Faes, A.; Wuillemin, Z.; Tanasini, P.; Accardo, N.; Modena, S.; Schindler, H.J.; Cantoni, M.; Lübbe, H.; Diethelm, S.; Hessler-Wyser, A.; van Herle, J. Design of experiment approach applied to reducing and oxidizing tolerance of anode supported solid oxide fuel cell. Part II: Electrical, electrochemical and microstructural characterization of tape-cast cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 8909-8917.
187. Faes, A.; Wuillemin, Z.; Tanasini, P.; Accardo, N.; Van Herle, J. Redox stable Ni-YSZ anode support in solid oxide fuel cell stack configuration. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 3553-3558.
188. Ukai, K.; Hisada, K.; Hata, K.; Aikawa, N.; Shimomura, M. Fuel electrode material, a fuel electrode, and a solid oxide fuel cell. U.S. Patent 20060110633 A1, 25 May 2006.
189. Robert, G.; Kaiser, A.F.-J.; Batawi, E. Structured Body for an Anode Used in Fuel Cells. U.S. Patent 20030165726 A1, 4 September 2003.
190. Wang, Z.; Mori, M.; Itoh, T. Evaluation of Porous Ni-YSZ Cermets with Ni content of 0-30 vol % As Insulating Substrates for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 1631-1640.
191. Costamagna, P.; Costa, P.; Antonucci, V. Micro-modelling of solid oxide fuel cell electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43, 375-394.
192. Xue, Q. The influence of particle shape and size on electric conductivity of metal-polymer composites. Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40, 323-327.
193. Mahoney, F.M. Reduction-oxidation tolerant electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells. U.S. Patent 20100159356, 24 June 2010.
194. Wuillemin, Z. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland. Personal communication, 2007.
195. Richardson, J.T. Magnetism and catalysis. J. Appl. Phys. 1978, 49, 1781-1786.
196. Faes, A. Etude D'un Nanocomposite D'oxyde De Fer Et De Silice Pour Des Applications En Hyperthermie; Master Thesis, EPFL: Lausanne, Swizerland, 2005.
197. Ichiyanagi, Y.; Wakabayashi, N.; Yamazaki, J.; Yamada, S.; Kimishima, Y.; Komatsu, E.; Tajima, H. Magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles. Phys. B 2003, 329-333, 862-863.
198. Clemmer, R.M.C.; Corbin, S.F. Influence of porous composite microstructure on the processing and properties of solid oxide fuel cell anodes. Solid State Ionics 2004, 166, 251-259.
199. Clemmer, R.M.C.; Corbin, S.F. Co-sintering behaviour of porous NI-YSZ composite sofc anodes. In Proceedings of the Ceramic Engineering and Science; The American Ceramic Society: Westerville, OH, USA, 2005; pp. 331-340.
200. Clemmer, R.M.C.; Corbin, S.F. The influence of pore and Ni morphology on the electrical conductivity of porous Ni/YSZ composite anodes for use in solid oxide fuel cell applications. Solid State Ionics 2009, 180, 721-730.
201. Corbin, S.F.; Qiao, X. Development of solid oxide fuel cell anodes using metal-coated pore-forming agents. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2003, 86, 401-406.
202. Yang, Q.; Corbin, S.; Paserin, V.; Clemmer, R.M.C.; Huang, H.H.; Charles, D. Nickel Foam and Felt-Based Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. WO Patent 05099000, 20 October 2005.
203. Corbin, S.F.; Clemmer, R.M.; Yang, Q. Development and characterization of sofc Ni-YSZ anodes using highly porous Ni foam. In Proceedings of the Ceramic Engineering and Science; The American Ceramic Society: Westerville, OH, USA, 2005; pp. 151-158.
204. Corbin, S.F.; Clemmer, R.M.C.; Yang, Q. Development and characterization of porous composites for solid oxide fuel cell anode conduction layers using ceramic-filled highly porous Ni foam. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2009, 92, 331-337.
205. Hwang, C.S. Anode On A Pretreated Substrate for Improving Redox-Stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and the Fabrication Method Therof. U.S. Patent 20120021332 A1, 26 January 2012.
