Carbonate rocks and petroleum reservoirs: A geological perspective from the industry

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 370, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 17-37

  Burchette, Trevor P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAS INDUSTRY; HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION; HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR; OIL INDUSTRY; PERMEABILITY; POROSITY; RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION; RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 84871863972     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/SP370.14     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Aarnes, J. E., Kippe, V.& Lie, K.-A. 2005. Mixed multiscale finite elements and streamline methods for reservoir simulation of large geomodels. Advances in Water Resources, 28, 257-271.
2. Aarnes, J. E., Kippe, V., Lie, K-A. & Rustad, A. B. 2007. Modelling ofmultiscale structures in flowsimulation for petroleumreservoirs. In: Hasle, G., Lie, K-A. & Quak, E. (eds) Geometric Modelling, Numerical Simulation, and Optimisation, Part II. Springer, Berlin, 307-360.
3. Aby, S. B. 1994. Relation of bank-margin fractures to sealevel change, Exuma Islands, Bahamas. Geology, 22, 1063-1066.
4. Aguilera, R. 2002. Incorporating capillary pressure, pore throat aperture radii, height above free-water table, and Winland R35 values on Pickett plots. AAPG Bulletin, 86, 605-624.
5. Ahr, W.M. 2008. Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 277.
6. Austad, T., Strand, S., Madland, M. V., Puntervold, T. & Korsnes, R. I. 2008. Seawater in chalk: an EOR and compaction fluid. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 11, 648-654.
7. Ball, M. M. 1967. Carbonate sand bodies of Florida and the Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrologists, 37, 556-591.
8. Bardi, U. 2009. Peak oil: the four stages of a new idea. Energy, 34, 323-326.
9. Bathurst, R. G. C. 1967. Depth indicators in sedimentary carbonates. Marine Geology, 5, 447-471.
10. Bathurst, R. G. C. 1975. Carbonate Sediments and their Diagenesis. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Sedimentology, 12.
11. Beltrão, R. L. C., Sombra, C. L., Lage, A. C. V. M., Fagundes Netto, J. R. & Henriques, C. C. D. 2009. Pre-salt Santos basin - challenges and new technologies for the development of the pre-salt cluster. Santos Basin, Brazil. Offshore Technology Conference, 4-7 May 2009, Houston, TX. SPE19880-MS.
12. Bentley, R. W. 2001. Global oil and gas depletion: an overview. Energy Policy, 30, 189-205.
13. Bertotti, G., Boro, H. & Beekman, F. 2011. Platformto outcrop-scale fracture patterns in an atoll-like carbonate platform: the Latemar Case Study (Dolomites, Italy). AAPG Search and Discovery, article no. 40753 (2011 AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, April 10-13, 2011, Houston, Texas).
14. Billi, A., Salvini, F. & Storti, F. 2003. The damage zone-fault core transition in carbonate rocks: implications for fault growth, structure and permeability. Journal of Structural Geology, 25, 1779-1794.
15. Bjørkum, P. A., Oelkers, E. H., Nadeau, P. H., Walderhaug, O. & Murphy, W. M. 1998. Porosity prediction in quartzose sandstones as a function of time, temperature, depth, stylolite frequency, and hydrocarbon saturation. AAPG Bulletin, 82, 637-648.
16. Bloch, S. 1991. Empirical prediction of porosity and permeability in sandstones. AAPG Bulletin, 75, 1145-1160.
17. Briggs, P. J. 1989. A simulator for the recovery of heavy oil from naturally fractured reservoirs using cyclic steam injection. Middle East Oil Show, 11-14 March 1989, Bahrain. SPE17954-MS.
18. Brown, B. E. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs, 16, 129-138.
19. BP STATISTICAL REVIEW OF WORLD ENERGY. 2008. www.bp.com
20. Burchette, T. P. & Britton, S. R. 1985. Carbonate facies analysis in the exploration for hydrocarbons: a case study from the Cretaceous of the Middle East. In: Brenchley, P. J. & Williams, B. P. J. (eds) Sedimentology, Recent Developments and Applied Aspects. Blackwell, Oxford, 311-338.
