Voxel and surface-based topography of memory and executive deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Brain Imaging and Behavior

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 551-567

  Nho, Kwangsik ^a   Risacher, Shannon L ^a   Crane, Paul K ^b   DeCarli, Charles ^c   Glymour, M Maria ^d   Habeck, Christian ^e   Kim, Sungeun ^a   Lee, Grace J ^f   Mormino, Elizabeth ^g   Mukherjee, Shubhabrata ^b   Shen, Li ^a   West, John D ^a   Saykin, Andrew J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Executive function; Memory; Mild cognitive impairment; Surface based analysis; Voxel based morphometry (VBM)

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN REGION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; NEUROIMAGING; PARIETAL LOBE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY; SURFACE BASED TOPOGRAPHY; TEMPORAL LOBE; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY;

EID: 84871722511     PISSN: 19317557     EISSN: 19317565     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9203-2     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., et al. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 7(3), 270-279.
2. Amici, S., Ogar, J., Brambati, S. M., Miller, B. L., Neuhaus, J., Dronkers, N. L., et al. (2007). Performance in specific language tasks correlates with regional volume changes in progressive aphasia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 20(4), 203-211.
3. Apostolova, L. G., Lu, P., Rogers, S., Dutton, R. A., Hayashi, K. M., Toga, A. W., et al. (2008). 3D mapping of language networks in clinical and pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language, 104(1), 33-41.
4. Apostolova, L. G., Morra, J. H., Green, A. E., Hwang, K. S., Avedissian, C., Woo, E., et al. (2010). Automated 3D mapping of baseline and 12-month associations between three verbal memory measures and hippocampal atrophy in 490 ADNI subjects. NeuroImage, 51(1), 488-499.
5. Armstrong, R. A. (2009). The molecular biology of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Folia Neuropathologica, 47(4), 289-299.
6. Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2000). Voxel-based morphometry-the methods. NeuroImage, 11(6 Pt 1), 805-821.
7. Barbeau, E. J., Ranjeva, J. P., Didic, M., Confort-Gouny, S., Felician, O., Soulier, E., et al. (2008). Profile of memory impairment and gray matter loss in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 46(4), 1009-1019.
8. Berlingeri, M., Bottini, G., Basilico, S., Silani, G., Zanardi, G., Sberna, M., et al. (2008). Anatomy of the episodic buffer: a voxel-based morphometry study in patients with dementia. Behavioural Neurology, 19(1-2), 29-34.
9. Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1996). Evolution of the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 165, 3-12.
10. Braak, H., Braak, E., & Bohl, J. (1993). Staging of Alzheimer-related cortical destruction. European Neurology, 33(6), 403-408.
11. Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer, D., de Vos, R. A., Jansen, E. N., & Bohl, J. (1996). Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Journal of Neural Transmission, 103(4), 455-490.
12. Brambati, S. M., Myers, D., Wilson, A., Rankin, K. P., Allison, S. C., Rosen, H. J., et al. (2006). The anatomy of category-specific object naming in neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(10), 1644-1653.
13. Braskie, M. N., Small, G. W., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2009). Entorhinal cortex structure and functional MRI response during an associative verbal memory task. Human Brain Mapping, 30(12), 3981-3992.
14. Cabeza, R. (2008). Role of parietal regions in episodic memory retrieval: the dual attentional processes hypothesis. Neuropsychologia, 46(7), 1813-1827.
15. Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000). Imaging cognition II: an empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(1), 1-47.
16. Cabeza, R., Ciaramelli, E., Olson, I. R., & Moscovitch, M. (2008). The parietal cortex and episodic memory: an attentional account. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(8), 613-625.
17. Cahn-Weiner, D. A., Sullivan, E. V., Shear, P. K., Fama, R., Lim, K. O., Yesavage, J. A., et al. (1999). Brain structural and cognitive correlates of clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 5(6), 502-509.
18. Chang, Y. L., Bondi, M. W., Fennema-Notestine, C., McEvoy, L. K., Hagler, D. J., Jr., Jacobson, M. W., et al. (2010). Brain substrates of learning and retention in mild cognitive impairment diagnosis and progression to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), 1237-1247.
