Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 8, 2009, Pages

  Prigerson, Holly G ^a,b,c   Horowitz, Mardi J ^d   Jacobs, Selby C ^e   Parkes, Colin M ^f,g   Aslan, Mihaela ^e   Goodkin, Karl ^h,i   Raphael, Beverley ^j   Marwit, Samuel J ^k   Wortman, Camille ^l   Neimeyer, Robert A ^m   Bonanno, George ⁿ   Block, Susan D ^a,b,c   Kissane, David ^o   Boelen, Paul ^p   Maercker, Andreas ^q   Litz, Brett T ^r,s,t   Johnson, Jeffrey G ⁿ   First, Michael B ⁿ   Maciejewski, Paul K ^a,b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f ST CHRISTOPHER S HOSPICE   (United Kingdom)

^g St Joseph's Hospice ^*  (United Kingdom)

^h CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

^k UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

^l STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m University of Memphis   (United States)

ⁿ Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^o MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^p UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^q UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^r VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^s NATIONAL CENTER FOR PTSD   (United States)

^t BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; BEREAVEMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMOTION; FEMALE; GRIEF; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER; PSYCHOMETRY; VALIDATION PROCESS; CLASSIFICATION; HEALTH SURVEY; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT SELECTION; REFERENCE VALUE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; VALIDATION STUDY;

