Variability in the Deep Western boundary current: Local versus remote forcing

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 117, Issue 12, 2012, Pages

  Pea Molino, B ^a,b   Joyce, T M ^a   Toole, J M ^a  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEEP WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS; DOMINANT MODE; GULF STREAM; HORIZONTAL VELOCITY; HYDROGRAPHIC PROPERTIES; IN-PHASE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; LABRADOR SEA WATERS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; PROPERTY CHANGES; REMOTE FORCING; ROSSBY WAVE; TRANSPORT VARIABILITY; VELOCITY FIELD; WATER DEPTH; WATER MASS STRUCTURE;

SALINITY MEASUREMENT; VELOCITY;

OCEAN CURRENTS;

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY; MEANDER; PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM; ROSSBY WAVE; SEA SURFACE SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY; WATER MASS; WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENT;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF STREAM;

EID: 84871575460     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JC008369     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Böning, C. W., F. O. Bryan, W. R. Holland, and R. Doscher (1996), Deep-water formation and meridional overturning in a high-resolution model of the North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1142-1164.
2. Böning, C. W., M. Scheinert, J. Dengg, A. Biastoch, and A. Funk (2006), Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett, 33, L21S01, doi:10.1029/2006GL026906. (Pubitemid 46747173)
3. Bower, A. S., and H. D. Hunt (2000), Lagrangian observations of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the North Atlantic Ocean. Part I: Large-scale pathways and spreading rates, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 764-783. (Pubitemid 30467136)
4. Bower, A. S., S. Lozier, and S. Gary (2011), Export of Labrador Sea Water from the subpolar North Atlantic: A Lagrangian perspective, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58, 1798-1818, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.060.
5. Brown, O. B., P. C. Cornillon, S. R. Emmerson, and H. M. Carle (1986), Gulf Stream warm rings: A statistical study of their behavior, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 33, 1459-1473.
6. Clarke, R. A., and J.-C. Gascard (1983), Formation of Labrador Sea water. Part I: Large-scale processes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1764-1778.
7. Cronin, M., and D. R. Watts (1996), Eddy-mean flow interaction in the Gulf Stream at 68° W. PartI: Eddy energetics, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 26,2107-2131.
8. Csanady, G. T., and P. Hamilton (1988), Circulation of slopewater, Cont. Shelf Res., 8, 565-624.
9. Cunningham, S. A., et al. (2007), Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N, Science, 317, 935-938, doi:10.1116/science.1141304. (Pubitemid 47301318)
10. Curry, R. G., and M. S. McCartney (2001), Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3374-3400. (Pubitemid 34137732)
11. Dickson, R., J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift (1996), Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic, Progress Oceanogr., 38, 241-295.
12. Eden, C, and J. Willebrand (2001), Mechansism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation, J. Clim., 14, 2266-2280. (Pubitemid 33038321)
13. Fratantoni, P. S., and R. S. Pickart (2003), Variability of the shelf break jet in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Internally or externally forced?, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C5), 3166, doi:10.1029/2002JC001326.
14. Gary, S. F., M. S. Lozier, C. Böning, and A. Biastoch (2011), Deciphering the pathways for the deep limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58, 1781-1797.
15. Gascard, J.-C, and R. A. Clarke (1983), Formation of labrador sea water. Part II: Mesoscale and smaller-scale processes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1779-1797.
16. Gerdes, R., and C. Köberle (1995), On the influence of DSOW in a numerical model of the North Atlantic general circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2624-2642.
17. Häkkinen, S., and P. B. Rhines (2009), Shifting surface currents in the northern North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C04005, doi:10.1029/2008JC004883.
18. Halkin, D., and T. Rossby (1985), The structure and transport of the Gulf Stream at 73°W, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1439-1452.
19. Hallberg, R., and P. Rhines (1996), Buoyancy-driven circulation in an ocean basin with isopycnals intersecting the sloping boundary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 913-940.