19. Chang, Y. L., Jacobson, M. W., Fennema-Notestine, C., Hagler, D. J., Jr., Jennings, R. G., Dale, A. M., et al. (2010). Level of executive function influences verbal memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and predicts prefrontal and posterior cingulate thickness. Cerebral Cortex, 20(6), 1305-1313.
20. Chetelat, G., Desgranges, B., de la Sayette, V., Viader, F., Berkouk, K., Landeau, B., et al. (2003). Dissociating atrophy and hypometabolism impact on episodic memory in mild cognitive impairment. Brain, 126(Pt 9), 1955-1967.
21. Chetelat, G., Villemagne, V. L., Pike, K. E., Ellis, K. A., Bourgeat, P., Jones, G., et al. (2011). Independent contribution of temporal beta-amyloid deposition to memory decline in the pre-dementia phase of Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 134(Pt 3), 798-807.
22. Chiang, G. C., Insel, P. S., Tosun, D., Schuff, N., Truran-Sacrey, D., Raptentsetsang, S., et al. (2011). Identifying cognitively healthy elderly individuals with subsequent memory decline by using automated MR temporoparietal volumes. Radiology, 259(3), 844-851.
23. Chou, Y. Y., Lepore, N., Avedissian, C., Madsen, S. K., Parikshak, N., Hua, X., et al. (2009). Mapping correlations between ventricular expansion and CSF amyloid and tau biomarkers in 240 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and elderly controls. NeuroImage, 46(2), 394-410.
24. Chou, Y. Y., Lepore, N., Saharan, P., Madsen, S. K., Hua, X., Jack, C. R., et al. (2010). Ventricular maps in 804 ADNI subjects: correlations with CSF biomarkers and clinical decline. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(8), 1386-1400.
25. Cockrell, J. R., & Folstein, M. F. (1988). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24(4), 689-692.
26. Convit, A., de Asis, J., de Leon, M. J., Tarshish, C. Y., De Santi, S., & Rusinek, H. (2000). Atrophy of the medial occipitotemporal, inferior, and middle temporal gyri in non-demented elderly predict decline to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 21(1), 19-26.
27. Costafreda, S. G., Fu, C. H., Lee, L., Everitt, B., Brammer, M. J., & David, A. S. (2006). A systematic review and quantitative appraisal of fMRI studies of verbal fluency: role of the left inferior frontal gyrus. Human Brain Mapping, 27(10), 799-810.
28. Crane, P. K., Carle, A., Gibbons L. E., et al. (2012). Development and assessment of a composite score for memory in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Brain Imaging and Behavior. doi: 10. 1007/s11682-012-9186-z.
29. Crane, P. K., Narasimhalu, K., Gibbons, L. E., Pedraza, O., Mehta, K. M., Tang, Y., et al. (2008). Composite scores for executive function items: demographic heterogeneity and relationships with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 14(5), 746-759.
30. Dale, A., Fischl, B., & Sereno, M. (1999). Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage, 9(2), 179-194.
31. Deweer, B., Lehericy, S., Pillon, B., Baulac, M., Chiras, J., Marsault, C., et al. (1995). Memory disorders in probable Alzheimer's disease: the role of hippocampal atrophy as shown with MRI. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 58(5), 590-597.
32. Di Paola, M., Macaluso, E., Carlesimo, G. A., Tomaiuolo, F., Worsley, K. J., Fadda, L., et al. (2007). Episodic memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease is correlated with entorhinal cortex atrophy. A voxel-based morphometry study. Journal of Neurology, 254(6), 774-781.
33. Dickerson, B. C., & Wolk, D. A. (2011). Dysexecutive versus amnesic phenotypes of very mild Alzheimer's disease are associated with distinct clinical, genetic and cortical thinning characteristics. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(1), 45-51.
34. Epstein, N. U., Saykin, A. J., Risacher, S. L., Gao, S., & Farlow, M. R. (2010). Differences in medication use in the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: analysis of baseline characteristics. Drugs & Aging, 27(8), 677-686.
35. Evans, M. C., Barnes, J., Nielsen, C., Kim, L. G., Clegg, S. L., Blair, M., et al. (2010). Volume changes in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: cognitive associations. European Radiology, 20(3), 674-682.
