Extrinsic aging: UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis

Dermato-Endocrinology

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Tsatsou, Fragkiski ^a   Trakatelli, Myrto ^a   Patsatsi, Aikaterini ^a   Kalokasidis, Konstantinos ^a   Sotiriadis, Dimitrios ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Actinic keratosis; Basal cell carcinoma; Carcinogenesis; Field cancerization; Lentigo maligna; Photoprotection; Skin aging; Skin cancer; Squamous cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN PATCHED;

ACTINIC KERATOSIS; AWARENESS; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GROWTH; CUTANEOUS PARAMETERS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPILUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FOLLOW UP; GENE MUTATION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LENTIGO; MALIGNANT LENTIGO; NON MELANOMA SKIN CANCER; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SELF EXAMINATION; SENILE LENTIGO; SKIN CANCER; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

EID: 84871903823     PISSN: 19381972     EISSN: 19381980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/derm.22519     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E. Clinical aspects and molecular diagnostics of skin aging. Clin Dermatol 2011; 29:3-14; PMID:21146726; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.clindermatol.2010.07.001.
2. Suppa M, Elliott F, Mikeljevic JS, Mukasa Y, Chan M, Leake S, et al. The determinants of periorbital skin ageing in participants of a melanoma case-control study in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:1011-21; PMID:21787368; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10536.x.
3. Manestar-Blazi T, Batinac T, Hadzisejdi I, Brajac I. Apoptosis and immune response are responsible for the site-specific incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68:853-5; PMID:17052858; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.mehy.2006.08.039.
4. Goldberg LH, Mamelak AJ. Review ofactinic keratosis. Part I: etiology, epidemiology and clinical presentation. J Drugs Dermatol 2010; 9:1125-32; PMID:20865846.
5. Schmitt JV, Miot HA. Actinic keratosis: a clinical and epidemiological revision. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87:425-34; PMID:22714759; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1590/S0365-05962012000300012.
6. Trakatelli M, Charalampidis S, Novakovic LB, Patsatsi A, Kalabalikis D, Sotiriadis D. Photodermatoses with onset in the elderly. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161(Suppl 3):69-77; PMID:19775360; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009. 09452.x.
7. Rass K, Reichrath J. UV damage and DNA repair in malignant melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 624:162-78; PMID:18348455; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6-13.
8. Hu B, Castillo E, Harewood L, Ostano P, Reymond A, Dummer R, et al. Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization from loss of mesenchymal CSL signaling. Cell 2012; 149:1207-20; PMID:22682244; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.cell.2012.03.048.
9. Duncan KO, Geisse JK, Leffell DJ. Epithelial precancerous lesions. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill, 2012: 1261-1283.
10. Szeimies RM, Torezan L, Niwa A, Valente N, Unger P, Kohl E, et al. Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of human skin field cancerization before and after photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:150-9; PMID:22329784; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10887.x.
11. Braathen LR, Morton CA, Basset-Seguin N, Bissonnette R, Gerritsen MJ, Gilaberte Y, et al.; International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology. Photodynamic therapy for skin field cancerization: an international consensus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26:1063-6; PMID:22220503; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04432.x.
12. Zwald FO, Brown M. Skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: advances in therapy and management: part I. Epidemiology of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:253-61, quiz 262; PMID:21763561.
13. Patel KB. Bowen's Disease Treated with Imiquimod and Cryotherapy. Indian J Dermatol 2012; 57:239-41; PMID:22707785; http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154. 96217.
14. Kossard S, Rosen R. Cutaneous Bowen's disease. An analysis of 1001 cases according to age, sex, and site. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:406-10; PMID:1401276; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(92)70208-W.
15. Rossi R, Calzavara-Pinton PG, Giannetti A, Peserico A, Santucci M, Vena GA, et al. Italian guidelines and therapeutic algorithm for actinic keratoses. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2009; 144:713-23; PMID:19907409.
16. Bangash HK, Colegio OR. Management of nonmelanoma skin cancer in immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2012; 13:354-76; PMID:22592596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11864-012-0195-3.
17. Samarasinghe V, Madan V. Nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2012; 5:3-10; PMID:22557848; http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.94323.
18. Spandau DF, Lewis DA, Somani AK, Travers JB. Fractionated laser resurfacing corrects the inappropriate UVB response in geriatric skin. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1591-6; PMID:22377757; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.29.
