Quantification of turbulent heat fluxes for adaptation strategies within urban planning

International Journal of Climatology

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 143-159

  Goldbach, Anja ^a   Kuttler, Wilhelm ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adaptation strategies; Climate change; Eddy covariance; Evaporation areas; Oberhausen (Germany); Urban climate; Urban suburban energy balance fluxes

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES; BOWEN RATIO; CITY-DWELLERS; DRY PERIODS; EDDY COVARIANCE; ENERGY-BALANCE MEASUREMENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; GREEN SPACES; HEAVY PRECIPITATION; MEASURED RESULTS; MIDLATITUDES; MITIGATION MEASURES; OBERHAUSEN (GERMANY); SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; SUBURBAN SITES; TURBULENT HEAT FLUXES; URBAN CLIMATES; URBAN GREEN SPACES; URBAN LAND USE; URBAN PLANNERS; URBAN SITE;

CLIMATE CHANGE; DROUGHT; ENERGY BALANCE; HEAT FLUX; SOIL MOISTURE; WATER SUPPLY;

URBAN PLANNING;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENERGY BALANCE; GREENSPACE; HEAT FLUX; LAND USE PLANNING; LATENT HEAT FLUX; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; STRATEGIC APPROACH; TURBULENT FLOW; URBAN CLIMATE; URBAN PLANNING;

GERMANY;