21. Buza, J. W. 2008. An overview of heavy and extra heavy oil carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 3-5 December 2008, Kuala Lumpur. SPE12426-MS.
22. Chilingar, G. V., Mannon, R. W. & Riecke, H. H. (eds) 1972. Oil and Gas Production from Carbonate Rocks. Elsevier, New York.
23. Chilingarian, G. V., Mazzullo, S. J. & Rieke, H. H. (eds) 1992. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Petroleum Goescience, 30.
24. Chilingarian, G. V., Mazzullo, S. J. & Rieke, H. H. (eds) 1996. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Petroleum Geoscience, 44.
25. Cloud, P. E. Jr. 1962. Environment of calcium carbonate deposition west of Andros Island, Bahamas. U.S. Geol. Survey, Professional Papers, 350, 1-138.
26. Collins, J. F., Kenter, J. A. M., Harris, P. M., Kuanysheva, G., Fischer, D. J. & Steffen, K. L. 2006. Facies and reservoir-quality variations in the late Visean to Bashkirian outer platform, rim, and flank of the Tengiz buildup, Precaspian Basin, Kazakhstan. In: Harris, P. M. & Weber, L. J. (eds) Giant Hydrocarbon Reservoirs of the World: From Rocks to Reservoir Characterization and Modelling. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 88, 55-95.
27. Davies, G. R. 1970. Carbonate Bank Sedimentation, Eastern Shark Bay, Western Australia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 13, 85-168.
28. Dabbouk, C., Ali, L., Williams, G. & Beattie, G. 2002.Waterflood in a vuggy layer of a Middle East reservoir - displacement physics understood. Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 12-16 October 2002. SPE 78530-MS, 13.
29. De Almeida, P. & Silva, P. D. 2011. Timing and future consequences of the peak oil production. Futures, 43, 1044-1055.
30. De Castro, C., Miguel, L. J. & Mediavilla, M. 2009. The role of non-conventional oil in the attenuation of peak oil. Energy Policy, 37, 1825-1833.
31. Deffeyes, K. S. 2001. Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
32. Denning, P. J. & Metcalfe, R. M. (eds) 1997. Beyond Calculation: the Next Fifty Years of Computing. Copernicus/Springer, New York.
33. Dunham, R. J. 1967. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham, W. E. (ed.) Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, 108-121.
34. Eberli, G. P.&Ginsburg, R. N. 1987. Segmentation and coalescence of Cenozoic carbonate platforms, northwestern Great Bahama Bank. Geology, 15, 75-79.
35. Eberli, G. P., Masafero, J. L. & Sarg, J. L. (eds) 2004. Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, Memoirs, 81.
36. Edmunds, N., Barrett, N., Solanki, S., Cimolai, M. & Wong, A. 2009. Prospects for commercial bitumen recovery from the Grosmont carbonate, Alberta. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 48, 28-32.
37. Ehrenberg, S. N. 2007. Whole core versus plugs: scale dependency of porosity and permeability measurements in platform carbonates. AAPG Bulletin, 91, 835-846.
38. Ehrenberg, S. N., Eberli, G. P., Keramati, M. & Moallemi, S. A. 2006. Porosity-permeability relationships in interlayered limestone-dolostone reservoirs. AAPG Bulletin, 90, 91-114.
39. Evans, G., Schmidt, V., Bush, P. & Nelson, H. 1969. Stratigraphy and geologic history of the sabkha, Abu Dhabi, Persian Gulf. Sedimentology, 12, 145-159.
40. Fairbridge, R. W. 1950. Recent and Pleistocene coral reefs of Australia. Journal of Geology, 58, 330-401.
41. Flüegel, E. 1982. Microfacies Analysis of Limestones. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
42. Folk, R. L. 1962. Spectral classification of limestone types. In: Ham, W. E. (ed.) Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, 62-84.
43. Folk, R. L. 1967. Sand cays of Alacran Reef, Yucatan, Mexico: morphology. Journal of Geology, 75, 412-437.
44. Folk, R. L. 1971. Carbonate petrography in the post- Sorbian age. In: Ginsburg, R. N. (ed.) Evolving Concepts in Sedimentology. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Studies in Geology, 21, 118-159.