36. Fischl, B., & Dale, A. M. (2000). Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(20), 11050-11055.
37. Fischl, B., Sereno, M., & Dale, A. (1999). Cortical surface-based analysis. II: inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. NeuroImage, 9(2), 195-207.
38. Fischl, B., Salat, D., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., et al. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33(3), 341-355.
39. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198.
40. Fox, N. C., Warrington, E. K., Freeborough, P. A., Hartikainen, P., Kennedy, A. M., Stevens, J. M., et al. (1996). Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal MRI study. Brain, 119(Pt 6), 2001-2007.
41. Gibbons, L. E., Carle, A. C., Mackin, R. S., Harvey, D., et al. (2012). A composite score for executive functioning, validated in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants with baseline mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging and Behavior. doi: 10. 1007/s11682-012-9176-1.
42. Good, C. D., Johnsrude, I. S., Ashburner, J., Henson, R. N., Friston, K. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. (2001). A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage, 14(1 Pt 1), 21-36.
43. Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
44. Goto, M., Abe, O., Miyati, T., Yoshikawa, T., Hayashi, N., Takao, H., et al. (2011). Entorhinal cortex volume measured with 3 T MRI is positively correlated with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised logical/verbal memory score for healthy subjects. Neuroradiology, 53(8), 617-622.
45. Grady, C. L., McIntosh, A. R., Beig, S., Keightley, M. L., Burian, H., & Black, S. E. (2003). Evidence from functional neuroimaging of a compensatory prefrontal network in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(3), 986-993.
46. Greene, S. J., & Killiany, R. J. (2010). Subregions of the inferior parietal lobule are affected in the progression to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(8), 1304-1311.
47. Greene, S. J., & Killiany, R. J. (2011). Hippocampal subregions are differentially affected in the progression to alzheimer's disease. Anatomical Record (Hoboken).
48. Grossman, M., McMillan, C., Moore, P., Ding, L., Glosser, G., Work, M., et al. (2004). What's in a name: voxel-based morphometric analyses of MRI and naming difficulty in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration. Brain, 127(Pt 3), 628-649.
49. Hackert, V. H., den Heijer, T., Oudkerk, M., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., & Breteler, M. M. (2002). Hippocampal head size associated with verbal memory performance in nondemented elderly. NeuroImage, 17(3), 1365-1372.
50. Hamalainen, A., Pihlajamaki, M., Tanila, H., Hanninen, T., Niskanen, E., Tervo, S., et al. (2007). Increased fMRI responses during encoding in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(12), 1889-1903.
51. Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002). The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science, 297(5580), 353-356.
52. Hart, J., Jr., Anand, R., Zoccoli, S., Maguire, M., Gamino, J., Tillman, G., et al. (2007). Neural substrates of semantic memory. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 13(5), 865-880.
53. Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ishii, K., Imamura, T., Tanimukai, S., Kazui, H., et al. (2001). Neuronal substrates for semantic memory: a positron emission tomography study in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 12(1), 15-21.
54. Holtzman, D. M., Morris, J. C., & Goate, A. M. (2011). Alzheimer's disease: the challenge of the second century. Science Translational Medicine, 3(77), 77sr71.
55. Hua, X., Leow, A. D., Parikshak, N., Lee, S., Chiang, M. C., Toga, A. W., et al. (2008). Tensor-based morphometry as a neuroimaging biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study of 676 AD, MCI, and normal subjects. NeuroImage, 43(3), 458-469.
56. Huey, E. D., Goveia, E. N., Paviol, S., Pardini, M., Krueger, F., Zamboni, G., et al. (2009). Executive dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal syndrome. Neurology, 72(5), 453-459.
57. Ino, T., Asada, T., Ito, J., Kimura, T., & Fukuyama, H. (2003). Parieto-frontal networks for clock drawing revealed with fMRI. Neurosciences Research, 45(1), 71-77.
58. Jack, C. R., Jr., Lowe, V. J., Weigand, S. D., Wiste, H. J., Senjem, M. L., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2009). Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 132(Pt 5), 1355-1365.
59. Jagust, W., Gitcho, A., Sun, F., Kuczynski, B., Mungas, D., & Haan, M. (2006). Brain imaging evidence of preclinical Alzheimer's disease in normal aging. Annals of Neurology, 59(4), 673-681.