19. Kasper M, Jaks V, Hohl D, Toftgård R. Basal cell carcinoma - molecular biology and potential new therapies. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:455-63; PMID:22293184; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI58779.
20. Trakatelli M, Ulrich C, del Marmol V, Euvrard S, Stockfleth E, Abeni D. Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in Europe: accurate and comparable data are needed for effective public health monitoring and interventions. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156(Suppl 3):1-7; PMID:17488399; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07861.x.
21. de Vries E, Micallef R, Brewster DH, Gibbs JH, Flohil SC, Saksela O, et al.; EPIDERM Group. Population-based estimates of the occurrence of multiple vs first primary basal cell carcinomas in 4 European regions. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148:347-54; PMID:22431775; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.2244.
22. Chinem VP, Miot HA. Epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:292-305; PMID:21603813; http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365- 05962011000200013.
23. Castori M, Morrone A, Kanitakis J, Grammatico P. Genetic skin diseases predisposing to basal cell carcinoma. Eur J Dermatol 2012; 22:299-309; PMID:22391625.
24. Tang JY. Elucidating the role of molecular signaling pathways in the tumorigenesis of basal cell carcinoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2011; 30(Suppl):S6-9; PMID:22177103; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2011.11.001.
25. Gupta S, Takebe N, Lorusso P. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2010; 2:237-50; PMID:21789137; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1758834010366430.
26. Low JA, de Sauvage FJ. Clinical experience with Hedgehog pathway inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:5321-6; PMID:21041712; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1200/JCO.2010.27.9943.
27. Ritchie SA, Patel MJ, Miller SJ. Therapeutic options to decrease actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma incidence and progression in solid organ transplant recipients: a practical approach. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:1604-21; PMID:22646842; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02452.x.
28. Berg D, Otley CC. Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47:1-17, quiz 18-20; PMID:12077575; http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.125579.
29. Carucci JA, Leffell DJ, Pettersen JS. Basal cell carcinoma. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill, 2012: 1294-1303.
30. Puig S, Cecilia N, Malvehy J. Dermoscopic criteria and basal cell carcinoma. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2012; 147:135-40; PMID:22481576.
31. Leibovitch I, Huilgol SC, Selva D, Richards S, Paver R. Basal cell carcinoma treated with Mohs surgery in Australia III. Perineural invasion. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53:458-63; PMID:16112353; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad. 2005.04.089.
32. Hakverdi S, Balci DD, Dogramaci CA, Toprak S, Yaldiz M. Retrospective analysis of basal cell carcinoma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011; 77:251; PMID:21393972; http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.77483.
33. Gropper AB, Girouard SD, Hojman LP, Huang SJ, Qian X, Murphy GF, et al. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma of the posterior neck: case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:526-34; PMID:22515224; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01871.x.
34. Weinstock MA, Still JM. Assessing current treatment options for patients with severe/advanced basal cell carcinoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2011; 30(Suppl):S10-3; PMID:22177101; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2011.11.004.
35. Martorell-Calatayud A, Sanmartín Jimenez O, Cruz Mojarrieta J, Guillén Barona C. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Defining the High-Risk Variant. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2012; In Press; PMID:22770898.
36. Grossman D, Leffell DJ. Squamous cell carcinoma. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill, 2012: 1283-94.
37. Lee LA, Huang CG, Liao CT, Lee LY, Hsueh C, Chen TC, et al. Human papillomavirus-16 infection in advanced oral cavity cancer patients is related to an increased risk of distant metastases and poor survival. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40767; PMID:22808258; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040767.
38. Marques-Silva L, Farias LC, Fraga CA, de Oliveira MV, Cardos CM, Fonseca-Silva T, et al. HPV-16/18 detection does not affect the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in younger and older patients. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:945-9; PMID:22741024.
39. Arron ST, Jennings L, Nindl I, Rosl F, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Seçkin D, et al.; Viral Working Group of the International Transplant Skin Cancer Collaborative (ITSCC) & Skin Care in Organ Transplant Patients, Europe (SCOPE). Viral oncogenesis and its role in nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:1201-13; PMID:21418174; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2133.2011.10322.x.
40. Andersson K, Michael KM, Luostarinen T, Waterboer T, Gislefoss R, Hakulinen T, et al. Prospective study of human papillomavirus seropositivity and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:685-95; PMID:22419740; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr373.