45. Ford, M. 2009. The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future. Acculant Publishing.
46. Friedman, G.M. 1998. Sedimentology and stratigraphy in the 1950s to mid-1980s: the story of a personal perspective. Episodes, 21, 172-177.
47. Frost, E. L. & Kerans, C. 2010. Controls on syndepositional fracture patterns, Devonian reef complex, Canning Basin, Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 32, 1231-1249.
48. Gebelein, C. D. 1969. Distribution, morphology, and accretion rate of recent subtidal algal stromatolites, Bermuda. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 39, 49-69.
49. Ginsburg, R. N. 1957. Early diagenesis and lithification of shallow water carbonate sediments in south Florida. In: LeBlanc, R. J. & Breeding, J. C. (eds) Regional Aspects of Carbonate Deposition. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, Special Publications, 5, 80-99.
50. Ginsburg, R. N. 1964. South Florida carbonate sediments. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting. Fieldtrip Guide, 72.
51. Ginsburg, R. N. 1974. Introduction to comparative sedimentology of carbonates. AAPG Bulletin, 58, 781-786.
52. Ginsburg, R. N. (ed.) 2001. Subsurface Geology of a Prograding Carbonate Platform Margin, Great Bahama Bank: Results of the Bahamas Drilling Project. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, Special Publications, 70.
53. Glover, J. E. 1969. Significance of stylolites in dolomitic limestones. Nature, 217, 835-836.
54. Glynn, P. W. 1993. Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs, 12, 1-17.
55. Gomes, P. O., Kilsdonk, B., Minken, J., Grow, T. & Barragan, R. 2009. The outer high of the santos basin, Southern São Paulo Plateau, Brazil: pre-salt exploration outbreak, paleogeographic setting, and evolution of the syn-rift structures. AAPG Search and Discovery, article no. 10193.
56. Goreau, T. J. & Hayes, R. L. 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean 'hot spots'. Ambio, 23, 176-180.
57. Goreau, T. J., Hayes, R. L. & McClanahan, T. 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 Global Bleaching Event. Conservation Biology, 14, 1.
58. Grammer, G. M., Harris, P. M. & Eberli, G. P. (eds) 2004. Integration of outcrop and modern analogs in reservoir modelling. AAPG Memoir, 80, 1-22.
59. Greene, D. L. & Hopson, J. L. 2006. Have we run out of oil yet? Oil peaking analysis from an optimist's perspective. Energy Policy, 34, 515-531.
60. Gunter, G.W., Pinch, J. J., Finneran, J.M.&Bryan, W. T. 1997. Overview of an integrated process model to develop petrophysical based reservoir descriptions. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 5-8 October 1997. SPE 38748, 475-479.
61. Gyllensten, A., Tilke, P., Al-Raisi, M. & Allen, D. 2004. Porosity heterogeneity analysis using geostatistics. Abu Dhabi International Conference and Exhibition, 10-13 October 2004, Abu Dhabi. SPE 88788-MS, 11.
62. Halley, R. B. & Schmoker, J. W. 1983. High-porosity Cenozoic carbonate rocks of South Florida: progressive loss of porosity with depth. AAPG Bulletin, 67, 191-200.
63. Hantschel, T. & Kauerlauf, A. I. 2009. Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling. Springer, Berlin, 476.
64. Harding, A., Strebelle, S. et al. 2005. Reservoir facies modelling: new advances in MPS. Quantitative Geology and Geostatistics, 14, 559-568.
65. Harris, P. M. 2010. Delineating and quantifying depositional facies patterns in carbonate reservoirs: insight from modern analogs. AAPG Bulletin, 94, 61-86.
66. Harris, J. M., Nolen-Hoeksema, R. C., Langan, R. T., Van Schaack, M., Lazeratos, S. K. & Rector, J. W. 1995. High-resolution crosswell imaging of a west Texas carbonate reservoir: part l - project summary and interpretation. Geophysics, 60, 667-681.
67. Heydari, E. 2000. Porosity loss, fluid flow, and mass transfer in limestone reservoirs: application to the Upper Jurassic Smackover formation, Mississippi. AAPG Bulletin, 84, 100-118.