60. Juottonen, K., Laakso, M. P., Insausti, R., Lehtovirta, M., Pitkanen, A., Partanen, K., et al. (1998). Volumes of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 19(1), 15-22.
61. Kato, T., Knopman, D., & Liu, H. (2001). Dissociation of regional activation in mild AD during visual encoding: a functional MRI study. Neurology, 57, 812-816.
62. King, R. D., Brown, B., Hwang, M., Jeon, T., & George, A. T. (2010). Fractal dimension analysis of the cortical ribbon in mild Alzheimer's disease. NeuroImage, 53(2), 471-479.
63. Knopman, D. S., DeKosky, S. T., Cummings, J. L., Chui, H., Corey-Bloom, J., Relkin, N., et al. (2001). Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 56(9), 1143-1153.
64. Kovacevic, S., Rafii, M. S., & Brewer, J. B. (2009). High-throughput, fully automated volumetry for prediction of MMSE and CDR decline in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 23(2), 139-145.
65. Kramer, J. H., Quitania, L., Dean, D., Neuhaus, J., Rosen, H. J., Halabi, C., et al. (2007). Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of set shifting. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 13(3), 386-392.
66. Laakso, M. P., Soininen, H., Partanen, K., Helkala, E. L., Hartikainen, P., Vainio, P., et al. (1995). Volumes of hippocampus, amygdala and frontal lobes in the MRI-based diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease: correlation with memory functions. Journal of Neural Transmission. Parkinson's Disease and Dementia Section, 9(1), 73-86.
67. Leow, A. D., Yanovsky, I., Parikshak, N., Hua, X., Lee, S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2009). Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: a one-year follow up study using tensor-based morphometry correlating degenerative rates, biomarkers and cognition. NeuroImage, 45(3), 645-655.
68. Leube, D. T., Weis, S., Freymann, K., Erb, M., Jessen, F., Heun, R., et al. (2008). Neural correlates of verbal episodic memory in patients with MCI and Alzheimer's disease-a VBM study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(11), 1114-1118.
69. Lo, R. Y., Hubbard, A. E., Shaw, L. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Petersen, R. C., Aisen, P. S., et al. (2011). Longitudinal change of biomarkers in cognitive decline. Archives of Neurology, 68(10), 1257-1266.
70. Madsen, S. K., Ho, A. J., Hua, X., Saharan, P. S., Toga, A. W., Jack, C. R., Jr., et al. (2010). 3D maps localize caudate nucleus atrophy in 400 Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy elderly subjects. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(8), 1312-1325.
71. McDonald, C. R., Gharapetian, L., McEvoy, L. K., Fennema-Notestine, C., Hagler, D. J., Jr., Holland, D., et al. (2012). Relationship between regional atrophy rates and cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(2), 242-253.
72. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
73. McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Jr., Kawas, C. H., et al. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 7(3), 263-269.
74. Mechelli, A. P., Price, C. J., Friston, K. J., & Ashburner, J. (2005). Voxel-based morphometry of the human brain: methods and applications. Current Medical Imaging Reviews, 1(1), 1-9.
75. Minati, L., Edginton, T., Bruzzone, M. G., & Giaccone, G. (2009). Current concepts in Alzheimer's disease: a multidisciplinary review. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 24(2), 95-121.
76. Mohs, R. C. (1994). Administration and scoring manual for the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, 1994 revised edition.
77. Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Moll, F. T., Bramati, I. E., & Andreiuolo, P. A. (2002). The cerebral correlates of set-shifting: an fMRI study of the trail making test. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 60(4), 900-905.
78. Monchi, O., Petrides, M., Petre, V., Worsley, K., & Dagher, A. (2001). Wisconsin Card Sorting revisited: distinct neural circuits participating in different stages of the task identified by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 21(19), 7733-7741.
79. Mormino, E. C., Kluth, J. T., Madison, C. M., Rabinovici, G. D., Baker, S. L., Miller, B. L., et al. (2009). Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampal-mediated beta-amyloid deposition in elderly subjects. Brain, 132(Pt 5), 1310-1323.
