Integrated stratigraphy of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Toward understanding the effects of global warming in a shelf environment

Paleoceanography

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Stassen, Peter ^a   Thomas, Ellen ^b,c   Speijer, Robert P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACIDIFICATION; CARBON ISOTOPE; COASTAL PLAIN; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EOCENE; GLOBAL WARMING; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; HYPSITHERMAL; PALEOCENE; STABLE ISOTOPE;

BASS RIVER; CLAYTON; NEW JERSEY; NORTH CAROLINA; UNITED STATES; WILSON LAKE [NEW JERSEY];

EID: 84871553666     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012PA002323     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Agnini, C., E. Fornaciari, I. Raffi, D. Rio, U. Röhl, and T. Westerhold (2007), High-resolution nannofossil biochronology of middle Paleocene to early Eocene at ODP Site 1262: Implications for calcareous nannoplankton evolution, Mar. Micropaleontol., 64(3-4), 215-248, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2007. 05.003. (Pubitemid 47287717)
2. Aller, R. C, and N. E. Blair (2006), Carbon remineralization in the Amazon-Guianas tropical mobile mudbelt: A sedimentary incinerator, Cont. Shelf Res., 26(17-18), 2241-2259, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.016. (Pubitemid 44636023)
3. Aubry, M.-P. (1996), Towards an upper Paleocene-lower Eocene high resolution stratigraphy based on calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy, Isr. J. Earth Sci., 44(4), 239-253. (Pubitemid 27031311)
4. Aubry, M.-P. (1999), Late Paleocene-early Eocene sedimentary history in western Cuba: Implications for the LPTM and for regional tectonic history, in Lower Paleogene Biostratigraphy of Cuba., Micropaleontology, vol. 45, suppl. 2, edited by R. H. Fluegeman and M.-P. Aubry, pp. 5-18, Micropaleontology, New York, doi:10.2307/1486101. (Pubitemid 30161715)
5. Aubry, M. P., B. S. Cramer, K. G. Miller, J. D. Wright, D. V. Kent, and R. K. Olsson (2000), Late Paleocene event chronology: Unconformities, not diachrony, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr, 171(3), 367-378, doi:10.2113/171.3.367. (Pubitemid 30400698)
6. Aubry, M.-P., et al. (2007), The global standard stratotype-section and point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene series in the Dababiya section (Egypt), Episodes, 30(4), 271-286.
7. Bianchi, T. S., and M. A. Allison (2009), Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural "recorders" of global environmental change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106(20), 8085-8092, doi:10.1073/pnas.0812878106.
8. Bowen, G. J., et al. (2006), Eocene hyperthermal event offers insight into greenhouse warming, Eos Trans. AGU, 87, 165, doi:10.1029/2006EO170002.
9. Bralower, T. J., D. J. Thomas, E. Thomas, and J. C. Zachos (1998), High-resolution records of the late Paleocene thermal maximum and circum-Caribbean volcanism: Is there a causal link? Reply, Geology, 26(7), 671.
10. Browning, J. V., K. G. Miller, P. J. Sugarman, M. A. Kominz, P. P. McLaughlin, A. A. Kulpecz, and M. D. Feigenson (2008), 100 Myr record of sequences, sedimentary facies and sea level change from Ocean Drilling Program onshore coreholes, US Mid-Atlantic coastal plain, Basin Res., 20(2), 227-248, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00360.x.
11. Buzas, M. A., S. J. Culver, and F. J. Jorissen (1993), A statistical evaluation of the microhabitats of living (stained) infaunal benthic foraminifera, Mar. Micropaleontol., 20(3-4), 311-320, doi:10.1016/0377-8398(93) 90040-5. (Pubitemid 23390378)
12. Bybell, L. M., and J. M. Self-Trail (1995), Evolutionary, biostratigraphic and taxonomic study of calcareous nannofossils from a continuous Paleo-cene-Eocene boundary section in New Jersey, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1554, 36pp.
13. Bybell, L. M., and J. M. Self-Trail (1997), Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic continental rise Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 150, 91-110.