41. Allam E, Zhang W, Al-Shibani N, Sun J, Labban N, Song F, et al. Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1154-61; PMID:21489402; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio. 2011.03.008.
42. Spandau DF, Lewis DA, Somani AK, Travers JB. Fractionated laser resurfacing corrects the inappropriate UVB response in geriatric skin. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1591-6; PMID:22377757; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.29.
43. El-Hawary AK, Yassin E, Khater A, Abdelgaber S. Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 and Ki-67 in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Non-xeroderma Pigmentosum. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; In Press; PMID:22722466.
44. Lonsdorf AS, Becker MR, Stockfleth E, Schäkel K, Ulrich C. Primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Hautarzt 2010; 61:195-206; PMID:20177652; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00105-009-1858-2.
45. Ritchie SA, Patel MJ, Miller SJ. Therapeutic options to decrease actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma incidence and progression in solid organ transplant recipients: a practical approach. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:1604-21; PMID:22646842; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02452.x.
46. Bangash HK, Colegio OR. Management of non-melanoma skin cancer in immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2012; 13:354-76; PMID:22592596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11864-012-0195-3.
47. Signorell J, Hunziker T, Martinelli M, Koestner SC, Mohacsi PJ. Recurrent non-melanoma skin cancer: remission of field cancerization after conversion from calcineurin inhibitor- to proliferation signal inhibitor-based immunosuppression in a cardiac transplant recipient. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:3871-5; PMID:21094874; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.090.
48. Brash DE, Ziegler A, Jonason AS, Simon JA, Kunala S, Leffell DJ. Sunlight and sunburn in human skin cancer: p53, apoptosis, and tumor promotion. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1996; 1:136-42; PMID:9627707.
49. Ziegler A, Jonason A, Simon J, Leffell D, Brash DE. Tumor suppressor gene mutations and photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 63:432-5; PMID:8934758; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03064.x.
50. Johnson TM, Rowe DE, Nelson BR, Swanson NA. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (excluding lip and oral mucosa). J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26:467-84; PMID:1564155; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(92)70074-P.
51. Alam M, Ratner DN. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:975-83; PMID:11274625; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103293441306.
52. Chollet A, Hohl D, Perrier P. Risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: the role of clinical and pathological reports. Rev Med Suisse 2012; 8:743-6; PMID:22545495.
53. Nuño-González A, Vicente-Martín FJ, Pinedo-Moraleda F, López-Estebaranz JL. High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2012; 103:567-78; PMID:22261673; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.adengl.2012.08.004.
54. Peat B, Insull P, Ayers R. Risk stratification for metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. ANZ J Surg 2012; 82:230-3; PMID:22510179; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2011.05994.x.
55. Brougham ND, Dennett ER, Cameron R, Tan ST. The incidence of metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and the impact of its risk factors. J Surg Oncol 2012; In Press; PMID:22592943; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.23155.
56. Situm M, Bulat V, Buljan M, Puljiz Z, Situm V, Bolanca Z. Senile lentigo - cosmetic or medical issue of the elderly population. Coll Antropol 2010; 34(Suppl 2):85-8; PMID:21302707.
57. Peter RU, Gottlöber P, Nadeshina N, Krähn G, Plewig G, Kind P. Radiation lentigo. A distinct cutaneous lesion after accidental radiation exposure. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133:209-11; PMID:9041835; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1001/archderm.1997.03890380081012.
58. Grichnik JM, Rhodes AR, Sober AJ. Benign neoplasias and hyperplasias of melanocytes. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill, 2012: 1377-1410.
59. Hölzle E. Pigmented lesions as a sign of photodamage. Br J Dermatol 1992; 127(Suppl 41):48-50; PMID:1390186; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133. 1992.tb16989.x.
60. Pralong P, Bathelier E, Dalle S, Poulalhon N, Debarbieux S, Thomas L. Dermoscopy of lentigo maligna melanoma: report of 125 cases. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:280-7; PMID:22404578; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10932.x.
61. Kvaskoff M, Siskind V, Green AC. Risk factors for lentigo maligna melanoma compared with superficial spreading melanoma: a case-control study in Australia. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148:164-70; PMID:22004881; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1001/archdermatol.2011.291.