80. Morra, J. H., Tu, Z., Apostolova, L. G., Green, A. E., Avedissian, C., Madsen, S. K., et al. (2009a). Automated 3D mapping of hippocampal atrophy and its clinical correlates in 400 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and elderly controls. Human Brain Mapping, 30(9), 2766-2788.
81. Morra, J. H., Tu, Z., Apostolova, L. G., Green, A. E., Avedissian, C., Madsen, S. K., et al. (2009b). Automated mapping of hippocampal atrophy in 1-year repeat MRI data from 490 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and elderly controls. NeuroImage, 45(1 Suppl), S3-S15.
82. Morris, J. C. (1993). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43(11), 2412-2414.
83. Morris, J., Heyman, A., Mohs, R., Hughes, J., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., et al. (1989). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 39(9), 1159-1165.
84. Mueller, S. G., Weiner, M. W., Thal, L. J., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C., Jagust, W., et al. (2005a). The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 15(4), 869-877.
85. Mueller, S. G., Weiner, M. W., Thal, L. J., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W., et al. (2005b). Ways toward an early diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Alzheimer's & Dementia, 1(1), 55-66.
86. Murphy, E. A., Holland, D., Donohue, M., McEvoy, L. K., Hagler, D. J., Jr., Dale, A. M., et al. (2010). Six-month atrophy in MTL structures is associated with subsequent memory decline in elderly controls. NeuroImage, 53(4), 1310-1317.
87. Nestor, S. M., Rupsingh, R., Borrie, M., Smith, M., Accomazzi, V., Wells, J. L., et al. (2008). Ventricular enlargement as a possible measure of Alzheimer's disease progression validated using the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative database. Brain, 131(Pt 9), 2443-2454.
88. Nettiksimmons, J., Harvey, D., Brewer, J., Carmichael, O., DeCarli, C., Jack, C. R., Jr., et al. (2010). Subtypes based on cerebrospinal fluid and magnetic resonance imaging markers in normal elderly predict cognitive decline. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(8), 1419-1428.
89. Newman, L. M., Trivedi, M. A., Bendlin, B. B., Ries, M. L., & Johnson, S. C. (2007). The relationship between gray matter morphometry and neuropsychological performance in a large sample of cognitively healthy adults. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 1(1-2), 3-10.
90. Oh, H., Mormino, E. C., Madison, C., Hayenga, A., Smiljic, A., & Jagust, W. J. (2011). Beta-amyloid affects frontal and posterior brain networks in normal aging. NeuroImage, 54(3), 1887-1895.
91. Pa, J., Boxer, A., Chao, L. L., Gazzaley, A., Freeman, K., Kramer, J., et al. (2009). Clinical-neuroimaging characteristics of dysexecutive mild cognitive impairment. Annals of Neurology, 65(4), 414-423.
92. Pa, J., Possin, K. L., Wilson, S. M., Quitania, L. C., Kramer, J. H., Boxer, A. L., et al. (2010). Gray matter correlates of set-shifting among neurodegenerative disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy older adults. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 16(4), 640-650.
93. Pantel, J., Schonknecht, P., Essig, M., & Schroder, J. (2004). Distribution of cerebral atrophy assessed by magnetic resonance imaging reflects patterns of neuropsychological deficits in Alzheimer's dementia. Neuroscience Letters, 361(1-3), 17-20.
94. Park, H., & Seo, J. (2011). Application of multidimensional scaling to quantify shape in Alzheimer's disease and its correlation with Mini Mental State Examination: a feasibility study. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 194(2), 380-385.
95. Petersen, R. C. (2000). Mild cognitive impairment: transition between aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurologia, 15(3), 93-101.
96. Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56(3), 303-308.
97. Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Jr., Xu, Y. C., Waring, S. C., O'Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., et al. (2000). Memory and MRI-based hippocampal volumes in aging and AD. Neurology, 54(3), 581-587.
98. Poulin, S. P., Dautoff, R., Morris, J. C., Barrett, L. F., & Dickerson, B. C. (2011). Amygdala atrophy is prominent in early Alzheimer's disease and relates to symptom severity. Psychiatry Research, 194(1), 7-13.
99. Rabin, L. A., Saykin, A. J., West, J. D., Borgos, M. J., Wishart, H. A., Nutter-Upham, K. E., et al. (2009). Judgement in older adults with normal cognition, cognitive complaints, MCI, and mild AD: relation to regional frontal grey matter. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 3(2), 212-219.