68. Hollis, C., Vahrenkamp, V., Tull, S., Mookerjeeb, A., Taberner, C. & Huang, Y. 2010. Pore system characterisation in heterogeneous carbonates: an alternative approach to widely-used rock-typing methodologies. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27, 772-793.
69. Hugman, R. H. H. & Friedman, M. 1979. Effects of texture and composition on mechanical behaviour of experimentally-deformed carbonate rocks. AAPG Bulletin, 63, 1478-1489.
70. Illing, L.V. 1954. Bahamian calcareous sands. Bulletin of American Petroleum Geologists, 38, 1-95.
71. Imbrie, J. & Buchanan, H. 1965. Sedimentary Structures in Modern Carbonate Sands of the Bahamas. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, Special Publications, 12, 149-172.
72. James, N. P. & Dalrymple, R.W. 2010. Facies Models 4, 4th edn. Geological Association of Canada, St John's. Jameson, J. 1994. Models of porosity formation and their impact on reservoir description, Lisburne Field, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. AAPG Bulletin, 78, 1651-1678.
73. Janson, X., Kerans, C., Bellian, J. A. & Fitchen, W. 2007. Three-dimensional geological and synthetic seismic model of Early Permian redeposited basinal carbonate deposits, Victorio Canyon, west Texas. AAPG Bulletin, 91, 1405-1436.
74. Jennings, J. W. 2000. Spatial Statistics of Permeability Data from Carbonate Outcrops of West Texas and New Mexico: Implications for Improved Reservoir Modeling. Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations, 258.
75. Jiang, Q. J., Yuan, J., Russel-Houston, J., Thornton, B.& Squires, A. 2010. Evaluation of recovery technologies for the Grosmont carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 49, 56-64.
76. Johnson, J. A. D. & Budd, S. R. 1975. The geology of the Zone B and Zone C Lower Cretaceous limestone reseroivrs of Asab field, Abu Dhabi. 9th Arab Petroleum Congress, Dubai.
77. Jones, G. D. & Xiao, Y. 2005. Dolomitization, anhydrite cementation and porosity evolution in reflux system: insights from reactive transport models. AAPG Bulletin, 89, 577-601.
78. Jones, G. D. & Xiao, Y. 2006. Geothermal convection in the Tengiz carbonate platform, Kazakhstan: reactive transport models of diagenesis and reservoir quality. AAPG Bulletin, 90, 1251-1272.
79. Kendall, C. G. ST. C. & Skipwith, P. A. D'E. 1968. Recent algal mats of a Persian Gulf lagoon. Journal of Sedimentary Petrologists, 38, 1040-1058.
80. Kenter, J. A. M., Harris, P. M. & Della Porta, G. 2005. Steep microbial boundstone-dominated platform margins - examples and implications. Sedimentary Geology, 178, 5-30.
81. Kerans, C. & Fitchen, W.M. 1995. Sequence Hierarchy and Facies Architecture of a Carbonate-Ramp System: San Andres Formation of Algerita Escarpment and Western Guadalupe Mountains, West Texas and New Mexico. Report of Investigations. University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, 235.
82. Kerans, C., Lucia, F. J.&Senger, R. K. 1994. Integrated characterization of carbonate ramp reservoirs using Permian San Andres Formation outcrop analogs. AAPG Bulletin, 78, 181-216.
83. Kinsman, D. J. J. 1964. The Recent carbonate sediments near Halat el Bahrani, Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf. In: Van Straaten, L. M. J. U. (ed.) Deltaic and Shallow Marine Deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 185-192.
84. Kleypas, J. A., Buddmeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J-P., Langdon, C. & Opdyke, B. N. 1999. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science, 284, 118-120.
85. Knecht, L., Mathis, B., Leduc, J-P., Vandenabeele, T. & Di Cuia, R. 2004. Electrofacies and permeability modelling in carbonate reservoirs using image texture analysis and clustering tools. Petrophysics, 45, 1.
86. Koepnick, R. B. 1987. Distribution and permeability of stylolite-bearing horizons within a Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir in the Middle East. SPE Formation Evaluation, 2, 137-142.