ALGORITHMS; BEREAVEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; GRIEF; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT SELECTION; PSYCHOMETRICS; REFERENCE VALUES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 69349102731     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Stroebe M, Schut H, Stroebe W (2007) Health outcomes of bereavement. Lancet 370: 1960-1973.
2. Parkes CM (1996) Bereavement: studies of grief in adult life. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge. 271 pp.
3. Murphy SA, Lohan J, Braun T, Johnson LC, Cain KC, et al. (1999) Parents' health, health care utilization, and health behaviors following the violent deaths of their 12-to 28-year-old children: a prospective longitudinal analysis. Death Stud 23: 589-616. (Pubitemid 29470716)
4. Thompson LW, Breckenridge JN, Gallagher D, Peterson JA (1984) Effects of bereavement on self-perceptions of physical health in elderly widows and widowers. J Gerontol 39: 309-314. (Pubitemid 14140693)
5. Bradbeer M, Helme RD, Yong HH, Kendig HL, Gibson SJ (2003) Widowhood and other demographic associations of pain in independent older people. Clin J Pain 19: 247-254. (Pubitemid 36828739)
6. Shahar D, Schultz R, Shahar A, Wing R (2001) The effect of widowhood on weight change, dietary intake, and eating behavior in the elderly population. J Aging Health 13: 186-199. (Pubitemid 33101187)
7. Schulz R, Beach SR, Lind B, Martire LM, Zdaniuk B, et al. (2001) Involvement in caregiving and adjustment to the death of a spouse. JAMA 285: 3123-3129.
8. Lichtenstein P, Gatz M, Berg SA (1998) A twin study of mortality after spousal bereavement. Psychol Med 28: 635-643. (Pubitemid 28241295)
9. Li J, Precht DH, Mortensen PB, Olsen J (2003) Mortality in parents after death of a child in Denmark: a nationwide follow-up study. Lancet 361: 363-367. (Pubitemid 36164967)
10. Christakis N, Allison P (2006) Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse. N Engl J Med 354: 719-730.
11. Schaefer C, Quesenberry CP, Wi S (1995) Mortality following conjugal bereavement and the effects of a shared environment. Am J Epidemiol 141: 1142-1152.
12. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 4th edition. Washington (D.C.): American Psychiatric Press. 886 pp.
13. National Center for Health Statistics (2009) International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). ;Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ about/otheract/icd9/abticd10.htm. Accessed 8 July 2009.
14. Kostick KM (2004) From V codes to Z codes: transitioning to ICD-10. J AHIMA 75: 65-68.
15. Prigerson HG, Maciejewski PK, Reynolds CF III, Bierhals AJ, Newsom JT, et al. (1995) Inventory of Complicated Grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Res 59: 65-79.
16. Holland JM, Neimeyer RA, Boelen PA, Prigerson HG (2009) The underlying structure of grief: a taxometric investigation of prolonged and normal reactions to loss. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 31: 190-201.
17. Dillen L, Fontaine JR, Verhofstadt-Denève L (2008) Are normal and complicated grief different constructs? A confirmatory factor analytic test. Clin Psychol Psychother 15: 386-395.
18. Boelen PA, van den Bout J (2008) Complicated grief and uncomplicated grief are distinguishable constructs. Psychiatry Res 157: 311-314.
19. Prigerson HG, Frank E, Kasl SV, Reynolds CF III, Anderson B, et al. (1995) Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. Am J Psychiatry 152: 22-30.
20. Prigerson HG, Bierhals AJ, Kasl SV, Reynolds CF III, Shear MK, et al. (1996) Complicated grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: a replication study. Am J Psychiatry 153: 1484-1486.
21. Prigerson HG, Bierhals AJ, Kasl SV, Reynolds CF, Shear MK, et al. (1997) Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. Am J Psychiatry 154: 616-623.
22. Horowitz MJ, Siegel B, Holen A, Bonanno GA, Milbrath C, et al. (1997) Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154: 904-910. (Pubitemid 27274531)
23. Prigerson HG, Shear MK, Jacobs SC, Reynolds CF, Maciejewski PK, et al. (1999) Consensus criteria for traumatic grief. A preliminary empirical test. Brit J Psychiatry 174: 67-73.
24. Prigerson HG, Bridge J, Maciejewski PK, Beery LC, Rosenheck RA, et al. (1999) Influence of traumatic grief on suicidal ideation among young adults. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1994-1995.
25. Latham AE, Prigerson HG (2004) Suicidality and bereavement: complicated grief as psychiatric disorder presenting greatest risk for suicidality. Suicide Life Threat Behav 34: 350-362.
26. Ogrodniczuk JS, Piper WE, Joyce AS, Weideman R, McCallum M, et al. (2003) Differentiating symptoms of complicated grief and depression among psychiatric outpatients. Can J Psychiatry 48: 87-93. (Pubitemid 36402208)
27. Simon NM, Pollack MH, Fischmann D, Perlman CA, Muriel AC, et al. (2005) Complicated grief and its correlates in patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 1105-1110. (Pubitemid 41442275)
28. Boelen PA, van den Bout J (2005) Complicated grief, depression, and anxiety as distinct post-loss syndromes: a confirmatory factor analysis study. Am J Psychiatry 162: 2175-2177.
29. Boelen PA, van den Bout J, de Keijser J (2003) Traumatic grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: a replication study with bereaved mental health care patients. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1339-1341.
30. Jacobson J, Vanderwerker LC, Block SD, Friedlander R, Maciejewski PK, et al. (2006) Depression and demoralization as distinct syndromes: preliminary data from a cohort of advanced cancer patients. Indian J Palliat Care 12: 8-15. (Pubitemid 44015060)
31. Kiely DK, Prigerson H, Mitchell SL (2008) Health care proxy grief symptoms before the death of nursing home residents with advanced dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 664-673.
32. Boelen PA, van den Bout J, van den Hout MA (2006) Negative cognitions and avoidance in emotional problems after bereavement: a prospective study. Behav Res Ther 44: 1657-16572. (Pubitemid 44442152)
33. Chiambretto P, Moroni L, Guarnerio C, Bertolotti G (2008) [Italian validation of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Questionnaire (PG-12)]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 30 (Suppl A): A105-A110.
34. Vanderwerker LC, Jacobs SC, Parkes CM, Prigerson HG (2006) An exploration of association between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in late-life. J Nerv Ment Dis 194: 121-123.
35. Johnson JG, Zhang B, Greer JA, Prigerson HG (2007) Parental control, partner dependency and complicated grief among widowed adults in the community. J Nerv Ment Dis 195: 26-30. (Pubitemid 46104899)
36. Silverman GK, Johnson JG, Prigerson HG (2001) Preliminary explorations of the effects of prior trauma and loss on risk for psychiatric disorders in recently widowed people. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 38: 202-215.