206. Hwang, C.S. Porous Metal Substrate Structure Fora Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. U.S. Patent 20120021333 A1, 26 January 2012.
207. Jiang, S.P. A review of wet impregnation-An alternative method for the fabrication of high performance and nano-structured electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2006, 418, 199-210.
208. Jasinski, P.; Suzuki, T.; Petrovsky, V.; Anderson, H.U. Nanocomposite nickel ceria cermet with low nickel content for anode-supported SOFCs. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2005, 8, A219-A221.
209. 3-delta co-impregnated yttria-stabilized zirconia anode for single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 6897-6904.
210. Buyukaksoy, A.; Petrovsky, V.; Dogan, F. Redox Stable Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Ni-YSZ Cermet Anodes Prepared by Polymeric Precursor Infiltration. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, B232-B234.
211. Kim, S.D.; Moon, H.; Hyun, S.H.; Moon, J.; Kim, J.; Lee, H.W. Performance and durability of Ni-coated YSZ anodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 2006, 177, 931-938.
212. Lee, H.W.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, J.S.; Song, H.S.; Ko, H.J.; Lee, K.C. Anode of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Networking Structure and a Method of its Preparation. U.S. Patent 7,597,978, 6 October 2009.
213. Waldbillig, D.; Wood, A.; Ivey, D.G. Enhancing the redox tolerance of anode-supported SOFC by microstructural modification. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B133-B138.
214. Ihringer, R. 2R-Cell: Reliability of anode supported thin electrolyte upon multi thermo and redox cycles in solid oxide fuel cell. In Proceedings of the European Fuel Cell Technology and Applications-Pietro Lunghi Conference, Rome, Italy, 15-18 December 2009; pp. 187-188.
215. Ihringer, R. 2R-Cell: A Universal Cell for an Easy and Safe SOFC Operation. ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 393-402.
216. Wood, A.; Waldbillig, D. Preconditioning Treatment to Enhance Redox Tolerance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. WO Patent 2006077469, 29 June 2006.
217. Larsen, P.H.; Chung, C.; Mogensen, M. Redox-Stable Anode. WO Patent 2006079558A1, 3 August 2006.
218. Kim, H.; Lu, C.; Worrell, W.L.; Vohs, J.M.; Gorte, R.J. Cu-Ni cermet anodes for direct oxidation of methane in solid-oxide fuel cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, A247-A250.
219. Arico, A.S.; Gullo, L.R.; La Rosa, D.; Siracusano, S.; Lopes Correira Tavares, A.B.; Sin Xicola, A. Ceramic Anode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. WO Patent 04038844, 6 May 2004.
220. La Rosa, D.; Lo Faro, M.; Monforte, G.; Antonucci, V.; Arico, A.S.; Sin, A. Recent advances in the development of NiCu alloy catalysts for IT-SOFCs. ECS Trans. 2007, 7, 1685-1693.
221. Sin, A.; Kopnin, E.; Dubitsky, Y.; Zaopo, A.; Arico, A.S.; La Rosa, D.; Gullo, L.R.; Antonucci, V. Performance and life-time behaviour of NiCu-CGO anodes for the direct electro-oxidation of methane in IT-SOFCs. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 300-305.
222. Sin Xicola, A.; Albizzati, E.; Arico, A.S.; Gullo, L.R.; La Rosa, D.; Antonucci, V. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. WO Patent 05041329, 6 May 2005.
223. Yokokawa, H.; Sakai, N.; Horita, T.; Yamaji, K. Recent developments in solid oxide fuel cell materials. Fuel Cells 2001, 1, 117-131.
224. Schäfer, W.; Koch, A.; Herold-Schmidt, U.; Stolten, D. Materials, interfaces and production techniques for planar solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 1996, 86-88, 1235-1239.
225. Jain, K.C.; Parsian, M.; Gillispie, B.; Keller, J.M.; Kerr, R.D. High strength support for solid oxide fuel cell. U.S. Patent 20090047569, 9 February 2009.