100. Reitan, R., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tucson: Neuropsychology Press.
101. Remy, F., Mirrashed, F., Campbell, B., & Richter, W. (2005). Verbal episodic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: a combined structural and functional MRI study. NeuroImage, 25(1), 253-266.
102. Rey, A. (1964). L'examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
103. Risacher, S. L., Saykin, A. J., West, J. D., Shen, L., Firpi, H. A., & McDonald, B. C. (2009). Baseline MRI predictors of conversion from MCI to probable AD in the ADNI cohort. Current Alzheimer Research, 6(4), 347-361.
104. Risacher, S. L., Shen, L., West, J. D., Kim, S., McDonald, B. C., Beckett, L. A., et al. (2010). Longitudinal MRI atrophy biomarkers: relationship to conversion in the ADNI cohort. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(8), 1401-1418.
105. Risacher, S. L., Wishart, H. A., & Saykin, A. J. (2011). Functional MRI studies of memory in aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. In S. H. Faro & F. B. Mohamed (Eds.), Functional neuroradiology (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
106. Rombouts, S. A., Barkhof, F., Veltman, D. J., Machielsen, W. C., Witter, M. P., Bierlaagh, M. A., et al. (2000). Functional MR imaging in Alzheimer's disease during memory encoding. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 21(10), 1869-1875.
107. Rushworth, M. F., Hadland, K. A., Paus, T., & Sipila, P. K. (2002). Role of the human medial frontal cortex in task switching: a combined fMRI and TMS study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87(5), 2577-2592.
108. Rusinek, H., De Santi, S., Frid, D., Tsui, W. H., Tarshish, C. Y., Convit, A., et al. (2003). Regional brain atrophy rate predicts future cognitive decline: 6-year longitudinal MR imaging study of normal aging. [Research Support, U. S. Gov't, P. H. S.]. Radiology, 229(3), 691-696.
109. Sabuncu, M. R., Desikan, R. S., Sepulcre, J., Yeo, B. T., Liu, H., Schmansky, N. J., et al. (2011). The dynamics of cortical and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 68(8), 1040-1048.
110. Saykin, A. J., Flashman, L. A., Frutiger, S. A., Johnson, S. C., Mamourian, A. C., Moritz, C. H., et al. (1999). Neuroanatomic substrates of semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: patterns of functional MRI activation. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 5(5), 377-392.
111. Schmidt-Wilcke, T., Poljansky, S., Hierlmeier, S., Hausner, J., & Ibach, B. (2009). Memory performance correlates with gray matter density in the ento-/perirhinal cortex and posterior hippocampus in patients with mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls-a voxel based morphometry study. NeuroImage, 47(4), 1914-1920.
112. Shen, K. K., Fripp, J., Meriaudeau, F., Chetelat, G., Salvado, O., & Bourgeat, P. (2011). Detecting global and local hippocampal shape changes in Alzheimer's disease using statistical shape models. Neuroimage.
113. Shimamura, A. P. (1995). Memory and the prefrontal cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 769, 151-159.
114. Small, S. A., Perera, G. M., DeLaPaz, R., Mayeux, R., & Stern, Y. (1999). Differential regional dysfunction of the hippocampal formation among elderly with memory decline and Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology, 45(4), 466-472.
115. Smith, C. D., Malcein, M., Meurer, K., Schmitt, F. A., Markesbery, W. R., & Pettigrew, L. C. (1999). MRI temporal lobe volume measures and neuropsychologic function in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroimaging, 9(1), 2-9.
116. Smith, A. B., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., & Rubia, K. (2004). Neural correlates of switching set as measured in fast, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 21(4), 247-256.
117. Sperling, R. A., Bates, J. F., Chua, E. F., Cocchiarella, A. J., Rentz, D. M., Rosen, B. R., et al. (2003). FMRI studies of associative encoding in young and elderly controls and mild Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74(1), 44-50.
118. Sperling, R. A., Dickerson, B. C., Pihlajamaki, M., Vannini, P., LaViolette, P. S., Vitolo, O. V., et al. (2010). Functional alterations in memory networks in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Medicine, 12(1), 27-43.
119. Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. New York: Oxford University Press.
120. Stonnington, C. M., Chu, C., Kloppel, S., Jack, C. R., Jr., Ashburner, J., & Frackowiak, R. S. (2010). Predicting clinical scores from magnetic resonance scans in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroImage, 51(4), 1405-1413.
121. Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Wager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2004). A functional neuroimaging study of motivation and executive function. NeuroImage, 21(3), 1045-1054.
122. Thomann, P. A., Toro, P., Dos Santos, V., Essig, M., & Schroder, J. (2008). Clock drawing performance and brain morphology in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 67(1), 88-93.
123. Vemuri, P., Wiste, H. J., Weigand, S. D., Shaw, L. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2009a). MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects: diagnostic discrimination and cognitive correlations. Neurology, 73(4), 287-293.
124. Vemuri, P., Wiste, H. J., Weigand, S. D., Shaw, L. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2009b). MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects: predicting future clinical change. Neurology, 73(4), 294-301.
125. Vemuri, P., Wiste, H. J., Weigand, S. D., Knopman, D. S., Shaw, L. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., et al. (2010). Effect of apolipoprotein E on biomarkers of amyloid load and neuronal pathology in Alzheimer disease. Annals of Neurology, 67(3), 308-316.
126. Vemuri, P., Wiste, H. J., Weigand, S. D., Knopman, D. S., Trojanowski, J. Q., Shaw, L. M., et al. (2010). Serial MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal aging, MCI, and AD. Neurology, 75(2), 143-151.
127. Vemuri, P., Weigand, S. D., Przybelski, S. A., Knopman, D. S., Smith, G. E., Trojanowski, J. Q., et al. (2011). Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers are independent determinants of cognition. Brain, 134(Pt 5), 1479-1492.
128. Venneri, A., McGeown, W. J., Hietanen, H. M., Guerrini, C., Ellis, A. W., & Shanks, M. F. (2008). The anatomical bases of semantic retrieval deficits in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 46(2), 497-510.
129. Wager, T. D., Jonides, J., & Reading, S. (2004). Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: a meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 22(4), 1679-1693.
130. Walhovd, K. B., Fjell, A. M., Brewer, J., McEvoy, L. K., Fennema-Notestine, C., Hagler, D. J., Jr., et al. (2010). Combining MR imaging, positron-emission tomography, and CSF biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer disease. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 31(2), 347-354.
131. Walhovd, K. B., Fjell, A. M., Dale, A. M., McEvoy, L. K., Brewer, J., Karow, D. S., et al. (2010). Multi-modal imaging predicts memory performance in normal aging and cognitive decline. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(7), 1107-1121.
132. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. The Psychological Corporation.
133. Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-revised. New York: Psychological Association.
134. Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P. S., Jack, C. R., Jr., Jagust, W. J., Trojanowski, J. Q., Shaw, L., et al. (2010). The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: progress report and future plans. Alzheimers Dement, 6(3), 202-211 e207.
135. Weiner, M. W., Veitch, D. P., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Cairns, N. J., Green, R. C., et al. (2011). The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement.
136. Wolk, D. A., & Dickerson, B. C. (2010). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has dissociable effects on memory and attentional-executive network function in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(22), 10256-10261.
137. Wolk, D. A., & Dickerson, B. C. (2011). Fractionating verbal episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroImage, 54(2), 1530-1539.
138. Wolz, R., Heckemann, R. A., Aljabar, P., Hajnal, J. V., Hammers, A., Lotjonen, J., et al. (2010). Measurement of hippocampal atrophy using 4D graph-cut segmentation: application to ADNI. NeuroImage, 52(1), 109-118.
139. Zakzanis, K. K., Graham, S. J., & Campbell, Z. (2003). A meta-analysis of structural and functional brain imaging in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a neuroimaging profile. Neuropsychology Review, 13(1), 1-18.
140. Zakzanis, K. K., Mraz, R., & Graham, S. J. (2005). An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychologia, 43(13), 1878-1886.
141. Zhang, N., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., D'Arcy, R. C., Darvesh, S., et al. (2011). An MRI brain atrophy and lesion index to assess the progression of structural changes in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging: a follow-up study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 26(Suppl 3), 359-367.