메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1262-1292

Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived from analysis of surface form

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; URBAN AREA;

EID: 0033382081     PISSN: 08948763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1262:APOUAD>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (992)

References (132)
  • 1
    • 0345895490 scopus 로고
    • Urban influence on a strong daytime air flow as determined from tetroon flights
    • Angell, J. K., W. H. Hoecker, C. R. Dickson, and D. H. Pack, 1973: Urban influence on a strong daytime air flow as determined from tetroon flights. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 924-936.
    • (1973) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.12 , pp. 924-936
    • Angell, J.K.1    Hoecker, W.H.2    Dickson, C.R.3    Pack, D.H.4
  • 3
    • 0040122578 scopus 로고
    • The urban boundary layer
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Auer, A. H., Jr., 1981: The urban boundary layer. Meteor. Monogr., No. 40, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 41-62.
    • (1981) Meteor. Monogr. , vol.40 , pp. 41-62
    • Auer A.H., Jr.1
  • 4
    • 0040716403 scopus 로고
    • Peculiarities of the wind regime and the lower layer of the atmosphere above a city
    • Borisenko, M. M., and M. V. Zavarina, 1971: Peculiarities of the wind regime and the lower layer of the atmosphere above a city. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Obs., 283, 12-21.
    • (1971) Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Obs. , vol.283 , pp. 12-21
    • Borisenko, M.M.1    Zavarina, M.V.2
  • 5
    • 0040122526 scopus 로고
    • Document SUB-MESO 18, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, 40 pp. [Available from Equipe Dynamique de l'Atmosphére Habitée, Laboratoire de Méchanique des Fluides, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noë, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France.]
    • Bottema, M., 1995a: Aerodynamic roughness parameters for homogeneous building groups - Part 1: Theory. Document SUB-MESO 18, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, 40 pp. [Available from Equipe Dynamique de l'Atmosphére Habitée, Laboratoire de Méchanique des Fluides, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noë, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France.]
    • (1995) Aerodynamic Roughness Parameters for Homogeneous Building Groups - Part 1: Theory
    • Bottema, M.1
  • 6
    • 0040122526 scopus 로고
    • Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, 80 pp. [Available from Equipe Dynamique de l'Atmosphére Habitée, Laboratoire de Méchanique des Fluides, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noë, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France.]
    • _, 1995b: Aerodynamic roughness parameters for homogeneous building groups - Part 2: Results Document SUB-MESO 23, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, 80 pp. [Available from Equipe Dynamique de l'Atmosphére Habitée, Laboratoire de Méchanique des Fluides, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noë, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03, France.]
    • (1995) Aerodynamic Roughness Parameters for Homogeneous Building Groups - Part 2: Results Document SUB-MESO 23
  • 7
    • 0029463219 scopus 로고
    • Parameterisation of aerodynamic roughness parameters in relation to air pollutant removal efficiency of streets
    • H. Power et al., Eds., Computational Mechanics
    • _, 1995e: Parameterisation of aerodynamic roughness parameters in relation to air pollutant removal efficiency of streets. Air Pollution Engineering and Management, H. Power et al., Eds., Computational Mechanics, 235-242.
    • (1995) Air Pollution Engineering and Management , pp. 235-242
  • 8
    • 0031238512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban roughness modelling in relation to pollutant dispersion
    • _, 1997: Urban roughness modelling in relation to pollutant dispersion. Atmos. Environ., 31, 3059-3075.
    • (1997) Atmos. Environ. , vol.31 , pp. 3059-3075
  • 9
    • 0014887091 scopus 로고
    • Observational comparison of rural and urban boundary layer turbulence
    • Bowne, N. E., and J. T. Ball, 1970: Observational comparison of rural and urban boundary layer turbulence. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 862-873.
    • (1970) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.9 , pp. 862-873
    • Bowne, N.E.1    Ball, J.T.2
  • 10
    • 0040716416 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of turbulence in a city environment
    • Brook, R. R., 1972: Measurements of turbulence in a city environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 443-450.
    • (1972) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.11 , pp. 443-450
    • Brook, R.R.1
  • 12
    • 0031986333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution urban morphology data for urban wind flow modeling
    • Cionco, R. M., and R. Ellefsen, 1998: High resolution urban morphology data for urban wind flow modeling. Atmos. Environ., 32, 7-17.
    • (1998) Atmos. Environ. , vol.32 , pp. 7-17
    • Cionco, R.M.1    Ellefsen, R.2
  • 13
    • 18544391407 scopus 로고
    • Tech. Rep. EPA 600/3-82-062, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 150 pp. [Available from Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.]
    • Clarke, J. F., J. K. S. Ching, and J. M. Godowitch, 1982: An experimental study of turbulence in an urban environment. Tech. Rep. EPA 600/3-82-062, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 150 pp. [Available from Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.]