20. Johns, W. E., T. J. Shay, J. M. Bane, and D. R. Watts (1995), Gulf Stream structure, transport, and recirculation near 68°W, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 817-838.
21. Joyce, T., et al. (1983), Rapid evolution of a Gulf Stream warm-core ring, Nature, 308, 837-840, doi:10.1038/308837a0.
22. Joyce, T. M., J. Dunworth-Baker, R. S. Pickart, D. Torres, and S. Waterman (2005), On the Deep Western Boundary Current south of Cape Cod, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52, 615-625. (Pubitemid 40451730)
23. Kelly, K. A., M. J. Caruso, and S. Singh (1996), Observations of atmosphere-ocean coupling in midlatitude, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6295-6312.
24. Kieke, D., M. Rhein, L. Stramma, W. M. Smethie, D. A. Lebel, and W. Zenk (2006), Changes in the CFC inventories and formation rates of upper Labrador Sea Water, 1997-2001, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 64-86. (Pubitemid 43337170)
25. Kohl, A., and D. Stammer (2008), Variability of the meridional overturning in the North Atlantic from the 50-year GECCO state estimation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1913-1930.
26. Koltermann, K. P., A. V. Sokov, V. P. Terescenlov, S. A. Dobroliubov, K. Lorbacher, and A. Sy (1999), Decadal changes in the thermohaline circulation of the North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 46, 109-138. (Pubitemid 29163243)
27. Lazier, J. R. N. (1980), Oceanographic conditions at ocean weather ship Bravo, 1964-1974, Atmos. Ocean, 18(3), 227-238.
28. Lindstrom, S. S., and D. R. Watts (1994), Vertical motion in the Gulf Stream near 68°W, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 24, 2321-2333. (Pubitemid 26463306)
29. Macrander, A., U. Send, H. Valdimarsson, S. Jónsson, and R. H. Käse (2005), Interannual changes in the overflow from the Nordic Seas into the Atlantic Ocean through Denmark Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06606, doi:10.1029/2004GL021463. (Pubitemid 40771667)
30. Mauritzen, C, and S. Häkkinen (1999), On the relationship between dense water formation and the Meridional Overturning Cell in the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46, 877-894. (Pubitemid 29188196)
31. Meinen, C. S., D. S. Luther, and M. O. Baringer (2009), Structure, transport and potential vorticity of the Gulf Stream at 68° W: Revisiting older data sets with new techniques, Deep Sea Res., PartI, 56, 41-60, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.010.
32. Meinen, C. S., W. S. Johns, S. L. Garzoli, E. van Seville, D. Rayner, T. Kanzow, and M. O. Baringer (2012), Variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current at 26.5°N during 2004-2009, Deep Sea Res., Part II, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.036, in press.
33. North, G. F., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng (1982), Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 699-706.
34. Peña-Molino, B. (2010), Variability in the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current: Upstream causes and downstream effects as observed at Line W, PhD thesis, MIT/WHOI Jt. Program in Phys. Oceanogr., Woods Hole, Mass.
35. Peña-Molino, B., and T. M. Joyce (2008), Variability in the Slope Water and its relation to the Gulf Stream path, Geophys. Res. Lett, 35, L03606, doi:10.1029/2007GL032183. (Pubitemid 351492923)
36. Peña-Molino, B., T. M. Joyce, and J. M. Toole (2011), Recent changes in the Labrador Sea Water within the Deep Western Boundary Current southeast of Cape Cod, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 58, 1019-1030, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.07.006.
37. Pickart, R. S. (1994), Interaction of the Gulf Stream and the Deep Western Boundary Current where they cross, J. Geophys. Res., 99,25,155-25,164.
38. Pickart, R. S. (1995), Gulf Stream-generated topographic Rossby waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 574-586.
39. Pickart, R. S., and W. M. Smethie (1993), How does the Deep Western Boundary Current cross the Gulf Stream?, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 23, 2602-2616.
40. Pickart, R. S., and M. A. Spall (2007), Impact of Labrador Sea convection on the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 37, 2207-2227, doi:10.1175/JPO3178.1. (Pubitemid 47553518)
41. Pickart, R. S., and D. R. Watts (1990), Deep Western Boundary Current variability at Cape Hatteras, J. Mar. Res., 48, 765-791.
42. Rayner, D., et al. (2011), Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58, 1744-1753, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10. 056.