87. Kurzweil, R. 2005. The Singularity is Near. Penguin Books, London, 652.
88. Ladd, H. S. 1950. Recent reefs. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 34, 203-214.
89. Lee, S. H. & Datta-Gupta, A. 1999. Electrofacies characterization and permeability prediction in carbonate reservoirs: role of multivariate analysis and non-parametric regression. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, 1999. SPE 56658.
90. Li, G. 2003. 4D seismic monitoring of CO2 flood in a thin fractured carbonate reservoir. The Leading Edge, 22, 690-695.
91. Longnes, G. L., Robertson, J. O. & Chilingar, G. V. 1972. Secondary Recovery and Carbonate Reservoirs. Elsevier, New York.
92. Lønøy, A. 2006. Making sense of carbonate pore systems. AAPG Bulletin, 90, 1381-1405.
93. Loucks, R. G. & Sarg, J. F. (eds) 1993. Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy. AAPG Memoir, Tulsa, 57, 545. Lucia, F. J. 1999. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization. Springer, Berlin.
94. Lucia, F. J. 1999. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization. Springer, Berlin.
95. Lucia, F. J. 2008. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization. 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, 336.
96. Lumley, D. E. 2004. Business and technology challenges for 4D seismic reservoir monitoring. The Leading Edge, 23, 1166-1168.
97. Manrique, E. J., Muci, V. E. & Gurfinkel, M. E. 2007. EOR field experiences in carbonate reservoirs in the United States. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, 10, 667-686. SPE-100063-PA.
98. Martin, A. J., Solomon, S. T. & Hartmann, D. J. 1997. Characterization of petrophysical flow units in carbonate reservoirs. AAPG Bulletin, 81, 734-759.
99. Mathisen, T., Lee, S. H. & Datta-Gupta, A. 2003. Improved permeability estimates in carbonate reservoirs using electrofacies characterization: a case study of the North Robertson Unit, west Texas. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, 6, 176-184.
100. Micarelli, L., Benedicto, A. & Wibberley, C. A. J. 2006. Structural evolution and permeability of normal fault zones in highly porous carbonate rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 28, 1214-1227.
101. Milliman, J. D. 1967. Carbonate sedimentation on Hogsty Reef, a Bahamian atoll. Journal of Sedimentary Petrologists, 37, 658-676.
102. Missman, R.A. & Jameson, J. 1991. An evolving description of a fractured carbonate reservoir: the Lisburne field, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Arctic Technology Conference, Anchorage, AK, 29-31 May 1991. 699-718, SPE22161.
103. Mohaghegh, S. 2009. Top-down, intelligent reservoir model. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-233.
104. Mohr, S. H. & Evans, G. M. 2008. Peak oil: testing Hubbert's Curve via theoretical modelling. Natural Resources Research, 17, 1-11.
105. Montaron, B., Bradley, D., Cooke, A., Prouvost, L., Raffin, A. G., Vidal, A. & Witt, M. 2007. Shapes of flood fronts in heterogeneous reservoirs and oil recovery strategies. SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference, 28-31 October 2007, Abu Dhabi. SPE111147-MS.
106. Montaron, B. 2008. Carbonate Evolution. Oil and Gas Middle East August publication.
107. Moore, C. H. 2001. Carbonate Reservoirs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Sedimentology, 55.
108. Morris, A. P., Ferrill, D. A. & McGinnis, R. N. 2009. Mechanical stratigraphy and faulting in Cretaceous carbonates. AAPG Bulletin, 93, 1459-1470.
109. Newell, N. D. 1955. Bahamian Platforms. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, Special Papers, 62, 303-315.
110. Newell, N. D. & Rigby, J. K. 1957. Geological studies on theGreat Bahama Bank. In: LeBlanc, R. J.&Breeding, J. C. (eds) Regional Aspects of Carbonate Deposition. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, Special Publications, 5, 15-72.
111. Oddvar, L., Omre, H., Tjelmeland, H., Holden, L. & Egeland, T. 1997. Uncertainties in reservoir production forecasts. AAPG Bulletin, 81, 775-802.