    • (1982) An Experimental Study of Turbulence in an Urban Environment
    • Clarke, J.F.1    Ching, J.K.S.2    Godowitch, J.M.3
  • 14
    • 0028977710 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of regional heat and moisture fluxes in homogeneous terrain with bluff body roughness elements
    • Claussen, M., 1995: Estimation of regional heat and moisture fluxes in homogeneous terrain with bluff body roughness elements. J. Hydrol., 166, 353-369.
    • (1995) J. Hydrol. , vol.166 , pp. 353-369
    • Claussen, M.1
  • 16
    • 0038938509 scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. thesis, The Flinders University of South Australia, Research Rep. 31, 196 pp (unpublished). [Available from Flinders Institute for Atmospheric and Marine Sciences, The Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.]
    • Coppin, P. A., 1979: Turbulent fluxes over a uniform urban surface. Ph.D. thesis, The Flinders University of South Australia, Research Rep. 31, 196 pp (unpublished). [Available from Flinders Institute for Atmospheric and Marine Sciences, The Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.]
    • (1979) Turbulent Fluxes over a Uniform Urban Surface
    • Coppin, P.A.1
  • 17
    • 0001611019 scopus 로고
    • Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of fetch and density of three-dimensional roughness elements
    • Counihan, J., 1971: Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of fetch and density of three-dimensional roughness elements. Atmos. Environ., 5, 637-642.
    • (1971) Atmos. Environ. , vol.5 , pp. 637-642
    • Counihan, J.1
  • 18
    • 0038070003 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent diffusion from a cross-line source in a shear flow at Fort Wayne, Indiana
    • Csanady, G. T., G. R. Hilst, and N. E. Bowne, 1968: Turbulent diffusion from a cross-line source in a shear flow at Fort Wayne, Indiana. Atmos. Environ., 2, 273-292.
    • (1968) Atmos. Environ. , vol.2 , pp. 273-292
    • Csanady, G.T.1    Hilst, G.R.2    Bowne, N.E.3
  • 19
    • 0001963419 scopus 로고
    • Rationale for determining design wind velocities
    • Davenport, A. G., 1960: Rationale for determining design wind velocities. J. Struct. Div. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng., 86, 39-68.
    • (1960) J. Struct. Div. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng. , vol.86 , pp. 39-68
    • Davenport, A.G.1
  • 20
    • 0038938507 scopus 로고
    • Instrumentation and measurement of wind spectra in a city
    • Toronto, ON, Canada, Meteorological Branch, Canada Department of Transport
    • _, 1967: Instrumentation and measurement of wind spectra in a city. Proc. Canadian Conf. on Micrometeorology, Vol. 1, Toronto, ON, Canada, Meteorological Branch, Canada Department of Transport, 361-369.
    • (1967) Proc. Canadian Conf. on Micrometeorology , vol.1 , pp. 361-369
  • 21
    • 12944308702 scopus 로고
    • A study of atmospheric turbulence over a city
    • School of Engineering and Science, New York University, University Heights, NY. [Available from School of Engineering and Science, New York University, University Heights, NY 10453.]
    • Deland, R. J., 1968: A study of atmospheric turbulence over a city. Final Report to U.S. Public Health Service, School of Engineering and Science, New York University, University Heights, NY. [Available from School of Engineering and Science, New York University, University Heights, NY 10453.]
    • (1968) Final Report to U.S. Public Health Service
    • Deland, R.J.1
  • 22
    • 0013940156 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of wind at 500 feet over Minneapolis and Louisville with geostrophic wind
    • _, and F. S. Binkowski, 1966: Comparison of wind at 500 feet over Minneapolis and Louisville with geostrophic wind. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 16, 407-411.
    • (1966) J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , vol.16 , pp. 407-411
    • Binkowski, F.S.1
  • 23
    • 0006376688 scopus 로고
    • Vertical temperature difference observed over an urban area
    • DeMarrais, G. A., 1961: Vertical temperature difference observed over an urban area. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 42, 548-554.
    • (1961) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.42 , pp. 548-554
    • DeMarrais, G.A.1
  • 24
    • 0017422519 scopus 로고
    • Observations of the barotropic Ekman layer over an urban area
    • Dobbins, R. A., 1977: Observations of the barotropic Ekman layer over an urban area. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 11, 39-54.
    • (1977) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.11 , pp. 39-54
    • Dobbins, R.A.1
  • 25
    • 0040122528 scopus 로고
    • Full scale measurements of atmospheric turbulence in a suburban area
    • K. J. Eaton, Ed., Cambridge University Press
    • Duchêne-Marullaz, P., 1975: Full scale measurements of atmospheric turbulence in a suburban area. Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, K. J. Eaton, Ed., Cambridge University Press, 23-31.
    • (1975) Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures , pp. 23-31
    • Duchêne-Marullaz, P.1
  • 26
    • 0019228529 scopus 로고
    • Effect of high roughness on the characteristics of turbulence in cases of strong winds
    • J. E. Cermak, Ed., Pergamon Press
    • _, 1980: Effect of high roughness on the characteristics of turbulence in cases of strong winds. Proceedings, Fifth Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, J. E. Cermak, Ed., Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 179-193.