37. Mitchell AM, Kim Y, Prigerson HG, Mortimer-Stephens M (2004) Complicated grief in survivors of suicide. Crisis 25: 12-18.
38. Cleiren M, Diekstra RF, Kerkhof AJ, van der Wal J (1994) Mode of death and kinship in bereavement: focusing on "who" rather than "how". Crisis 15: 22-36.
39. van Doorn C, Kasl SV, Beery LC, Prigerson HG (1998) The influence of marital quality and attachment styles on traumatic grief and depressive symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis 186: 566-573.
40. Johnson JG, Vanderwerker LC, Bornstein RF, Zhang B, Prigerson HG (2006) Development and validation of an instrument for the assessment of dependency among bereaved persons. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 28: 1-10. (Pubitemid 44707231)
41. Barry LC, Kasl SV, Prigerson HG (2001) Psychiatric disorders among bereaved persons: the role of perceived circumstances of death and preparedness for death. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10: 447-457.
42. Hebert RS, Dang Q, Schulz R (2006) Preparedness for the death of a loved one and mental health in bereaved caregivers of patients with dementia: findings from the REACH study. J Palliat Med 9: 683-693. (Pubitemid 43938845)
43. McDermott OD, Prigerson HG, Reynolds CF III, Houck PR, Dew MA, et al. (1997) Sleep in the wake of complicated grief symptoms: an exploratory study. Biol Psychiatry 41: 710-716.
44. O'Connor MF, Wellisch DK, Stanton AL, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR, et al. (2008) Craving love? Enduring grief activates brain's reward center. Neuroimage 42: 969-972.
45. Silverman GK, Jacobs SC, Kasl SV, Shear MK, Maciejewski PK, et al. (2000) Quality of life impairments associated with diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief. Psychol Med 30: 857-862.
46. Melhem NM, Moritz G, Walker M, Shear MK, Brent D (2007) Phenomenology and correlates of complicated grief in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 493-499. (Pubitemid 46622758)
47. Lannen PK, Wolfe J, Prigerson HG, Onelov E, Kreicbergs UC (2008) Unresolved grief in a national sample of bereaved parents: impaired mental and physical health 4 to 9 years later. J Clin Oncol 26: 5870-5876.
48. Maciejewski PK, Zhang B, Block SD, Prigerson HG (2007) An empirical examination of the stage theory of grief resolution. JAMA 297: 716-723. (Pubitemid 46294561)
49. Holland JM, Currier JM, Gallagher-Thompson D (2009) Outcomes from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH) program for bereaved caregivers. Psychol Aging 24: 190-202.
50. Reynolds CF, Miller MD, Pasternak RE, Frank E, Cornes C, et al. (1999) Treatment of bereavement-related major depressive episodes in later life: a controlled study of acute and continuation treatment with nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 156: 202-208. (Pubitemid 29077110)
51. Jacobs SC, Nelson JC, Zisook S (1987) Treating depression of bereavement with antidepressants: a pilot study. Psychiatr Clin North Am 10: 501-510. (Pubitemid 18039019)
52. Pasternak RE, Reynolds CF, Schlernitzauer M, Hoch CC, Buysse DJ, et al. (1991) Acute open-trial nortriptyline therapy of bereavement-related depression in late life. J Clin Psychiatry 52: 307-310.
53. Shear MK, Frank E, Houck P, Reynolds CF III (2005) Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293: 2601-2659. (Pubitemid 40741198)
54. Boelen PA, de Keijser J, van den Hout MA, van den Bout J (2007) Treatment of complicated grief: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 75: 277-284. (Pubitemid 47444732)
55. Lindemann E (1944) Symptomatology and management of acute grief. Am J Psychiatry 101: 141-148.
56. Parkes CM, Weiss RS (1983) Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books. 329 p.
57. Raphael B (1994) The anatomy of bereavement: a handbook for the caring professions. Northvale (New Jersey): Jason Aronson. 440 p.
58. Jacobs SC (1993) Pathological grief: maladaptation to loss. Washington (D.C.): American Psychiatric Press. 388 pp.
59. Prigerson HG, Jacobs SC (2001) Diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief: a rationale, consensus criteria, and preliminary empirical test. Part II. Theory, methodology and ethical issues. In: Stroebe MS, Hansson RO, Stroebe W, Schut H, eds (2001) Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care. Washington (D.C.): American Psychological Association Press. pp 614-646.
60. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW (1995) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, non-patient version (SCID-V-NP). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute. 132 pp.
61. Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB, Spitzer RL, Davies M, et al. (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): II. Multisite test-retest reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 630-636.
62. Cornoni-Huntley J, Ostfeld AM, Taylor JO, Wallace RB, Blazer D, et al. (1993) Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly: study design and methodology. Aging Clin Exp Res 5: 27-37. (Pubitemid 23117907)
63. Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, Grotz RC (1970) Progress in the development of an index of ADL. Gerontologist 10: 20-30.
64. Nagi SZ (1976) An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Mem Fund Q 54: 439-467.
65. Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30: 473-482.
66. Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H, Rogers HJ (1991) Fundamentals of items response theory. Newbury Park (California): Sage Publications. 174 p.
67. Cattell R (1966) Scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behav Res 1: 245-276.
68. Abramowitz M, Stegun IA (1972) Combinatorial analysis. In: Abramowitz M, Stegun IA, eds (1972) Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. New York: Dover Publications. pp 821-827.
69. Hoyert DL, Kung H-C, Smith BL (2005) Deaths: preliminary data for 2003. Nat Vital Stat Rep 53: 1-48. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr53/nvsr53-15.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2009.
70. U.S. Census Bureau (2006) American FactFinder Web page. Available at: http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html. Accessed 28 November.
71. National Center for Health Statistics (2008) Worktable 23F. Deaths by 10-year age groups: United States and each state, 2005. Centers for Disease Control. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/MortFinal2005- Worktable23F.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2009.
72. National Center for Health Statistics (2008) LCWK1. Deaths, percent of total deaths, and death rates for the 15 leading causes of death in 5-year age groups, by race and sex: United States, 2005. Centers for Disease Control. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/LCWK1-2005.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2009.
73. Onrust SA, Cuijpers P (2006) Mood and anxiety disorders in widowhood: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health 10: 327-334. (Pubitemid 43977366)