226. Ukai, K.; Mizutani, Y.; Hisada, K.; Yokoyama, M.; Futaki, S.; Toya, H. Fuel electrode material, a fuel electrode, and a solid oxide fuel cell. U.S. Patent 20060110633 A1, 25 May 2006.
227. Kiratzis, N.E.; Connor, P.; Irvine, J.T.S. Preparation and characterization of copper based cermet anodes for use in solid oxide fuel cells at intermediate temperatures. J. Electroceram. 2010, 24, 270-287.
228. Nakamura, K.; Somekawa, T.; Baba, Y.; Horiuchi, K.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Yoshimoto, M. Expansion and shrinkage in the redox process of (Mg,Ni)O solid solutions for preparation of steam reforming catalysts in SOFCs. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 2009, 117, 166-170.
229. Fujita, K.; Somekawa, T.; Hatae, T.; Matsuzaki, Y. Residual stress and redox cycling of segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 9022-9026.
230. Somekawa, T.; Horiuchi, K.; Matsuzaki, Y. A study of electrically insulated oxide substrates for flat-tube segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2012, 202, 114-119.
231. 4 particle circulation at 1200 °C. Energy Convers. Manage. 2002, 43, 1469-1478.
232. Villa, R.; Cristiani, C.; Groppi, G.; Lietti, L.; Forzatti, P.; Cornaro, U.; Rossini, S. Ni based mixed oxide materials for CH4 oxidation under redox cycle conditions. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 2003, 204-205, 637-646.
233. Tao, S.; Irvine, J.T.S. Discovery and characterization of novel oxide anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. Chem. Rec. 2004, 4, 83-95.
234. Tietz, F.; Fu, Q.; Haanappel, V.A.C.; Mai, A.; Menzler, N.H.; Uhlenbruck, S. Materials development for advanced planar solid oxide fuel cells. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2007, 4, 436-445.
235. Atkinson, A.; Barnett, S.; Gorte, R.J.; Irvine, J.T.S.; McEvoy, A.J.; Mogensen, M.; Singhal, S.C.; Vohs, J. Advanced anodes for high-temperature fuel cells. Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 17-27.
236. Marina, O.A.; Bagger, C.; Primdahl, S.; Mogensen, M. A solid oxide fuel cell with a gadolinia-doped ceria anode: Preparation and performance. Solid State Ionics 1999, 123, 199-208.
237. Marina, O.A.; Canfield, N.L.; Stevenson, J.W. Thermal, electrical, and electrocatalytical properties of lanthanum-doped strontium titanate. Solid State Ionics 2002, 149, 21-28.
238. Marina, O.A.; Stevenson, J.W. Integral Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Reacting Fuel Gas With Oxidant Gas at Elevated Temperature to Produce Direct Current Output Voltage, Includes Conductive Anode Layer Comprising Cerium-Modified Doped Strontium Titanate Material. U.S. Patent 20040001994, 1 January 2004.
239. Marina, O.A.; Pederson, L.R. Composite solid oxide fuel cell anode based on ceria and strontium titanate. U.S. Patent 20087468218, 23 December 2008.
240. Marina, O.A.; Pederson, L.R. Anode for making solid oxide fuel cell for use in fuel cell stack assembly comprises two phase mixture including a second phase of donor-doped cerium oxide. U.S. Patent 2005250000-A1, 10 November 2005.
241. Fu, Q.; Tietz, F.; Buchkremer, H.-P.; Stoever, D. Ceramic Material Combination for an Anode of a High-Temperature Fuel Cell. WO Patent 08003288, 10 January 2008.
242. Miller, D.N.; Irvine, J. B-site doping of lanthanum strontium titanate for SOFC anodes. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 9-104.
243. Gross, M.D.; Vohs, J.M.; Gorte, R.J. A strategy for achieving high performance with SOFC ceramic anodes. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2007, 10, B65-B69.
244. 2-delta solid oxide fuel cell anodes exhibiting regenerative behavior. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 3089-3094.
245. Bastidas, D.M.; Tao, S.; Irvine, J.T.S. A symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell demonstrating redox stable perovskite electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 1603-1605.