    • (1980) Proceedings, Fifth Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering , vol.1 , pp. 179-193
  • 27
    • 0026401821 scopus 로고
    • Mapping and measuring buildings in the canopy boundary layer in ten U.S. cities
    • Ellefsen, R., 1990-91: Mapping and measuring buildings in the canopy boundary layer in ten U.S. cities. Energy Build., 15-16, 1025-1049.
    • (1990) Energy Build. , vol.15-16 , pp. 1025-1049
    • Ellefsen, R.1
  • 28
    • 0026792564 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic roughness length: Correlation with roughness elements
    • Fang, C., and B. L. Sill, 1992: Aerodynamic roughness length: Correlation with roughness elements. J. Wind Eng. Indus. Aerodyn., 41-44, 449-460.
    • (1992) J. Wind Eng. Indus. Aerodyn. , vol.41-44 , pp. 449-460
    • Fang, C.1    Sill, B.L.2
  • 29
    • 0024525732 scopus 로고
    • Flux gradient relationships for momentum and heat over a rough natural surface
    • Fazu, C., and P. Schwerdtfeger, 1989: Flux gradient relationships for momentum and heat over a rough natural surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 335-352.
    • (1989) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 335-352
    • Fazu, C.1    Schwerdtfeger, P.2
  • 30
    • 0040122529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical structure of turbulence above an urban canopy
    • Preprints, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Feigenwinter, C., R. Vogt, and E. Parlow, 1997: Vertical structure of turbulence above an urban canopy. Preprints, 12th Conf. on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 472-473.
    • (1997) 12th Conf. on Boundary Layers and Turbulence , pp. 472-473
    • Feigenwinter, C.1    Vogt, R.2    Parlow, E.3
  • 31
    • 0017900729 scopus 로고
    • Transfer characteristics for a heterogeneous surface of large aerodynamic roughness
    • Garratt, J. R., 1978: Transfer characteristics for a heterogeneous surface of large aerodynamic roughness. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 199-211.
    • (1978) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.104 , pp. 199-211
    • Garratt, J.R.1
  • 32
    • 0019144110 scopus 로고
    • Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric near-surface layer
    • _, 1980: Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric near-surface layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 803-819.
    • (1980) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.106 , pp. 803-819
  • 33
    • 84921378372 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, 316 pp.
    • _, 1992: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, 316 pp.
    • (1992) The Atmospheric Boundary Layer
  • 34
    • 0040716367 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of turbulence statistics at Fort Wayne, Indiana
    • Graham, I. R., 1968: An analysis of turbulence statistics at Fort Wayne, Indiana. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 90-93.
    • (1968) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.7 , pp. 90-93
    • Graham, I.R.1
  • 36
    • 0026301084 scopus 로고
    • An evapotranspiration-interception model for urban areas
    • Grimmond, C. S. B., and T. R Oke, 1991: An evapotranspiration-interception model for urban areas. Water Resour. Res., 27, 1739-1755.
    • (1991) Water Resour. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 1739-1755
    • Grimmond, C.S.B.1    Oke, T.R.2
  • 37
    • 0028255260 scopus 로고
    • Surface description for urban climate studies: A GIS based methodology
    • _, and C. Souch, 1994: Surface description for urban climate studies: A GIS based methodology. Geocarto Int., 9, 47-59.
    • (1994) Geocarto Int. , vol.9 , pp. 47-59
    • Souch, C.1
  • 38
    • 0028792710 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American cities
    • _, and T. R Oke, 1995: Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American cities. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 873-889.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.34 , pp. 873-889
    • Oke, T.R.1
  • 39
    • 0032714170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat storage in urban areas: Observations and evaluation of a simple model
    • _, and _, 1998: Heat storage in urban areas: Observations and evaluation of a simple model. J. Appl. Meteor., 38, 922-940.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.38 , pp. 922-940
  • 40
    • 0032448996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic roughness of urban areas derived from wind observations
    • _, T. S. King, M. Roth, and T. R. Oke, 1998: Aerodynamic roughness of urban areas derived from wind observations. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 89, 1-24.
    • (1998) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.89 , pp. 1-24
    • King, T.S.1    Roth, M.2    Oke, T.R.3
  • 41
    • 0026497731 scopus 로고
    • Boundary layer parameterisations for applied dispersion modelling over urban areas
    • Hanna, S. R., and J. C. Chang, 1992: Boundary layer parameterisations for applied dispersion modelling over urban areas. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 58, 229-259.
    • (1992) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.58 , pp. 229-259
    • Hanna, S.R.1    Chang, J.C.2
  • 42
    • 0002452719 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of solar radiation on vertical surfaces in the shade of individual trees
    • B. A. Hutchinson and B. B. Hicks, Eds., D. Reidel
    • Heisler, G. M., 1984: Measurements of solar radiation on vertical surfaces in the shade of individual trees. The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, B. A. Hutchinson and B. B. Hicks, Eds., D. Reidel, 319-335.