EID: 84871617440     PISSN: 08998418     EISSN: 10970088     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/joc.3437     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aubinet M, Grelle A, Ibrom AU, Moncrieff J, Foken T, Kowalski A, Martin PH, Berbigier P, Bernhofer C, Clement R, Elbers JA, Granier A, Grünwald T, Morgenstern K, Pilegaard K, Rebmann C, Snijders W, Valentini R, Vesala T. 2000. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forest: the EUROFLUX methodology. Advances in Ecological Research 30: 112-175.
2. Balogun AA, Adegoke JO, Vezhapparambu S, Mauder M, McFadden JP, Gallo K. 2009. Surface energy balance measurements above an exurban residential neighbourhood of Kansas City, Missouri. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 133(3): 299-321.
3. Barradas VL, Tejeda-Martínez A, Jáuregui E. 1999. Energy balance measurements in a suburban vegetated area in Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment 33(24-25): 4109-4113.
4. Beniston M. 2004. The 2003 heat wave in Europe: a shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulation. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L02202, DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018857.
5. Bongardt B. 2006. Stadtklimatische Bedeutung kleiner Parkanlagen-dargestellt am Beispiel des Dortmunder Westparks (Influence of small park areas on the urban climate). Essener Ökologische Schriften, Bd.24, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben. 228 S.
6. Christen A, Vogt R. 2004. Energy and radiation balance of a central European city. International Journal of Climatology 24(11): 1395-1421.
7. City of Oberhausen (ed.) 2011. Statistics. Available at http://www.oberhausen.de/1F2AAD334CFA44ECB7E390BC59F8ACCB.php. (accessed June 2011).
8. Cleugh HA, Bui EN, Simon DAP, Mitchell VG, Xu J. 2005. The impact of suburban design on water use and microclimate. In Zerger A, Argent RM (eds). MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modeling and Simulation, Modeling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, Melbourne, December 2005, 2019-2025.
9. Dütemeyer D. 2000. Urban-orographische Bodenwindsysteme in der städtischen Peripherie Kölns. (Urban-orographic surface wind systems in the peripheral area of Cologne). Essener Ökologische Schriften, Bd.12, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben. 171 S.
10. DWD, Deutscher Wetterdienst (ed.) 2010-2011. Witterungsreport Express (Weather report). Offenbach. Issues: 12/2010, 04/2011.
11. DWD, Deutscher Wetterdienst (ed.) 2011. Long-term temperature averages (1961-1990) from Duisburg-Laar. Available at http://www.dwd.de. (accessed June 2011).
12. Eliasson I. 1996. Urban nocturnal temperatures, street geometry and land use. Atmospheric Environment 30(3): 373-384.
13. Emschergenossenschaft/Lippeverband (ed.) 2011. Monatliche Niederschlagssummen der Station Oberhausen-Buschhausen für den Zeitraum 1961-1990 (Long-term precipitation averages (1961-1990) from Oberhausen-Buschhausen).
14. Erell E, Pearlmutter D, Williamson T. 2011. Urban Microclimate-Designing the Spaces Between Buildings, Earthscan Publications Ltd.: London, Washington, 266.
15. Ferreira MJ, de Oliveira AP, Soares J. 2011. Anthropogenic heat in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 104(1-2): 43-56.
16. Foken T. 2008. Micrometeorology, Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, 308.
17. Foken T, Wichura B. 1996. Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 78(1-2): 83-105.
18. Frey CM, Parlow E, Vogt R, Harhash M, Wahab MMA. 2011. Flux measurements in Cairo. Part 1: in situ measurements and their applicability for comparison with satellite data. International Journal of Climatology 31(2): 218-231.
19. Georgi JN, Dimitriou D. 2010. The contribution of urban green spaces to the improvement of environment in cities: case study of Chania, Greece. Building and Environment 45(6): 1401-1414.
20. Grimmond CSB, Oke TR. 1995. Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American cities. Journal of Applied Meteorology 34(4): 873-889.
21. Grimmond CSB, Oke TR. 1999. Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived from analyses of surface form. Journal of Applied Meteorology 38(9): 1262-1292.
22. Grimmond CSB, Oke TR, Cleugh HA. 1993. The role of 'rural' in comparison of observed suburban-rural flux differences. In: Exchange Processes at the Land Surface for a Range of Space and Time Scales Proceeding of the Yokohama Symposium, July 1993, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, No. 212, 165-174.
23. Grimmond CSB, Souch C, Hubble M. 1996. The influence of tree cover on summertime energy balance fluxes, San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles. Climate Research 6(1): 45-57.
24. Grimmond CSB, King TS, Cropley FD, Nowak DJ, Souch C. 2002. Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: methodological challenges and results from Chicago. Environmental Pollution 116(2): 243-254.
25. Grimmond CSB, Salmond JA, Oke TR, Offerle B, Lemonsu A. 2004. Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built-up site in Marseille: heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum. Journal of Geophysical Research 19: D24101, DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004936.