112. Onwunalu, J., Litvak, M., Durlofsky, L. J. & Aziz, K. 2008. Applications of statistical proxies to speed up field development procedures. Abu Dhabi International Exhibition and Conference, 3-6 November 2008, Abu Dhabi. SPE 11732-MS.
113. Øren, P-E., Bakke, S.&Arntzen, O. J. 1998. Extending predictive capabilities to network models. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 5-8 October 1997. SPE 38880.
114. Paterson, R. J., Whitaker, F. F., Jones, G. D., Smart, P. L., Waltham, D.&Felce, G. 2006. Accommodation and sedimentary architecture of isolated icehouse carbonate platforms: insights from forward modelling with CARB3D+. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76, 1162-1182.
115. Paterson, R. J., Whitaker, F. F., Jones, G. D. & Smart, P. L. 2008. Controls on early diagenetic overprinting in icehouse carbonates: insights from modelling hydrological zone residence times using CARB3D+. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 78, 258-281.
116. Penney, R., Moosa, R. et al. 2005. Steam Injection in fractured carbonate reservoirs: starting a new trend in EOR. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 21-23 November 2005, Doha. SPE 10727-MS.
117. Pettijohn, E. J. 1975. Sedimentary Rocks. 3rd edn. Harper and Row, New York.
118. Popov, P., Bi, L., Efendiev, Y., Kang, Z. & Li, J. 2009. Multiphysics and multiscale methods for modelling fluid flow through naturally fractured carbonate karst reservoirs. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, 12, 218-231.
119. Purdy, E. G. 1963a. Recent calcium carbonate facies of the Great Bahama Bank. 1. Petrography and reaction groups. Journal of Geology, 71, 334-335.
120. Purdy, E. G. 1963b. Recent calcium carbonate facies of the Great Bahama Bank. 2. Sedimentary facies. Journal of Geology, 71, 472-497.
121. Purser, B. H. (ed.) 1973. The Persian Gulf: Holocene Carbonate Sedimentation and Diagenesis in Shallow Epicontinental Sea. Springer, Berlin, 471.
122. Qing Sun, S. & Sloan, R. 2003. Quantification of uncertainty in recovery efficiency predictions: lessons learned from 250 mature carbonate fields. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 5-8 October 2003, Denver, CO. SPE 84459-MS.
123. Reading, H. (ed.) 1978. Sedimentary Environments and Facies. 1st edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
124. Reading, H. (ed.) 1996. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. 3rd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
125. Reineck, H. E. & Singh, I. B. 1973. Depositional Sedimentary Environments. Springer, New York.
126. Roberts, P. 2004. The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World. Houghton-Mifflin, New York.
127. Robertson, J. D. 1989. Reservoir management using 3D seismic data. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 41, 663-667. SPE 19887-PA.
128. Roehl, P. O. & Choquette, P.W. (eds) 1985. Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs. Springer, Berlin.
129. Rutter, E. H. 1983. Pressure solution in nature, theory and experiment. Journal of Geological Society, London, 140, 725-740.
130. Ruzyla, K. 1986. Characterization of pore space by quantitative image analysis. SPE Formation Evaluation, 1, 389-398. SPE 13133-PA.
131. Schlager, W. & Ginsburg, R. N. 1981. Bahama carbonate platforms - the deep and the past. Marine Geology, 44, 1-24.
132. Schmoker, J. W. & Halley, 1982. Carbonate porosity versus depth: a predictable relationship for south Florida. AAPG Bulletin, 66, 2561-2570.
133. Schmoker, J. W., Krystinik, K. B. & Halley, R. B. 1985. Selected characteristics of limestone and dolomite reservoirs in the United States. AAPG Bulletin, 69, 733-741.
134. Sellwood, B. W. 1978. Shallow-water carbonate environments. In: READING, H. G. (ed.) Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Blackwell, Oxford, 259-313.
135. Shinn, E. A. 1963. Spur and groove formation on the Florida reef tract. Journal of Sedimentary Petrologists, 33, 291-303.