    • (1984) The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction , pp. 319-335
    • Heisler, G.M.1
  • 43
    • 0024191438 scopus 로고
    • Effect of wind break structure on wind flow
    • _, and D. R. DeWalle, 1988: Effect of wind break structure on wind flow. Agric. Ecosyst., Environ., 22-23, 41-69.
    • (1988) Agric. Ecosyst., Environ. , vol.22-23 , pp. 41-69
    • DeWalle, D.R.1
  • 44
    • 17144438745 scopus 로고
    • Eddy fluxes over a vineyard
    • Hicks, B. B., 1973: Eddy fluxes over a vineyard. Agric. Meteor., 12, 203-215.
    • (1973) Agric. Meteor. , vol.12 , pp. 203-215
    • Hicks, B.B.1
  • 45
    • 0039531039 scopus 로고
    • Dry deposition of air pollutants in an urban environment
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • _, and R. P. Hosker Jr., 1987: Dry deposition of air pollutants in an urban environment. Modeling the Urban Boundary Layer, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 411-428.
    • (1987) Modeling the Urban Boundary Layer , pp. 411-428
    • Hosker R.P., Jr.1
  • 46
    • 0019925989 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence characteristics in a near neutrally stratified urban atmosphere
    • Högström, U., H. Bergström, and H. Alexandersson, 1982: Turbulence characteristics in a near neutrally stratified urban atmosphere. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 23, 449-472.
    • (1982) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.23 , pp. 449-472
    • Högström, U.1    Bergström, H.2    Alexandersson, H.3
  • 47
    • 0008360926 scopus 로고
    • On local similarity of the atmospheric boundary layer
    • Hu, Y., and Q. Zhang, 1993: On local similarity of the atmospheric boundary layer. Sci. Atmos. Sin., 17, 10-20.
    • (1993) Sci. Atmos. Sin. , vol.17 , pp. 10-20
    • Hu, Y.1    Zhang, Q.2
  • 48
    • 0018933873 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel study of the mean pressure forces acting on large groups of low-rise buildings
    • Hussain, M., and B. E. Lee, 1980: A wind tunnel study of the mean pressure forces acting on large groups of low-rise buildings. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 6, 207-225.
    • (1980) J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. , vol.6 , pp. 207-225
    • Hussain, M.1    Lee, B.E.2
  • 49
    • 0017436473 scopus 로고
    • A study of the roughness effects of multiple windbreaks
    • Iqbal, M., A. K. Khatry, and B. Seguin, 1977: A study of the roughness effects of multiple windbreaks. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 11, 197-203.
    • (1977) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.11 , pp. 197-203
    • Iqbal, M.1    Khatry, A.K.2    Seguin, B.3
  • 50
    • 0017901861 scopus 로고
    • Wind structure near a city centre
    • Jackson, P. S., 1978: Wind structure near a city centre. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 15, 323-340.
    • (1978) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.15 , pp. 323-340
    • Jackson, P.S.1
  • 51
    • 0019357621 scopus 로고
    • On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile
    • _, 1981: On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile. J. Fluid Mech., 111, 15-25.
    • (1981) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.111 , pp. 15-25
  • 52
    • 0001491093 scopus 로고
    • The model law for phenomena in natural wind
    • Jensen, M., 1958: The model law for phenomena in natural wind. Ingeniøren, 2, 121-128.
    • (1958) Ingeniøren , vol.2 , pp. 121-128
    • Jensen, M.1
  • 53
    • 84909484265 scopus 로고
    • Some lessons learned in building aerodynamic research
    • Ottawa, ON, Canada, University of Toronto Press
    • _, 1968: Some lessons learned in building aerodynamic research. Proc. Int. Research Sem. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Vol. 1, Ottawa, ON, Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1-18.
    • (1968) Proc. Int. Research Sem. on Wind Effects on Buildings and , vol.1 , pp. 1-18
  • 56
    • 0038938510 scopus 로고
    • Rep. 58, Department of Meteorology, University of Uppsala. [Available from Meteorology, Earth Science Centre, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.]
    • Karlsson, S., 1981: Analysis of wind profile data from an urban-rural interface site. Rep. 58, Department of Meteorology, University of Uppsala. [Available from Meteorology, Earth Science Centre, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.]
    • (1981) Analysis of Wind Profile Data from an Urban-rural Interface Site
    • Karlsson, S.1
  • 57
    • 0022444011 scopus 로고
    • The applicability of wind profile formulas to an urban-rural interface site
    • _, 1986: The applicability of wind profile formulas to an urban-rural interface site. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 34, 333-355.
    • (1986) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.34 , pp. 333-355
  • 58
    • 0039531051 scopus 로고
    • Vertical wind profile below 300 m
    • Kawanabe, Y., 1964: Vertical wind profile below 300 m. Kobe Kaiyo Kishodai Iho, 172, 93-118.
