Emotional and behavioral responses to workplace incivility and the impact of hierarchical status

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 42, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2012, Pages

  Porath, Christine L ^a   Pearson, Christine M ^b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Thunderbird School of Global Management ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871677764     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: 15591816     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01020.x     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Anderson, J. G., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452-471.
3. Aquino, K., & Douglas, S. (2003). Identity threat and antisocial behavior: The moderating effects of individual differences, aggressive modeling, and hierarchical status. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 195-208.
4. Aquino, K., Douglas, S., & Martinko, M. J. (2004). Overt expressions of anger in response to perceived victimization: The moderating effects of attributional style and organizational norms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 152-164.
5. Aquino, K., Lewis, M. U., & Bradfield, M. (1999). Justice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: A proposed model and empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 1073-1091.
6. Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 52-59.
7. Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2006). Getting even or moving on? Power, procedural justice, and types of offense as predictors of revenge, forgiveness, reconciliation, and avoidance in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 653-668.
8. Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression. American Psychologist, 38, 1145-1160.
9. Barling, J. (1992). Work and family: In search of the missing links. Journal of Employee Assistance Research, 1, 271-285.
10. Barling, J. (1996). Prediction, experience, and consequences of violence. In G. R. VandenBos & E. Q. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence on the job: Identifying risks and developing solutions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (pp. 29-49)
11. Barling, J. (2003). Workplace aggression and violence. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55, 115-118.
12. Barling, J., Rogers, A. G., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Behind closed doors: In-home workers' experience of sexual harassment and workplace violence. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 255-269.
13. Baron, R. A., & Neuman, J. H. (1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 161-173.
14. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
15. Bies, R. J. (1999). Interactional (in)justice: The sacred and the profane. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational behavior San Francisco: New Lexington. (pp. 89-118).
16. Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (1995). Beyond distrust: "Getting even" and the need for revenge. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (pp. 246-260).
17. Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M., & Kramer, R. M. (1997). At the breaking point: Cognitive and social dynamics of revenge in organizations. Antisocial behavior in organizations In R. A. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (pp. 18-36).
18. Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Hjelt-Back, M. (1994). Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 173-184.
19. Bougie, R., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2003). Angry customers don't come back, they get back: The experience and behavioral implications of anger and dissatisfaction in services. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 31, 377-393.
20. Brass, D. J., Butterfield, K. D., & Skaggs, B. C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23, 14-31.
21. Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307.
22. Compas, B. E., & Orosan, P. G. (1993). Cognitive appraisals and coping with stress. In B. Long & S. E. Kahn (Eds.), Women, work, and coping: A multidisciplinary approach to workplace stress Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. (pp. 219- 237).
23. Conway, M., DiFazio, R., & Mayman, S. (1999). Judging others' emotions as a function of others' status. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 1105-1117.
24. Cortina, L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33, 55-75.
25. Cortina, L. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (2002). Contextualizing Latina experiences of sexual harassment: Preliminary tests of a structural model. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 295-311.
26. Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2009). Patterns and profiles of response to incivility in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 272-288.
27. Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64-80.
28. DeBecker, G. (1997). The gift of fear. Boston: Little, Brown. Dietz, J., Robinson, S. L., Folger, R., Baron, R. A., & Schulz, M. (2003). The impact of community violence and an organization's procedural justice climate on workplace aggression. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 317-326.
29. Domagalski, T. A. (1999). Experienced and expressed anger in the workplace. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59, 2600.
30. Douglas, S. C., Kiewitz, C., Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Kim, Y., & Chun, J. U. (2008). Cognitions, emotions, and evaluations: An elaboration likelihood model for workplace aggression. Academy of Management Review, 33, 425-451.
31. Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. (pp. 319-344).
32. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the race. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
33. Fisher, C. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work life: An introduction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 123-129.
34. Fitness, J. (2000). Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 147-162.
35. Fletcher, J. K. (1999). Disappearing acts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
37. Frijda, N. H. (1993). Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions New York: Guilford. (pp. 381-403).
38. Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & Terschure, E. (1989). Relations between emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
39. Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1992). Monte Carlo evaluations of goodness of fit indices for structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 132-160.
40. Goffman, E. (1982). Interactional ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Pantheon.
41. Greenspan, P. S. (1988). Emotions and reasons: An inquiry into emotional justification. New York: Routledge.
42. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.
43. Harlos, K. P., & Pinder, C. C. (2000). Emotion and injustice in the workplace. In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations London: Sage. (pp. 255-276).
44. Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
45. Hirschmann, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
47. Hunter, A. (1978, November). Symbols of incivility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Dallas, TX.
48. Izard, C. E. (1972). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.
49. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., & Rivero, J. C. (1989). Organizational characteristics as predictors of personnel practices. Personnel Psychology, 42, 727-786.
50. Johnson, P. R., & Indvik, J. (2001). Slings and arrows of rudeness: Incivility in the workplace. Journal of Management Development, 20, 705- 714.
51. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Scientific Software International.
52. Kemper, T. D. (1978). A social interaction theory of emotions. New York: Wiley.
53. Kemper, T. D. (1981) Social constructionist and positivist approaches to the sociology of emotions. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 336-362.