136. Soroka, W. L., Melville, P. et al. 2010. Successful 4D monitoring of saturation changes in a giant Middle Eastern carbonate reservoir: ADCO Phase 1 4D Pilot results. In: Johnston, D. H. (ed.) Methods and Applications in Reservoir Geophysics. Society for Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 283-393.
137. Stoddart, D. R. 1962. Physiographic studies on the British Honduras reefs and cays. Geographical Journal, 128, 161-171.
138. Tang, G-Q., Inouye, A., Lowry, D. & Lee, V. 2011. Recovery mechanism of steam injection in heavy oil carbonate reservoir. SPE Western North American Region Meeting, 7-11 May 2011, Anchorage, AK. SPE144524-MS.
139. Tang, G-Q., Inouye, A., Lee, V., Lowry, D. & Wei, W. 2012. Investigation of recovery mechanism of steam injection in heavy oil carbonate reservoir and mineral dissolution. SPE Western Regional Meeting, 21-23 March 2012, Bakersfield, CA. PE153812-MS.
140. Tankersley, T., Narr, W., King, G., Camerlo, G. E. R., Zhumagulova, A., Skalinski, M. & Pan, Y. 2010. Reservoir modeling to characterize dual porosity, Tengiz Field, Republic of Kazakhstan. SPE Caspian Carbonates Technology Conference, 8-10 November 2010, Atyrau, Kazakhstan.
141. Tiratsoo, E. N. 1984. Oilfields of the World. 3rd edn. Scientific Press, Beaconsfield.
142. Tuanfeng, Z., Hurley, N. F. & Zhao, W. 2009. Numerical modelling of heterogeneous carbonates and multi-scale dynamics. SPWLA 50th Annual Logging Symposium, Texas, 2009, 12.
143. Tucker, M. E. & Wright, V. P. 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford.
144. Tucker, K. E., Harris, P. M. & Nolen-Hoeksema, R. C. 1998. Geologic investigation of cross-well seismic response in a carbonate reservoir, McElroy Field, west Texas. AAPG Bulletin, 82, 1463-1503.
145. Walker, R. G. (ed.) 1984. Facies Models. 2nd edn. Geological Society of Canada, Toronto.
146. Weber, L. J., Brent, P., Francis, B. P., Harris, P.M.& Clark, M. 2008. Stratigraphy, lithofacies, and reservoir distribution - Tengiz field, Kazakhstan. AAPG Search and Discovery, article no. 20059.
147. Weimer, P. & Davis, T. L. (eds) 1996. Applications of 3-D Seismic Data to Exploration and Production. AAPG/SEG, Tulsa, OK. AAPG Studies in Geology, 42 and SEG Geophysical Developments Series, 5, 179-188.
148. Wennberg, O. P., Sånå, T. et al. 2006. Fracture intensity vs. mechanical stratigraphy in platform top carbonates: the Aquitanian of the Asmari Formation, Khaviz Anticline, Zagros, SWIran. Petroleum Geoscience, 12, 235-246.
149. Whitaker, F. F., Smart, P. L. & Jones, G. D. 2004. In: Braithwaite, C. J. R., Rizzi, G. & Darke, G. (eds). The Geometry and Petrogenesis of Dolomite Hydrocarbon Reservoirs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 235, 99-139.
150. Wilkinson, C. & Souter, D. (eds) 2008. Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville.
151. Williams, G. J. J., Mansfield, M., MacDonald, D. G. & Bush, M.D. 2004. Top-down reservoir modelling. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 September 2004, Houston, TX. SPE 89974-MS.
152. Wilson, J. L. 1975. Carbonate Facies in Geologic History. Springer, New York, 47.
153. Wright, V. P. 1994. Early Carboniferous carbonate systems: an alternative to the Cainozoic paradigm. Sedimentary Geology, 93, 1-5.
154. Xie, X., Weiss, W. W., Tong, Z. & Morrow, N. R. 2005. Improved oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs by chemical stimulation. SPE Journal, 10, 276-285.
155. Zahm, C.K., Zahm, L.C.&Bellian, J.A. 2010. Integrated fracture prediction using sequence stratigraphy within a carbonate fault damage zone, Texas, USA. Journal of Structural Geology, 32, 1363-1374.