14. Caldeira, K., and M. E. Wickett (2003), Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH, Nature, 425(6956), 365, doi:10.1038/425365a. (Pubitemid 37187256)
15. Corliss, B. H. (1991), Morphology and microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera from the northwest Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Micropaleontol, 17(3-4), 195-236, doi:10.1016/0377-8398(91)90014-W.
16. Cramer, B. S., and D. V. Kent (2005), Bolide summer: The Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum as a response to an extraterrestrial trigger, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, 224(1-3), 144-166, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.040. (Pubitemid 41074913)
17. Cramer, B. S., M.-P. Aubry, K. G. Miller, R. K. Olsson, J. D. Wright, and D. V. Kent (1999), An exceptional chronologic, isotopic, and clay mineralogic record of the latest Paleocene thermal maximum, Bass River, NJ, ODP 174AX, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 170(6), 883-897. (Pubitemid 30138482)
18. Cramer, B. S., K. G. Miller, J. D. Wright, M.-P. Aubry, and R. K. Olsson (2000), Neritic records of the late Paleocene thermal maximum from New Jersey, GFF, 122, 38-39, doi:10.1080/11035890001221038.
19. Crouch, E. M., C. Heilmann-Clausen, H. Brinkhuis, H. E. G. Morgans, K. M. Rogers, H. Egger, and B. Schmitz (2001), Global dinoflagellate event associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum, Geology, 29(4), 315-318, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029〈0315:GDEAWT〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35302045)
20. Cui, Y., L. R. Kump, A. J. Ridgwell, A. J. Charles, C. K. Junium, A. F. Diefendorf, K. H. Freeman, N. M. Urban, and I. C. Harding (2011), Slow release of fossil carbon during the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Nat. Geosci., 4(7), 481-485, doi:10.1038/ngeo1179.
21. DeConto, R. M., S. Galeotti, M. Pagani, D. Tracy, K. Schaefer, T. J. Zhang, D. Pollard, and D. J. Beerling (2012), Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing permafrost, Nature, 484(7392), 87-91, doi:10.1038/nature10929.
22. Dickens, G. R. (2008), Palaeoclimate: The riddle of the clays, Nat. Geosci., 1(2), 86-88, doi:10.1038/ngeo118.
23. Dickens, G. R. (2011), Down the rabbit hole: Toward appropriate discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events, Clim. Past, 7(3), 831-846, doi:10.5194/cp-7-831-2011.
24. Dickens, G. R., M. M. Castillo, and J. C. G. Walker (1997), A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate, Geology, 25(3), 259-262, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025〈0259:ABOGIT〉2.3.CO;2.
25. Diz, P., F. J. Jorissen, G. J. Reichart, C. Poulain, F. Dehairs, E. Leorri, and Y. M. Paulet (2009), Interpretation of benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes in subtidal estuarine environments, Biogeosciences, 6(11), 2549-2560, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2549-2009.
26. Dupuis, C., M.-P. Aubry, E. Steurbaut, W. A. Berggren, K. Ouda, R. Magioncalda, B. S. Cramer, D. V. Kent, R. P. Speijer, and C. Heilmann-Clausen (2003), The Dababiya Quarry section: Lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and paleontology, Micropaleontology, 49, 41-59, doi:10.2113/49.Suppl-1.41. (Pubitemid 36953730)
27. Eisma, D., P. G. E. F. Augustinus, and C. Alexander (1991), Recent and subrecent changes in the dispersal of Amazon mud, Neth. J. Sea Res., 28(3), 181-192, doi:10.1016/0077-7579(91)90016-T.
28. Gibbs, S. J., P. R. Bown, J. A. Sessa, T. J. Bralower, and P. A. Wilson (2006a), Nannoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleo-cene-Eocene thermal maximum, Science, 314(5806), 1770-1773, doi:10.1126/science.1133902. (Pubitemid 44969087)
29. Gibbs, S. J., T. J. Bralower, P. R. Bown, J. C. Zachos, and L. M. Bybell (2006b), Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients, Geology, 34(4), 233-236, doi:10.1130/G22381.1.
30. Gibbs, S. J., H. M. Stoll, P. R. Bown, and T. J. Bralower (2010), Ocean acidification and surface water carbonate production across the Paleo-cene-Eocene thermal maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295(3-4), 583-592, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.044.
