The Moderating Effects of Previous Losses and Emotional Clarity on Bereavement Outcome

Journal of Loss and Trauma

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 248-259

  Castro, Sofia I ^a   Rocha, José C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES IUCS   (Portugal)

Author keywords

complicated grief; emotional clarity; multiple losses; previous losses; traumatic stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871861210     PISSN: 15325024     EISSN: 15325032     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2012.687327     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Baker, T. (1998). Doing social research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Blanchard-Fields, F. (2007). Everyday problem solving and emotion-An adult developmental perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 26-31.
4. Boelen, P., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Zijerveld, A. (2006). Continuing bonds and grief: A prospective analysis. Death Studies, 30, 767-776.
5. Bonanno, G., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 705-734.
6. Bornstein, P. E., Clayton, P. J., Halikas, J. A., Maurice, W. L., & Robins, E. (1973). The depression of widowhood after thirteen months. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 561-566.
7. Castanheira, C., Vieira, V., Glória, A., Afonso, A., & Rocha, J. (2007). Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R): Portuguese validation. Opatija, Croatia: European Congress of Traumatic Stress.
8. Cherney, P., & Verhey, M. (1996). Grief among gay men associated with multiple losses from AIDS. Death Studies, 20, 115-132.
9. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Greenberg, T., Padlo, S., & Shipley, C. (2002). Childhood traumatic grief: Concepts and controversies. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 3, 307-327.
10. Coutinho, J., Ribeiro, E., Ferreirinha, R., & Dias, P. (2010). Versão Portuguesa da Escala de Dificuldades de Regulação Emocional com sintomas psicopatológicos. Revista Psiquiatria Clínica, 37, 145-151.
11. Currier, J., Holland, J., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Sense making, grief and the experience of violent loss: Toward a mediational model. Death Studies, 30, 403-428.
12. Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41, 587-598.
13. Frade, B. (2009). Validação e adaptação para a Língua Portuguesa do Inventário de Luto Complicado. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
14. Gratz, K., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54.
15. Green, B. L. (2000). Traumatic loss: Conceptual and empirical links between trauma and bereavement. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 5, 1-17.
16. Greenberg, L. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
17. Kaltman, S., & Bonanno, G. (2003). Trauma and bereavement: Examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 131-147.
18. Kersting, A., Brahler, E., Glaesmer, H., & Wagner, B. (2011). Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131, 339-343.
19. Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., & Heir, T. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: A population study two years after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Death Studies, 34, 137-150.
20. Macdonald, A., Danielson, C., Resnick, H., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. (2010). PTSD and comorbid disorders in a representative sample of adolescents: The risk associated with multiple exposures to potentially traumatic events. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 773-783.
21. Maercker, A., Bonanno, G., Znoj, H., & Horowitz, M. (1998). Prediction of complicated grief by positive and negative themes in narratives. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 1117-1136.
22. Maia, A., & Resende, C. (2008). Dados de exposição potencialmente traumática na população Portuguesa utilizando as Versão Portuguesas do Life Events Checklist e o Life Stressor Checklist-Revised. Braga, Portugal: Psiquilibrios Edições.
23. Masters, R., Friedman, L. N., & Getzel, G. (1988). Helping families of homicide victims: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 109-125.
24. Mercer, D., & Evans, J. (2006). The impact of multiple losses on the grieving process: An exploratory study. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 11, 219-227.
25. Neria, Y., & Litz, B. T. (2004). Bereavement by traumatic means: The complex synergy of trauma and grief. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9, 67-73.
26. Newson, R., Boelen, P., Hek, K., Hofman, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2011). The prevalence and characteristics of complicated grief in older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 231-238.
27. Parkes, C. M. (2002). Grief: Lessons from the past, visions for the future. Death Studies, 26, 367-385.
28. Pivar, I., & Field, N. (2004). Unresolved grief in combat veterans with PTSD. Anxiety Disorders, 18, 745-755.
29. Prigerson, H., Frank, E., Kasl, S., Reynolds, C., Anderson, M., Zubenko, G.,Kupfer, D. (1995). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 22-30.
30. Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Maciejewski, P. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6, 100-121.
31. Prigerson, H., Maciejewski, P., Reynolds, C., Bierhals, A., Newsome, J., Fasiczkaa, A.,Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of Complicated Grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59, 65-79.
32. Riley, L., LaMontagne, L., Hepworth, J., & Murphy, B. (2007). Parental grief responses and personal growth following the death of a child. Death Studies, 31, 277-299.
33. Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125-154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
34. Sanders, C. M. (1993). Risk factors in bereavement outcome. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 255-267). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
35. Scheibe, S., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2009). Effects of regulating emotions on cognitive performance: What is costly for young adults is not so costly for older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24, 217-223.
36. Scheibe, S., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Emotional aging: Recent findings and future trends. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B, 135-144.
37. Silva, T. (2010). Luto Complicado e Regulação Emocional em Doentes Psiquiátricos. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
38. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2001). Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review. In M. Stroebe, R. Hansson, W. Stroebe & M. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping and care (pp. 63-88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. Lancet, 370, 1960-1973.
40. Tull, M., Barrett, H., McMillan, E., & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38, 303-313.
41. Vanderwerker, L. C., Jacobs, S. C., Murray-Parkes, C., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). An exploration of associations between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in later life. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 194, 121-123.
42. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioner's handbook (pp. 399-411). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
43. Znoj, H., & Keller, D. (2002). Mourning parents: Considering safeguards and their relation to health. Death Studies, 26, 545-565.