    • (1964) Kobe Kaiyo Kishodai Iho , vol.172 , pp. 93-118
    • Kawanabe, Y.1
  • 59
    • 0025808127 scopus 로고
    • The effects of land-use and anthropogenic heating of the surface temperature in the Tokyo metropolitan area: A numerical experiment
    • Kimura, F., and S. Takahashi, 1991: The effects of land-use and anthropogenic heating of the surface temperature in the Tokyo metropolitan area: A numerical experiment. Atmos. Environ., 25B, 155-164.
    • (1991) Atmos. Environ. , vol.25 B , pp. 155-164
    • Kimura, F.1    Takahashi, S.2
  • 60
    • 0022501818 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic roughness over an inhomogeneous ground surface
    • Kondo, J., and H. Yamazawa, 1986: Aerodynamic roughness over an inhomogeneous ground surface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 35, 331-348.
    • (1986) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.35 , pp. 331-348
    • Kondo, J.1    Yamazawa, H.2
  • 61
    • 0025026285 scopus 로고
    • A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas - OMG volume-source model
    • Kono, H., and S. Ito, 1990: A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas - OMG volume-source model. Atmos. Environ., 24B, 243-251.
    • (1990) Atmos. Environ. , vol.24 B , pp. 243-251
    • Kono, H.1    Ito, S.2
  • 64
    • 0018332073 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric changes in a growing community
    • Landsberg, H. E., 1979: Atmospheric changes in a growing community. Urban Ecol., 4, 53-81.
    • (1979) Urban Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 53-81
    • Landsberg, H.E.1
  • 65
    • 0005362262 scopus 로고
    • Academic Press, 275 pp.
    • _, 1981: The Urban Climate. Academic Press, 275 pp.
    • (1981) The Urban Climate
  • 66
    • 0001355423 scopus 로고
    • Note on aerodynamic roughness parameter estimation on the basis of roughness element description
    • Lettau, H., 1969: Note on aerodynamic roughness parameter estimation on the basis of roughness element description. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 828-832.
    • (1969) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 828-832
    • Lettau, H.1
  • 68
    • 0032102893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved method for estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays
    • Macdonald, R. W., R. F. Griffiths, and D. J. Hall, 1998: An improved method for estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays. Atmos. Environ., 32, 1857-1864.
    • (1998) Atmos. Environ. , vol.32 , pp. 1857-1864
    • Macdonald, R.W.1    Griffiths, R.F.2    Hall, D.J.3
  • 69
    • 0038938557 scopus 로고
    • M.S. thesis, Institute for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, 50 pp. [Available from Institute for Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.]
    • Maisel, T. N., 1971: Early micrometeorological changes caused by urbanization. M.S. thesis, Institute for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, 50 pp. [Available from Institute for Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.]
    • (1971) Early Micrometeorological Changes Caused by Urbanization
    • Maisel, T.N.1
  • 70
    • 0003738002 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Arlington, VA, 51 pp. [Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.]
    • McElroy, J. L., and F. Pooler, 1968: St. Louis dispersion study. Vol 2. Analysis, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Arlington, VA, 51 pp. [Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.]
    • (1968) St. Louis Dispersion Study. Vol 2. Analysis , vol.2
    • McElroy, J.L.1    Pooler, F.2
  • 71
    • 0030360219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of diurnal variation of bulk drag coefficient over different land surfaces
    • Miao, M., and J. Ji, 1996: Study of diurnal variation of bulk drag coefficient over different land surfaces. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 61, 217-224.
    • (1996) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.61 , pp. 217-224
    • Miao, M.1    Ji, J.2
  • 72
    • 0039531052 scopus 로고
    • Report of wind observations on Kawaguchi wireless tower
    • Mitani, I., 1950: Report of wind observations on Kawaguchi wireless tower. J. Meteor. Res. Tokyo, 2, 310-318.
    • (1950) J. Meteor. Res. Tokyo , vol.2 , pp. 310-318
    • Mitani, I.1
  • 73
    • 0017856983 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent flow over a periodic rough surface
    • Mulhearn, P. J., 1978: Turbulent flow over a periodic rough surface. Phys. Fluids, 21, 1113-1115.
    • (1978) Phys. Fluids , vol.21 , pp. 1113-1115
    • Mulhearn, P.J.1
  • 74
    • 0017892638 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent flow over a very rough, random surface
    • _, and J. J. Finnigan, 1978: Turbulent flow over a very rough, random surface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 15, 109-132.
    • (1978) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.15 , pp. 109-132
    • Finnigan, J.J.1
  • 75
    • 0012251115 scopus 로고
    • Numerical model of the urban atmosphere
    • Department of Agriculture Engineering and Water Science Engineering, University of California, Davis, 237 pp.
    • Myrup, L. O., and D. L. Morgan, 1972: Numerical model of the urban atmosphere. The City-Surface Interface, Contributions in Atmospheric Science, Vol. 1, Department of Agriculture Engineering and Water Science Engineering, University of California, Davis, 237 pp.