31. Gibson, T. G. (1989), Planktonic benthonic foraminiferal ratios: Modern patterns and Tertiary applicability, Mar. Micropaleontol., 15(1-2), 29- 52, doi:10.1016/0377-8398(89)90003-0. (Pubitemid 20412252)
32. Gibson, T. G., and L. M. Bybell (1994), Sedimentary patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States, Bull. Soc. Belge Geol., 103(3-4), 237-265. (Pubitemid 26440233)
33. Gibson, T. G., L. M. Bybell, and J. P. Owens (1993), Latest Paleocene lith-ologic and biotic events in neritic deposits of southwestern New Jersey, Paleoceanography, 8(4), 495-514, doi:10.1029/93PA01367. (Pubitemid 24419526)
34. Gibson, T. G., L. M. Bybell, and D. B. Mason (2000), Stratigraphic and climatic implications of clay mineral changes around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary of the northeastern US margin, Sediment. Geol., 134(1-2), 65-92, doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00014-2. (Pubitemid 30638784)
35. Green, M. A., R. C. Aller, and J. Y. Aller (1993), Carbonate dissolution and temporal abundances of foraminifera in Long Island Sound sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 38(2), 331-345, doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0331. (Pubitemid 24392144)
36. Guasti, E., and R. P. Speijer (2007), The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in Egypt and Jordan: An overview of the planktic foraminiferal record, in Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences, edited by S. Monechi, R. Coccioni, and M. R. Rampino, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 424, 53-67, doi:10.1130/2007.2424(03).
37. Handley, L., P. N. Pearson, I. K. McMillan, and R. D. Pancost (2008), Large terrestrial and marine carbon and hydrogen isotope excursions in a new Paleocene/Eocene boundary section from Tanzania, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 275(1-2), 17-25, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.030.
38. Harris, A. D., K. G. Miller, J. V. Browning, P. J. Sugarman, R. K. Olsson, B. S. Cramer, and J. D. Wright (2010), Integrated stratigraphic studies of Paleocene-lowermost Eocene sequences, New Jersey Coastal Plain: Evidence for glacioeustatic control, Paleoceanography, 25, PA3211, doi:10.1029/2009PA001800.
39. Hönisch, B., et al. (2012), The geological record of ocean acidification, Science, 335(6072), 1058-1063, doi:10.1126/science.1208277.
40. John, C. M., S. M. Bohaty, J. C. Zachos, A. Sluijs, S. Gibbs, H. Brinkhuis, and T. J. Bralower (2008), North American continental margin records of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global carbon and hydrological cycling, Paleoceanography, 23, PA2217, doi:10.1029/2007PA001465.
41. Jorissen, F. J., C. Fontanier, and E. Thomas (2007), Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics, in Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography: Part 2: Biological Tracers and Biomarkers, edited by C. Hillaire-Marcel and A. de Vernal, pp. 263-325, Elsevier, Amsterdam, doi:10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01012-3. (Pubitemid 350309223)
42. Kelly, D. C., T. J. Bralower, J. C. Zachos, I. P. Silva, and E. Thomas (1996), Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene thermal maximum, Geology, 24(5), 423-426, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024〈0423: RDOPFI〉2.3.CO;2.
43. Kennett, J. P., and L. D. Stott (1991), Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeocea-nographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene, Nature, 353(6341), 225-229, doi:10.1038/353225a0. (Pubitemid 21896755)
44. Kent, D. V., B. S. Cramer, L. Lanci, D. Wang, J. D. Wright, and R. Van der Voo (2003), A case for a comet impact trigger for the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum and carbon isotope excursion, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 211(1-2), 13-26, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00188-2. (Pubitemid 36755697)
45. Koch, P. L., J. C. Zachos, and P. D. Gingerich (1992), Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, Nature, 358(6384), 319-322, doi:10.1038/358319a0.
46. Kopp, R. E., D. Schumann, T. D. Raub, D. S. Powars, L. V. Godfrey, N. L. Swanson-Hysell, A. C. Maloof, and H. Vali (2009), An Appalachian Amazon? Magnetofossil evidence for the development of a tropical river-like system in the mid-Atlantic United States during the Paleo-cene-Eocene thermal maximum, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4211, doi:10.1029/2009PA001783.
