Traumatic loss : Conceptual and empirical links between trauma and bereavement

Journal of Loss and Trauma

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-17

  Green, Bonnie L ^a,b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347698548     PISSN: 15325024     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.)Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Amick-McMullan, A., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (1991). Homicide as a risk factor for PTSD among surviving family members. Behavior Modification, 15, 545-559.
4. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 664-678.
5. Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670-686.
6. Farberow, N. L., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Gilewski, M., & Thompson, L. (1992). Changes in grief and mental health of bereaved spouses of older suicides. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, 357-366.
7. Gleser, G. C., Green, B. L., & Winget, C. N. (1981). Prolonged psychosocial effects of disaster: A study of Buffalo Creek. New York: Academic Press.
8. Green, B. L., (1993). Identifying survivors at risk: Trauma and Stressors across events. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 135-144). New York: Plenum.
9. Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., & Gleser, G. C. (1985). Identifying survivors at risk: Long-term impairment following the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 672-678.
10. Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., & Gleser, G. C. (1990). War Stressors and symptom persistence in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 31-39.
11. Hobfoll, S. E. (1991). Traumatic stress: A theory based on rapid loss of resources. Anxiety Research, 4, 187-197.
12. Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes (2nd ed.). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
13. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions : Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York : Free Press.
14. Kessler, B. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
15. Lifton, R. J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self: Imagery, symbolization, and transformation. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel, & B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 7-31). New York: Plenum.
16. Lindy, J. D., Green, B. L., Grace, M., & Titchener, J. (1983). Psychotherapy with survivors of the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 37, 593-610.
17. Middleton, W., Raphael, B., Martinek, N., & Misso, V. (1993). Pathological grief reactions. In M. C. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement : Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 44-61). New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Murphy, S. A. (1986). Status of natural disaster victims' health and recovery 1 and 3 years later. Research in Nursing and Health, 9, 331-340.
19. Murphy, S. A. (1988). Mental distress and recovery in a high-risk bereavement sample three years after untimely death. Nursing Research, 37, 30-35.
20. Parkes, C. M. (1990). Risk factors in bereavement: Implications for the prevention and treatment of pathologic grief. Psychiatric Annals, 20, 308-313.
21. Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 445-473.
22. Raphael, B. (1997). The interaction of trauma and grief. In D. Black, M. Newman, J. Harris-Hendriks, & G. Mezey (Eds.), Psychological trauma: A developmental approach (pp. 31-43). London: Gaskell.
23. Raphael, B., & Martinek, N. (1997). Assessing traumatic bereavement and posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 373-395). New York: Guilford Press.
24. Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984-991.
25. Rinear, E. E. (1988). Psychosocial aspects of parental response patterns to the death of a child by homicide. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 305-322.
26. Rynearson, E. (1986). Psychological effects of unnatural dying on bereavement. Psychiatric Annals, 16, 272-275.
27. Rynearson, E. K., & McCreery, J. M. (1993). Bereavement after homicide: A synergisrn of trauma and loss. American Journal of-Psychiatry, 150, 258-261.
28. Sanders, C. M. (1988). Risk factors in bereavement outcome. Journal of Social Issues, 44, 97-111.
29. Sanders, C. M. (1993). Risk factors in bereavement outcome. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 255-267). New York: Cambridge University Press.
30. Schut, H. A. W., De Keijser, J., Van Den Bout, J., & Dijkhuis, J. H. (1991). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in the first years of conjugal bereavement. Anxiety Research, 4, 224-234.
31. Stroebe, M. (1997, June). Coping with bereavement: The sense and nonsense of science. Keynote address presented at the International Conference on Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society, Association for Death Education and Counseling, Washington, DC.
32. Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. (1993). Determinants of adjustment to bereavement in younger widows and widowers. In C. M. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 208-226). New York: Cambridge University Press.
33. van der hart, O., Brown, P., & Turco, R. (1990). Hypnotherapy for traumatic grief: Janetian and modern approaches integrated. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 32, 263-271.
34. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.