    • (1972) The City-Surface Interface, Contributions in Atmospheric Science , vol.1
    • Myrup, L.O.1    Morgan, D.L.2
  • 78
    • 0028843472 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence characteristics and organized motion in a suburban roughness layer
    • Oikawa, S., and Y. Meng, 1995: Turbulence characteristics and organized motion in a suburban roughness layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 74, 289-312.
    • (1995) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.74 , pp. 289-312
    • Oikawa, S.1    Meng, Y.2
  • 80
    • 0005570482 scopus 로고
    • Some roughness concentration effects on boundary layer resistance
    • O'Loughlin, E. M., and E. G. MacDonald, 1964: Some roughness concentration effects on boundary layer resistance. La Houille Blanche, 7, 773-782.
    • (1964) La Houille Blanche , vol.7 , pp. 773-782
    • O'Loughlin, E.M.1    Macdonald, E.G.2
  • 81
    • 12944321253 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of diffusion over an urban area - Current practice and future prospects
    • A. C. Stern, Ed., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 3-1-3-26
    • Pasquill, F., 1970: Prediction of diffusion over an urban area - Current practice and future prospects. Proceedings of Symposium on Multiple-Source Urban Diffusion Models, A. C. Stern, Ed., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 3-1-3-26.
    • (1970) Proceedings of Symposium on Multiple-source Urban Diffusion Models
    • Pasquill, F.1
  • 84
    • 0030617273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel evaluation of methods for estimating surface roughness length in industrial facilities
    • Petersen, R. L., 1997: A wind tunnel evaluation of methods for estimating surface roughness length in industrial facilities. Atmos. Environ., 31, 45-57.
    • (1997) Atmos. Environ. , vol.31 , pp. 45-57
    • Petersen, R.L.1
  • 85
    • 0000224951 scopus 로고
    • Airflow over a city in terrain of moderate relief
    • Pooler, F., 1963: Airflow over a city in terrain of moderate relief. J. Appl. Meteor., 2, 446-456.
    • (1963) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.2 , pp. 446-456
    • Pooler, F.1
  • 86
    • 0031429673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of building, areal density and roof shape on the wind characteristics above a town
    • Rafailidis, S., 1997: Influence of building, areal density and roof shape on the wind characteristics above a town. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 85, 255-271.
    • (1997) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.85 , pp. 255-271
    • Rafailidis, S.1
  • 87
    • 0027008822 scopus 로고
    • Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces
    • Raupach, M. R., 1992: Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 375-395.
    • (1992) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.60 , pp. 375-395
    • Raupach, M.R.1
  • 88
    • 0028173787 scopus 로고
    • Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index
    • _, 1994: Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 71, 211-216.
    • (1994) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.71 , pp. 211-216
  • 89
    • 0343036434 scopus 로고
    • Corrigenda
    • _, 1995: Corrigenda. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 76, 303-304.
    • (1995) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.76 , pp. 303-304
  • 90
    • 0001495623 scopus 로고
    • The uses and limitations of flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorology
    • _, and B. J. Legg, 1984: The uses and limitations of flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorology. Agric. Water Manage. 8, 119-131.
    • (1984) Agric. Water Manage. , vol.8 , pp. 119-131
    • Legg, B.J.1
  • 91
    • 34250255516 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces
    • _, A. S. Thom, and I. Edwards, 1980: A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 18, 373-397.
    • (1980) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.18 , pp. 373-397
    • Thom, A.S.1    Edwards, I.2
  • 92
    • 84991793189 scopus 로고
    • Rough wall turbulent boundary layers
    • _, R. A. Antonia, and S. Rajagopalan, 1991: Rough wall turbulent boundary layers. Appl. Mech. Rev., 44, 1-25.
    • (1991) Appl. Mech. Rev. , vol.44 , pp. 1-25
    • Antonia, R.A.1    Rajagopalan, S.2
  • 94
    • 0028175233 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the zero plane displacement in an urban area
    • Rotach, M. W., 1994: Determination of the zero plane displacement in an urban area. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 67, 187-193.
    • (1994) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.67 , pp. 187-193
    • Rotach, M.W.1
  • 95
    • 12944303514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of atmospheric turbulance over cities
    • in press
    • Roth, M., 1998: Review of atmospheric turbulance over cities. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., in press.
    • (1998) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.
    • Roth, M.1
  • 96
    • 0032078554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method for estimating roughness parameters and evaluating the quality of observations
    • Schaudt, K. J., 1998: A new method for estimating roughness parameters and evaluating the quality of observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 470-476.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.37 , pp. 470-476
    • Schaudt, K.J.1
  • 99
    • 0028667869 scopus 로고
    • Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes
    • Schmid, H. P., 1994: Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 67, 293-318.
    • (1994) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.67 , pp. 293-318
    • Schmid, H.P.1
  • 100
    • 0001964337 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: A numerical experiment
    • Shaw, R. H., and A. R. Pereira, 1982: Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: A numerical experiment. Agric. Meteor., 26, 51-65.