47. Kurtz, A. C., L. R. Kump, M. A. Arthur, J. C. Zachos, and A. Paytan (2003), Early Cenozoic decoupling of the global carbon and sulfur cycles, Paleoceanography, 18(4), 1090, doi:10.1029/2003PA000908.
48. Lippert, P. C., and J. C. Zachos (2007), A biogenic origin for anomalous fine-grained magnetic material at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Wilson Lake, New Jersey, Paleoceanography, 22, PA4104, doi:10.1029/2007PA001471. (Pubitemid 351298251)
49. Martini, E. (1971), Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nanno-plankton zonation, in Proceedings of the 2nd Planktonic Conference, edited by A. Farinacci, pp. 739-785, Tecnoscienza, Rome.
50. McCarren, H., E. Thomas, T. Hasegawa, U. Rohl, and J. C. Zachos (2008), Depth dependency of the Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion: Paired benthic and terrestrial biomarker records (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 208, Walvis Ridge), Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q10008, doi:10.1029/2008GC002116.
51. McInerney, F. A., and S. L. Wing (2011), The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: A perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 39, 489-516, doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431.
52. Miller, K. G. (1997), Coastal plain drilling and the New Jersey sea-level transect, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 150, 3-11.
53. Miller, K. G., et al. (1998), Bass River site, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Init. Rep., 174, 5-43.
54. Miller, K. G., et al. (1999), Ancora Site, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Init. Rep., 174A, supplement, 1-65.
55. Murphy, B. H., K. A. Farley, and J. C. Zachos (2010), An extraterrestrial He-3-based timescale for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) from Walvis Ridge, IODP Site 1266, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74(17), 5098-5108, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.039.
56. Murray, J. W. (2006), Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., doi:10.1017/CBO9780511535529.
57. Nguyen, T. M. P., M. R. Petrizzo, and R. P. Speijer (2009), Experimental dissolution of a fossil foraminiferal assemblage (Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Dababiya, Egypt): Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, Mar. Micropaleontol., 73(3-4), 241-258, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2009.10.005.
58. Olsson, R. K. (1960), Foraminifera of latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary age in the New Jersey Coastal Plain, J. Paleontol., 34(1), 1-58.
59. Olsson, R. K., and S. W. Wise (1987), Upper Paleocene to middle Eocene depositional sequences and hiatuses in the New Jersey Atlantic Margin, in Timing and Depositional History of Eustatic Sequences: Constraints on Seismic Stratigraphy, Spec. Publ. 24, edited by C. A. Ross and D. Haman, pp. 99-112, Cushman Found. for Foraminiferal Res., Houston, Tex.
60. Pagani, M., K. Caldeira, D. Archer, and J. C. Zachos (2006), An ancient carbon mystery, Science, 314(5805), 1556-1557, doi:10.1126/science.1136110. (Pubitemid 44907139)
61. Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2002), The hydrologic cycle in deep-time climate problems, Nature, 419(6903), 191-198, doi:10.1038/nature01088. (Pubitemid 35025451)
62. Raffi, I., J. Backman, and H. Pälike (2005), Changes in calcareous nannofos-sil assemblages across the Paleocene/Eocene transition from the paleo-equatorial Pacific Ocean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 226(1-2), 93-126, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.006. (Pubitemid 41262607)
63. Raffi, I., J. Backman, J. C. Zachos, and A. Sluijs (2009), The response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to the Paleocene Eocene thermal maximum at the Walvis Ridge in the South Atlantic, Mar. Micropaleontol., 70(3-4), 201-212, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.12.005.
64. Röhl, U., T. Westerhold, T. J. Bralower, and J. C. Zachos (2007), On the duration of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q12002, doi:10.1029/2007GC001784.
65. Self-Trail, J. M., D. S. Powars, D. K. Watkins, and G. A. Wandless (2012), Calcareous nannofossil assemblage changes across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Evidence from a shelf setting, Mar. Micropaleontol., 92-93, 61-80, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.05.003.
66. Semensatto, D. L., and D. Dias-Brito (2007), Alternative saline solutions to float foraminiferal tests, J. Foraminiferal Res., 37(3), 265-269, doi:10.2113/gsjfr.37.3.265. (Pubitemid 47240690)
67. Sluijs, A., and H. Brinkhuis (2009), A dynamic climate and ecosystem state during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Inferences from dinofla-gellate cyst assemblages on the New Jersey Shelf, Biogeosciences, 6(8), 1755-1781, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1755-2009.