43. Rhein, M., D. Kieke, S. Hüttl-Kabus, A. Roessler, C. Mertens, R. Meissner, B. Klein, C. W. Böning, and I. Yashayaev (2011), Deep water formation, the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58, 1819-1832, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.061.
44. Roussenov, V. M., R. G. Williams, C. W. Hughes, and R. J. Bingham (2008), Boundary wave communication of bottom pressure and overturning changes for the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08042, doi:10.1029/2007JC004501.
45. Rossby, T., and E. Gottlieb (1998), The Oleander Project: Monitoring the variability of the Gulf Stream and adjacent waters between New Jersey and Bermuda, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 79(1), 5-18. (Pubitemid 128494956)
46. Sarafanov, A., A. Falina, H. Mercier, P. Lherminier, and A. Sokov (2009), Recent changes in the Greenland-Scotland overflow-derived water transport inferred from hydrographic observations in the southern Irminger Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett, 36, L13606, doi:10.1029/2009GL038385.
47. Schott, F. A., R. Zantopp, L. Stramma, M. Dengler, J. Fischer, and M. Wibaux (2004), Circulation and deep-water export at the western exit of the subpolar North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 817-843. (Pubitemid 38672867)
48. Schott, F. A., M. Dengler, R. Zantopp, L. Stramma, J. Fischer, and P. Brandt (2005), The shallow and Deep Western Boundary Circulation of the South Atlantic at 5-11°S, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2031-2053. (Pubitemid 43032986)
49. Schott, F. A., J. Fischer, M. Wibaux, M. Dengler, and R. Zantopp (2006), Variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current east of the Grand Banks, Geophys. Res. Lett, 33, L21S07, doi:10.1029/2006GL026563. (Pubitemid 46747179)
50. Shay, T. J., J. M. Bane, D. R. Watts, and K. L. Tracey (1995), Gulf Stream flow field and events near 68°W, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22656-22589.
51. Silverthorne, K. E., and J. M. Toole (2009), Seasonal kinetic energy variability of near-inertial motions, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 39, 1035-1049, doi:10.1175/2008JPO3920.1.
52. Stommel, H., and A. B. Arons (1960), On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean-I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere, Deep Sea Res., 6, 140-154.
53. Talley, L. D., and M. S. McCartney (1982), Distribution and circulation of Labrador Sea water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1189-1204.
54. Talley, L. D., J. L. Reid, and P. E. Robbins (2003), Data-based meridional overturning stream functions for the global ocean, J. Clim., 16, 3213-3226. (Pubitemid 37436401)
55. Thompson, R. (1971), Topographic rossby waves at a site north of the Gulf Stream, Deep Sea Res., 18, 1-19.
56. Thompson, R., and J. R. Luyten (1976), Evidence for bottom-trapped topographic Rossby waves from signal moorings, Deep Sea Res., 23,629-635.
57. Toole, J. M., R. G. Curry, T. M. Joyce, M. McCartney, and B. Peña-Molino (2011), Transport of the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current about 39N, 70W: 2004-2008, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58, 1768-1780, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.058.
58. Torrence, C, and G. P. Compo (1998), A practical guide to wavelet analysis, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 79(1), 61-78. (Pubitemid 128494959)
59. Våge, K., R. S. Pickart, V. Thierry, G. Reverdin, C. M. Lee, B. Petrie, T. A. Agnew, A. Wong, and M. H. Ribergaard (2009), Surprising return of deep convection to the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean in winter 2007-2008, Nat. Geosci., 2, 67-72, doi:10.1038/ngeo382.
60. van Sebille, E., M. O. Baringer, W. E. Johns, C. S. Meinen, L. M. Beal, M. Femke de Jong, and H. M. van Aken (2011), Propagation pathways of classical Labrador Sea water from its source region to 26°N, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12027, doi:10.1029/2011JC007171.
61. Watts, D. R., and W. E. Johns (1982), Gulf Stream meanders: Observations on propagation and growth, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9467-9476. (Pubitemid 13463153)
62. Wunsch, C. (2006), Discrete Inverse State Estimation Problems, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
63. Yashayaev, I. (2007), Hydrographic changes in the Labrador Sea, 1960-2005, Progress Oceaongr., 73, 242-276. (Pubitemid 46898567)
64. Yashayaev, I., and J. W. Loder (2009), Enhanced production of Labrador Sea Water in 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett, 36, L01606, doi:10.1029/2008GL036162.