    • (1982) Agric. Meteor. , vol.26 , pp. 51-65
    • Shaw, R.H.1    Pereira, A.R.2
  • 101
    • 0039531040 scopus 로고
    • Results of some recent special measurements in the United Kingdom relevant to wind loading parameters
    • Ottawa, ON, Canada, University of Toronto Press
    • Shellard, H. C., 1968: Results of some recent special measurements in the United Kingdom relevant to wind loading parameters. Proc. Int. Research Seminar on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Vol. 2, Ottawa, ON, Canada, University of Toronto Press, 515-533.
    • (1968) Proc. Int. Research Seminar on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures , vol.2 , pp. 515-533
    • Shellard, H.C.1
  • 102
    • 0040716404 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between wind profiles and stabilities of the air layer in outskirts of a city
    • Shiotani, M., 1962: The relationship between wind profiles and stabilities of the air layer in outskirts of a city. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 40, 315-329.
    • (1962) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.40 , pp. 315-329
    • Shiotani, M.1
  • 103
    • 0040716398 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric turbulence over the large city - Turbulence in the free atmosphere
    • _, and G. Yamamoto, 1950: Atmospheric turbulence over the large city - Turbulence in the free atmosphere. Geophys. Mag. Cent. Meteor. Observ. Japan, 21, 134-147.
    • (1950) Geophys. Mag. Cent. Meteor. Observ. Japan , vol.21 , pp. 134-147
    • Yamamoto, G.1
  • 104
    • 0040122574 scopus 로고
    • Peculiarities of vertical wind distribution and temperature under city conditions
    • Shklyarevich, O. B., 1974: Peculiarities of vertical wind distribution and temperature under city conditions. Meteor. I Gidrol., 7, 42-46.
    • (1974) Meteor. I Gidrol. , vol.7 , pp. 42-46
    • Shklyarevich, O.B.1
  • 105
    • 0038938545 scopus 로고
    • Wind measurement on a tall tower in rough and inhomogeneous terrain
    • Slade, D. H., 1969: Wind measurement on a tall tower in rough and inhomogeneous terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 293-297.
    • (1969) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 293-297
    • Slade, D.H.1
  • 106
    • 0039531045 scopus 로고
    • The properties of atmospheric turbulence in high winds
    • Soma, S., 1964: The properties of atmospheric turbulence in high winds. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 42, 372-396.
    • (1964) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.42 , pp. 372-396
    • Soma, S.1
  • 107
    • 0040716365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BRE Rep. CR 177/96, Building Research Establishment, Garston, United Kingdom, 21 pp. [Available from Building Research Establishment, Bucknall Lane, Garston, Watford WD2 7JR, United Kingdom.]
    • Spanton, A. M., D. J. Hall, and S. Walker, 1998: A survey of the aerodynamic characteristics of some UK urban area. BRE Rep. CR 177/96, Building Research Establishment, Garston, United Kingdom, 21 pp. [Available from Building Research Establishment, Bucknall Lane, Garston, Watford WD2 7JR, United Kingdom.]
    • (1998) A Survey of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Some UK Urban Area
    • Spanton, A.M.1    Hall, D.J.2    Walker, S.3
  • 109
    • 0002453348 scopus 로고
    • Measurement and prediction of evaporation from forested and agricultural catchments
    • Stewart, J. B., 1984: Measurement and prediction of evaporation from forested and agricultural catchments. Agric. For. Manag., 8, 1-28.
    • (1984) Agric. For. Manag. , vol.8 , pp. 1-28
    • Stewart, J.B.1
  • 110
    • 0013726151 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in an unstable surface layer over suburban terrain
    • Steyn, D. G., 1982: Turbulence in an unstable surface layer over suburban terrain. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 22, 183-191.
    • (1982) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 183-191
    • Steyn, D.G.1
  • 113
    • 0038938556 scopus 로고
    • Gaseous wastes and the vegetation
    • Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 12 pp. [Available from Royal Society of Canada, 225 Metcalf St., Ottawa, ON K2P 1P9 Canada.]
    • Szeicz, G., 1974: Gaseous wastes and the vegetation. Unpublished manuscript given at Symposium on Waste Recycling and the Environment, Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 12 pp. [Available from Royal Society of Canada, 225 Metcalf St., Ottawa, ON K2P 1P9 Canada.]
    • (1974) Symposium on Waste Recycling and the Environment
    • Szeicz, G.1
  • 115
    • 0023501493 scopus 로고
    • Comments and further analysis on the effective roughness length for use in numerical three-dimensional models: A research note
    • Taylor, P. A., 1987: Comments and further analysis on the effective roughness length for use in numerical three-dimensional models: A research note. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 39, 403-418.
    • (1987) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.39 , pp. 403-418
    • Taylor, P.A.1
  • 116
    • 0002617464 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent wakes in the atmospheric boundary layer
    • W. L. Steffen and O. T. Denmead, Eds., Springer-Verlag
    • _, 1988: Turbulent wakes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications, W. L. Steffen and O. T. Denmead, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 270-292.