26. Gu L, Falge EM, Boden T, Baldocchi DD, Black TA, Saleska SR, Suni T, Verma SB, Vesala T, Wofsy SC, Xu L. 2005. Objective threshold determination for nighttime eddy flux filtering. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 128(3-4): 179-197.
27. Hassaan A, Mahmoud A. 2011. Analysis of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in an urban park in hot and arid regions. Building and Environment 46(12): 2641-2656.
28. Ichinose T, Shimodozono K, Hanaki K. 1999. Impact of anthropogentic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmospheric Environment 33(24-25): 3897-3909.
29. IPCC: Climate Change. 2007. The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press: New York.
30. Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ. 1994. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows-Their Structure and Measurement, Oxford University Press: New York, 289.
31. Kłysik K. 1996. Spatial and seasonal distribution of anthropogentic heat emissions in łódź, Poland. Atmospheric Environment 30(20): 3397-3404.
32. Kolmogorov AN. 1941. The local structure of isotropic turbulence in an incompressible viscous fluid. Dokladi Akademii Nauk 30: 301-305.
33. Kuttler W. 1988. Spatial and temporal structures of the urban climate-a survey. In Grefen K, Löbel J (eds) Würzburg, 305-334.
34. Kuttler W. 1991. Zum klimatischen Potential urbaner Gewässer. (Climatic potential of urban waters). In Urbane Gewässer-mit Beiträgen zu Limnologie, Stadtökologie, Wasserwirtschaft und Planung, Schuhmacher H, Thiesmeier B (eds). Westarp Verlag: Essen, 378-394.
35. Kuttler W. 2011a. Klimawandel im urbanen Bereich, Teil 1, Wirkungen; Climate change in urban areas, Part 1, Effects. Environmental Sciences Europe (ESEU), 23(11): 1-12, DOI: 10.1186/2190-4715-23-11.
36. Kuttler W. 2011b. Klimawandel im urbanen Bereich, Teil 2, Maßnahmen; Climate change in urban areas, Part 2, Measures. Environmental Sciences Europe (ESEU), 23(21): 1-15, DOI: 10.1186/2190-4715-23-21.
37. Kuttler W, Schaefers S. 2001. On the detection of intra-urban global radiation differences by mobile measurements. In Proceedings of 3rd Symposium on the Urban Environment, 14-18 August 2000, AMS: Davis, California, 147-148.
38. Lee X, Massman W, Law B (eds). 2004. In Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurements, Kluwer: Dordrecht, 250.
39. Lin T-P, Matzarakis A, Hwang R-L. 2010. Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment 45(1): 213-221.
40. Liu H, Peters G, Foken T. 2001. New equations for sonic temperature variance and buoyancy heat flux with an omnidirectional sonic anemometer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 100(3): 459-468.
41. Mauder M, Foken T. 2004. Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy covariance software package TK2. Universität Bayreuth Arbeitsergebnisse Nr. 26, Bayreuth, Dezember 2004, 45 S.
42. Mayer H. 1996. Human-biometeorologische Probleme des Stadtklimas. (Human-biometeorological problems of the urban climate). Geowissenschaften 14: S.233-S.239.
43. Mayer H. 2006. Indizes zur human-biometeorologischen Bewertung der thermischen und lufthygienischen Komponente des Klimas. (Indices for the assessment of the thermal and air quality component of the urban climate). Gefahrstoffe-Reinhaltung der Luft, Jg.664) S.165-S.174.
44. Microsoft Corporation. 2011. Bing maps. Available at http://www.bing.com/maps. (accessed June 2011).
45. Moore CJ. 1986. Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 37(1-2): 17-35.
46. Moriwaki R, Kanda M. 2004. Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation, heat water vapor, and carbon dioxide over a suburban area. Journal of Applied Meteorology 43(11): 1700-1710.
47. MUNLV, Ministerium für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (ed.) 2010. Handbuch Stadtklima. (handbook of urban climate), Maßnahmen und Handlungskonzepte für Städte und Ballungsräume zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel Druckschrift. 66 S.
48. 2 emissions on a city scale. Environmental Science & Technology 36(14): 3139-3146.
49. Newton T, Oke TR, Grimmond CSB, Roth M. 2007. The suburban energy balance in Miami, Florida. Geografiska Annaler: Series A: Physical Geography 89(4): 331-347.
50. Ng E, Chen L, Wang Y, Yuan C. 2012. A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: an experience from Hong Kong. Building and Environment 47(1): 256-271.
51. Offerle B, Jonsson P, Eliasson I, Grimmond CSB. 2005. Urban modification of the surface energy balance in the west African Sahel: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Journal of Climate 18(19): 3983-3995.
52. Offerle B, Grimmond CSB, Fortuniak K, Kłysik K, Oke TR. 2006a. Temporal variations in heat fluxes over a central European city centre. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 84(1-3): 103-115.
53. Offerle B, Grimmond CSB, Fortuniak K, Pawlak W. 2006b. Intraurban differences of surface energy fluxes in a central European city. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45(1): 125-136.
54. Oke TR. 1982. The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 108: 1-24.
55. Oke TR. 1987. Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edn, Routledge: New York.