54. Kemper, T. D. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 330-342.
55. Kim, P. H., Pinkley, R. L., & Fragale, A. R. (2005). Power dynamics in negotiation. Academy of Management Review, 30, 799-822.
56. Langhout, R. D., Bergman, M., Cortina, L. M., Williams, J. H., Drasgow, F., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2005). Sexual harassment severity: Assessing situational and personal determinants and outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 975-1007.
57. Lazarus, R. S. (1968). Emotions and adaptation: Conceptual and empirical relations. In W. J. Arnold (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. (Vol. 16, pp. 175-266).
58. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotions and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer.
60. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
61. Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Leather, P. (1998). Exposure to occupational violence and the buffering effects of intra-organizational support. Work and Stress, 12, 161-178.
63. Lerner, H. (2004). Fear and other uninvited guests. New York: HarperCollins.
64. Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: The interface and outcomes of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 483-496.
65. Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: Impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 95-107.
66. Lind, E. A.(1997). Litigation and claiming in organizations. In R.Giacalone& J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in organizations Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (pp. 150-171).
67. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum.
68. Lively, K. J. (2000). Reciprocal emotion management: Working together to maintain stratification in private law firms. Work and Occupations, 27, 32-63.
69. MacKinnon, C. (1994). Only words. New York: Basic Books. MacEwen, K. E., & Barling, J. (1991). Maternal employment experiences affect children's behavior via mood, cognitive difficulties, and parenting behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53, 635-644.
70. Mays, M. L. (2002). The structural determinants of fear of crime. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A, Humanities and Social Sciences, 62, 2573.
71. Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179-204.
72. Miner-Rubino, K., & Cortina, L. M. (2004). Working in a context of hostility toward women: Implications for employees' well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 107-122.
73. Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets. Journal of Management, 24, 391-419.
74. Nisbett, R., & Wilson, T. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
75. Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. A., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 1-16.
76. Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. A., & Wegner, J. A. (2001). When workers flout convention: A study of workplace incivility. Human Relations, 54, 1387-1419.
77. Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2005). On the nature, consequences, and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for "Nice"? Think again. Academy of Management Executive, 19, 7-18.
78. Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility damages your business and what you can do about it. New York: Portfolio.
79. Pelled, L. H., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Down and out: An investigation of the relationship between mood and employee withdrawal behavior. Journal of Management, 25, 875-895.
80. Pfeffer, J. (2010). Power: Why some people have it and others don't. New York: HarperCollins.
81. Pinder, C. C. (1997). Work motivation in organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
82. Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
83. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
84. Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2007). Does rudeness matter? The effects of rude behavior on task performance and helpfulness. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1181-1197.
85. Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How incivility reduces onlookers' performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 29-44.
86. Porath, C. L., MacInnis, D. J., & Folkes, V. S. (2010). Witnessing incivility among employees: Effects on consumer anger and negative inferences about companies. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 292-303.
87. Porath, C. L., Overbeck, J., & Pearson, C. M. (2008). Picking up the gauntlet: How individuals respond to status challenges. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 1945-1980.
88. Ragins, B. R., & Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 51-88.
89. Riger, S. (1985). Crime as an environmental stressors. Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 270-280.
90. Rogers, K. A., & Kelloway, E. K. (1997). Violence at work: Personal and organizational outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 63-71.
91. Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 11-36.
92. Roseman, I. J., Dhawan, N., Rettek, S. I., & Naidu, R. K. (1995). Cultural differences and cross-cultural similarities in appraisals and emotional responses. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 23-48.
93. Schat, A. C., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Effects of perceived control on the outcomes of workplace aggression and violence. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 386-402.
94. Scullen, S. E., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Evidence of the construct validity of developmental ratings of managerial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 50-66.
95. Sinclair, R. R., Martin, J. E., & Croll, L. W. (2002). A threat-appraisal perspective on employees' fears about antisocial workplace behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 37-56.
96. Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The role of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434-443.
97. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.
98. Taylor, R. B., & Covington, J. (1993). Community structural change and fear of crime. Social Problems, 40, 374-397.
99. Tedeschi, J. T., & Felson, R. B. (1994). Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
100. Thacker, R. A. (1996). A descriptive study of situational and individual influences upon individuals' responses to sexual harassment. Human Relations, 49, 1105-1122.
101. Thacker, R. A., & Ferris, G. R. (1991). Understanding sexual harassment in the workplace: The influence of power and politics. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 23-37.
102. Tiedens, L. Z. (1999). Feeling low and feeling high: Associations between social status and emotions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. The Sciences and Engineering, 59, 3776.
103. Tiedens, L. Z. (2000). Powerful emotions: The vicious cycle of social status positions and emotions. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel, & W. J. Zerbe (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace Westport, CT: Quorum Books. (pp. 71-81).
104. Tiedens, L. Z. (2001). Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 86-94.
105. Tiedens, L. Z., Ellsworth, P. C., & Mesquita, B. (2000). Stereotypes about sentiments and status: Emotional expectations for high- and low-status group members. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 560-574.
106. Vogel, W., & Lazare, A. (1990). The unforgivable humiliation. Contemporary Family Therapy, 12, 139-151.
107. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, D. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
108. Weick, K. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
109. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in organizational behavior In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. (Vol. 18, pp. 1-74).