    • (1988) Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications , pp. 270-292
  • 117
    • 0040122568 scopus 로고
    • Internal Report. MSRB-77-4, Atmospheric Environment Service, Toronto, ON, Canada, 45 pp. [Available from Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, ON M3H 5T4 Canada.]
    • Teunnisen, H. W., 1977: Measurements of planetary boundary layer wind and turbulence over a small suburban airport. Internal Report. MSRB-77-4, Atmospheric Environment Service, Toronto, ON, Canada, 45 pp. [Available from Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, ON M3H 5T4 Canada.]
    • (1977) Measurements of Planetary Boundary Layer Wind and Turbulence over a Small Suburban Airport
    • Teunnisen, H.W.1
  • 119
    • 0017942132 scopus 로고
    • On the wind tunnel simulation of the atmospheric surface layer for the study of wind loads on low-rise buildings
    • Tieleman, H. W., T. A. Reinhold, and R. D. Marshall, 1978: On the wind tunnel simulation of the atmospheric surface layer for the study of wind loads on low-rise buildings. J. Ind. Aerodyn., 3, 21-28.
    • (1978) J. Ind. Aerodyn. , vol.3 , pp. 21-28
    • Tieleman, H.W.1    Reinhold, T.A.2    Marshall, R.D.3
  • 120
    • 0022184195 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence measurements of the planetary boundary layer from a 213 m meteorological tower
    • Tsukamoto, O., 1985: Turbulence measurements of the planetary boundary layer from a 213 m meteorological tower. Bull. Disaster Prev. Res. Inst. Kyoto Univ., 35, 87-113.
    • (1985) Bull. Disaster Prev. Res. Inst. Kyoto Univ. , vol.35 , pp. 87-113
    • Tsukamoto, O.1
  • 121
    • 0022833619 scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of heat and water vapor transfer processes in the planetary boundary layer
    • _, 1986: Experimental study of heat and water vapor transfer processes in the planetary boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 35, 349-368.
    • (1986) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.35 , pp. 349-368
  • 123
    • 0031396081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete urban surface temperatures
    • Voogt, J. A., and T. R. Oke, 1997: Complete urban surface temperatures. J. Appl. Meteor., 36, 1117-1132.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.36 , pp. 1117-1132
    • Voogt, J.A.1    Oke, T.R.2
  • 124
    • 84987142791 scopus 로고
    • On the spectral scale of wind fluctuations within and above the surface layer
    • Wamser, C., and H. Müller, 1977: On the spectral scale of wind fluctuations within and above the surface layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 721-720.
    • (1977) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.103 , pp. 721-1720
    • Wamser, C.1    Müller, H.2
  • 125
    • 0027008930 scopus 로고
    • Updating the davenport roughness classification
    • Wieringa, J., 1992: Updating the Davenport roughness classification. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 41, 357-368.
    • (1992) J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. , vol.41 , pp. 357-368
    • Wieringa, J.1
  • 126
    • 0027341480 scopus 로고
    • Representative roughness parameters for homogeneous terrain
    • _, 1993: Representative roughness parameters for homogeneous terrain. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 63, 323-363.
    • (1993) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.63 , pp. 323-363
  • 127
    • 0019707668 scopus 로고
    • On the validation of models
    • Willmott, C. J., 1981: On the validation of models. Phys. Geogr., 2, 184-194.
    • (1981) Phys. Geogr. , vol.2 , pp. 184-194
    • Willmott, C.J.1
  • 128
    • 0000028667 scopus 로고
    • Microstructure and spectral characteristics of turbulence in the surface layer atmosphere over Ghang Zhou
    • Xu, Y., C. Zhao, Z. Li, and Z. Wei, 1993: Microstructure and spectral characteristics of turbulence in the surface layer atmosphere over Ghang Zhou. Sci. Atmos. Sin., 17, 338-348.
    • (1993) Sci. Atmos. Sin. , vol.17 , pp. 338-348
    • Xu, Y.1    Zhao, C.2    Li, Z.3    Wei, Z.4
  • 129
    • 0031466035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulent structure and local similarity in the tower layer over the Nanjing area
    • _, _, _, and _, 1997: Turbulent structure and local similarity in the tower layer over the Nanjing area. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 82, 1-21.
    • (1997) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.82 , pp. 1-21
  • 131
    • 0040716405 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer: Generation and maintenance of turbulent kinetic energy
    • T. Tatsumi, H. Maruo, and H. Takami, Eds., Association for Science Documents Information
    • _, and O. Tsukamoto, 1985: Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer: Generation and maintenance of turbulent kinetic energy. Recent Studies in Turbulent Phenomena, T. Tatsumi, H. Maruo, and H. Takami, Eds., Association for Science Documents Information.
    • (1985) Recent Studies in Turbulent Phenomena
    • Tsukamoto, O.1
  • 132
    • 0004600046 scopus 로고
    • Roughness effects on urban turbulence parameters
    • Yersel, M., and R. Goble, 1986: Roughness effects on urban turbulence parameters. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 37, 171-184.
    • (1986) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.37 , pp. 171-184
    • Yersel, M.1    Goble, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.