56. Oke TR, Spronken-Smith RA, Jauregui E, Grimmond CSB. 1999. The energy balance of central Mexico City during the dry season. Atmospheric Environment 33(24-25): 3919-3930.
57. 2006. Oswalt R, Rieniets T (eds). In Atlas of Shrinking Cities, Haitje Cantz Verlag: Ostfildern, Germany.
58. Pearlmutter D, Krüger EL, Berliner P. 2009. The role of evaporation in the energy balance of an open-air scaled urban surface. International Journal of Climatology 29(6): 911-920.
59. Peters EB, Hiller RV, McFadden JP. 2011. Seasonal contributions of vegetation types to suburban evapotranspiration. Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences 116(1):G01003.
60. Pigeon G, Legain D, Durand P, Masson V. 2007. Anthropogenic heat release in an old European agglomeration (Toulouse, France). International Journal of Climatology 27(14): 1969-1981.
61. Robitu M, Musy M, Inard C, Groleau D. 2006. Modeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate. Solar Energy 80(4): 435-447.
62. Rotach MW, Vogt R, Bernhofer C, Batchvarova E, Christen A, Clappier A, Feddersen B, Gryning S-E, Mayer H, Mitev V, Oke TR, Parlow E, Richner H, Roth M, Roulet Y-A, Ruffieux D, Salmond J, Schatzmann M, Voogt JA. 2005. BUBBLE-an urban boundary layer project. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 81(3-4): 231-261, DOI: 10.1007/s00704-004-0117-9.
63. Roth M. 2000. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 126(564): 941-990.
64. RVR-Regionalverband Ruhrgebiet (ed.) 1998. Land-use of the Ruhr Area. Oberhausen.
65. Saaroni H, Ziv B. 2003. The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park: the case of Tel Aviv, Israel. International Journal of Biometeorology 47(3): 156-165.
66. Sailor DJ, Lu L. 2004. A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and seasonal anthropogentic heating profiles for urban areas. Atmospheric Environment 38(17): 2737-2748.
67. Saito I, Ishihara O, Katayama T. 1990/1991. Effects of vegetation on urban and buildings climate: study of the effect of green areas on the thermal environment in an urban area. Energy and Buildings 15(3-4): 493-498.
68. Schär C, Jendritzky G. 2004. Hot news from summer 2003-the European heatwave 2003. Nature 432: 559-560.
69. Schär C, Vidale PL, Lüthi D, Frei C, Häberli C, Liniger MA, Appenzeller c. 2004. The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature 427: 332-336.
70. Schmid HP. 1994. Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 67(3): 293-318.
71. Schmid HP. 1997. Experimental design for flux measurements: matching scales of observations and fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 87(2-3): 179-200.
72. Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, De Bruin HAR. 1983. Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 26(1): 81-93.
73. Schwarz N, Bauer A, and Haase D. 2011. Assessing climate impacts of planning policies-an estimation for the urban region of Leipzig (Germany). Environmental Impact Assessment Review 31(2): 97-111.
74. Shashua-Bar L, Pearlmutter D, Erell E. 2011. The influence of trees and grass on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-arid environment. International Journal of Climatology 31(10): 1498-1506.
75. Spronken-Smith RA. 1994. Energetics and cooling in urban parks. Ph.D. thesis. The university of British Columbia.
76. Spronken-Smith RA. 2002. Comparison of summer- and winter-time suburban energy fluxes in Christchurch, New Zealand. International Journal of Climatology 22(8): 979-992.
77. Spronken-Smith RA, Oke TR. 1998. The thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19(11): 2085-2104.
78. Stewart I, & Oke T. 2009. A New Classification System for Urban Climate Sites, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90(7): 922-923.
79. Stott PA, Stone DA, Allen MR. 2004. Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature 432: 610-613.
80. Stull RB. 1988. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, 666.
81. Taha H, Akbari H, Rosenfeld A. 1991. Heat island and oasis effects of vegetative canopies: micro-meteorological field-measurements. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 44(2): 123-138.
82. United Nations. 2011. World Urbanization Prospects-The 2009 Revision. Available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm (accessed June 2011).
83. Upmanis H. 1999. Influence of parks on local climate. Ph.D. thesis. Earth Sciences Centre, Göteborg University A43.
84. Velasco E, Pressley S, Grivicke R, Allwine E, Molina LT, Lamb B. 2011. Energy balance in urban Mexico City: observation and parameterization during the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 103(3-4): 501-517.
85. Vesala T, Järvi L, Launiainen S, Sogachev A, Rannik Ü, Mammarella I, Siivola E, Keronen P, Rinne J, Riikonen A, Nikinmaa E. 2008. Surface-atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland. Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 60(2): 188-199.
86. Vickers D, Mahrt L. 1997. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14(3): 512-526.
87. Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R. 1980. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 106(447): 85-100.
88. Weber S, Kordowski K. 2010. Comparison of atmospheric turbulence characteristics and turbulent fluxes from two sites in Essen, Germany. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 102(1-2): 61-74.