62. Le Gal FA, Toutous-Trellu L, Kaya G, Salomon D. Lentigo maligna: a special melanoma. Rev Med Suisse 2011; 7:765-6, 768-71; PMID:21568099.
63. Situm M, Bolanca Z, Buljan M. Lentigo maligna melanoma--the review. Coll Antropol 2010; 34(Suppl 2):299-301; PMID:21305747.
64. Naldi L, Altieri A, Imberti GL, Gallus S, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C; Oncology Study Group of the Italian Group for Epidemiologic Research in Dermatology. Sun exposure, phenotypic characteristics, and cutaneous malignant melanoma. An analysis according to different clinico-pathological variants and anatomic locations (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:893-9; PMID:16132799; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-2300-4.
65. Walter SD, King WD, Marrett LD. Association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation: results of a case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28:418-27; PMID:10405843; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.3.418.
66. Feinmesser M, Tsabari C, Fichman S, Hodak E, Sulkes J, Okon E. Differential expression of proliferation-and apoptosis-related markers in lentigo maligna and solar keratosis keratinocytes. Am J Dermatopathol 2003; 25:300-7; PMID:12876487; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000372-200308000-00004.
67. Tanaka M, Sawada M, Kobayashi K. Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between lentigo maligna and solar lentigo. J Dermatol 2011; 38:53-8; PMID:21175756; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01132.x.
68. Pralong P, Bathelier E, Dalle S, Poulalhon N, Debarbieux S, Thomas L. Dermoscopy of lentigo maligna melanoma: report of 125 cases. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:280-7; PMID:22404578; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10932.x.
69. Akay BN, Kocyigit P, Heper AO, Erdem C. Dermatoscopy of flat pigmented facial lesions: diagnostic challenge between pigmented actinic keratosis and lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1212-7; PMID:21083845; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10025.x.
70. Somach SC, Taira JW, Pitha JV, Everett MA. Pigmented lesions in actinically damaged skin. Histopathologic comparison of biopsy and excisional specimens. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:1297-302; PMID:8915306; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1001/archderm.1996.03890350035006.
71. Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Melanoma of older subjects. Rev Med Liege 2011; 66:34-40; PMID:21374959.
72. Reed JA, Shea CR. Lentigo maligna: melanoma in situ on chronically sun-damaged skin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:838-41; PMID:21732771.
73. Gillen W, Forman SB, Nunley JR, Bhole S, Eliason K, Fox P, et al. Check your skin: insights regarding skin cancer education. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:427-8, 428, e1; PMID:21763569; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.11.041.
74. Surber C, Pittelkow M, Lautenschlager S. Photoprotection in transplant recipients. Curr Probl Dermatol 2012; 43:171-96; PMID:22377929; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335799.
75. Zwald FO, Brown M. Skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: advances in therapy and management: part II. Management of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:263-79, quiz 280; PMID:21763562.
76. Tessari G, Girolomoni G. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: update on epidemiology, risk factors, and management. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:1622-30; PMID:22805312; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524- 4725.2012.02520.x.
77. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers. 2011;v.1: Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician-gls/pdf/nmsc.pdf.
78. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology,Melanoma. Version1.2013.http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician- gls/pdf/melanoma.pdf
79. Feng L, Wang Z. Clinical trials in chemoprevention of head and neck cancers. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2012; 7:249-54; PMID:22540907.
80. Kadakia KC, Barton DL, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Otley CC, Diekmann BB, et al. Randomized controlled trial of acitretin versus placebo in patients at high-risk for basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study 969251). Cancer 2012; 118:2128-37; PMID:21882176; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26374.
81. Szumiło J, Podlodowska J, Podlodowski W, Starosławska E, Burdan F. Chemoprevention of oral cancer - clinical and experimental studies. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2012; 32:138-42; PMID:22590920.
82. Wu PA, Stern RS. Topical tretinoin, another failure in the pursuit of practical chemoprevention for non-melanoma skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1532-5; PMID:22584499; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.136.
83. Weinstock MA, Bingham SF, Digiovanna JJ, Rizzo AE, Marcolivio K, Hall R, et al.; Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial Group. Tretinoin and the prevention of keratinocyte carcinoma (Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin): a veterans affairs randomized chemoprevention trial. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1583-90; PMID:22318383; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid. 2011.483.