246. 3-d as both anode and cathode material with improved microstructure in solid oxide fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 52, 278-284.
247. Sin, Y.W.; Petrovsky, V.; Anderson, H.U. Redox stable electrodes for hydrogen producing solid oxide electrolyzer. ECS Trans. 2007, 2, 1-7.
248. Barnett, S.A.; Liu, J.; Madsen, B.; Ji, Z. Fuel-Flexible Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. WO Patent 03041196, 15 May 2003.
249. Barnett, S.; Liu, J.; Lin, Y. Operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes with Practical Hydrocarbon Fuels; Northwestern University: Evanston, IL, USA, 2004.
250. Cassidy, M.; Boulfrad, S.; Irvine, J.; Chung, C.; Jorger, M.; Munnings, C.; Pyke, S. Integration of oxide anodes into the Rolls-Royce IP-SOFC concept. Fuel Cells 2009, 9, 891-898.
251. Martinez-Arias, A.; Hungria, A.B.; Fernandez-Garcia, M.; Iglesias-Juez, A.; Conesa, J.C.; Mather, G.C.; Munuera, G. Cerium-terbium mixed oxides as potential materials for anodes in solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2005, 151, 43-51.
252. 3-d functioning as an electrolyte and as an anode. Solid State Ionics 2006, 177, 2951-2956.
253. Yoon, K.J.; Coyle, C.A.; Marina, O.A. Doped yttrium chromite-ceria composite as a redox-stable and sulfur-tolerant anode for solid oxide fuel cells. Electrochem. Commun. 2011, 13, 1400-1403.
254. Smith, B.H.; Gross, M.D. A highly conductive oxide anode for solid oxide fuel cells. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2011, 14, B1-B5.
255. Fu, Q.; Tietz, F.; Sebold, D.; Tao, S.; Irvine, J.T.S. An efficient ceramic-based anode for solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2007, 171, 663-669.
256. 3: Dependence on preparation and processing procedures. In Proceedings of Electrochemical Society, Quebec, Canada, 2005; pp. 1417-1428.
257. 3 as potential SOFC anode materials. Solid State Ionics 2006, 177, 1059-1069.
258. Fu, Q.X.; Tietz, F.; Stoever, D. Ceramic-based anode materials for improved redox cycling of solid oxide fuel cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153.
259. 3 materials as anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 2011, 192, 535-539.
260. Ma, Q.; Tietz, F.; Leonide, A.; Ivers-Tiffée, E. SOFCs based on Y-substituted SrTiO3 ceramic anode materials. In Proceedings of the 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum; Connor, P., Ed.; EFCF: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 71-80.
261. Ma, Q.; Tietz, F.; Leonide, A.; Ivers-Tiffée, E. Anode-supported planar SOFC with high performance and redox stability. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 1326-1328.
262. 3 ceramic anode materials. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 7308-7312.
263. Waldbillig, D.; Wood, A.; Joia, T.; Tang, E. Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with a Porous Multifunctional Layer. WO Patent 2006010260A1, 2 February 2006.
264. Lee, D.; Lee, I.; Jeon, Y.; Song, R. Characterization of scandia stabilized zirconia prepared by glycine nitrate process and its performance as the electrolyte for IT-SOFC. Solid State Ionics 2005, 176, 1021-1025.
265. Mizutani, Y.; Hisada, K.; Ukai, K.; Sumi, H.; Yokoyama, M.; Nakamura, Y.; Yamamoto, O. From rare earth doped zirconia to 1 kW solid oxide fuel cell system. J. Alloys Compd. 2006, 408-412, 518-524.
266. Ju, Y.W.; Ida, S.; Inagaki, T.; Ishihara, T. Reoxidation behavior of Ni-Fe bimetallic anode substrate in solid oxide fuel cells using a thin LaGaO3 based film electrolyte. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 6062-6069.
267. Frandsen, H.L.; Ramos, T.; Faes, A.; Pihlatie, M.; Brodersen, K. Optimization of the strength of SOFC anode supports. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2012, 32, 1041-1052.