68. Sluijs, A., G. J. Bowen, H. Brinkhuis, L. J. Lourens, and E. Thomas (2007a), The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum super greenhouse: Biotic and geochemical signatures, age models and mechanisms of global change, in Deep-Time Perspectives on Climate Change: Marrying the Signal From Computer Models and Biological Proxies, edited by M. Williams et al., pp. 323-350, Micropalaeontol. Soc., London.
69. Sluijs, A., H. Brinkhuis, S. Schouten, S. M. Bohaty, C. M. John, J. C. Zachos, G. J. Reichart, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, E. M. Crouch, and G. R. Dickens (2007b), Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary, Nature, 450(7173), 1218-1221, doi:10.1038/ nature06400.
70. Sluijs, A., et al. (2008), Eustatic variations during the Paleocene-Eocene greenhouse world, Paleoceanography, 23, PA4216, doi:10.1029/2008PA001615.
71. Sluijs, A., J. C. Zachos, and R. E. Zeebe (2012), Constraints on hyperther-mals, Nat. Geosci., 5(4), 230-231, doi:10.1038/ngeo1423.
72. Speijer, R. P., C. Scheibner, P. Stassen, and A.-M. M. Morsi (2012), Response of marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: A synthesis of biotic patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Aust. J. Earth Sci., 150(1), 6-12.
73. Stassen, P., E. Thomas, and R. P. Speijer (2009), Benthic foraminiferal isotope records across the PETM from the New Jersey Coastal Plain, in Climatic and Biotic Events of the Paleogene, GNS Sci. Misc. Ser., vol. 18, edited by E. M. Crouch, C. P. Strong, and C. J. Hollis, pp. 135-137, Inst. of Geol. and Nucl. Sci., Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
74. Stassen, P., E. Thomas, and R. P. Speijer (2012a), The progression of environmental changes during the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (New Jersey Coastal Plain), Aust. J. Earth Sci., 105(1), 169-178.
75. Stassen, P., E. Thomas, and R. P. Speijer (2012b), Restructuring outer neritic foraminiferal assemblages in the aftermath of the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum, J. Micropalaeontol., 31, 89-93, doi:10.1144/0262-821X11-026.
76. Stoll, H. M. (2005), Limited range of interspecific vital effects in coccolith stable isotopic records during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1007, doi:10.1029/2004PA001046. (Pubitemid 40865281)
77. Svensen, H., S. Planke, A. Malthe-Sorenssen, B. Jamtveit, R. Myklebust, T. R. Eidem, and S. S. Rey (2004), Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming, Nature, 429(6991), 542-545, doi:10.1038/nature02566. (Pubitemid 38737654)
78. Thomas, E. (1998), Biogeography of the Late Paleocene benthic foraminif-eral extinction, in Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, edited by M.-P. Aubry, S. H. Lucas, and W. A. Berggren, pp. 214-243, Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
79. Thomas, E. (2007), Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: What perturbs the largest habitat on Earth?, in Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences, edited by S. Monechi, R. Coccioni, and M. R. Rampino, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 424, 1-23, doi:10.1130/2007.2424(01).
80. Thomas, E., and N. J. Shackleton (1996), The Paleocene-Eocene foraminif-eral extinction and stable isotope anomalies, in Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe, edited by R. W. Knox, R. M. Corfield, and R. E. Dunay, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 101, 401-441, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.101. 01.20.
81. Thomas, E., T. Gapotchenko, J. C. Varekamp, E. L. Mecray, and M. R. B. ten Brink (2000), Benthic foraminifera and environmental changes in Long Island Sound, J. Coastal Res., 16(3), 641-655.
82. van der Zwaan, G. J., and F. J. Jorissen (1991), Biofacial patterns in river-induced shelf anoxia, in Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia, edited by R. V. Tyson and T. H. Pearson, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 58, 65-82. (Pubitemid 23395281)
83. van der Zwaan, G. J., F. J. Jorissen, and H. C. Destigter (1990), The depth dependency of planktonic benthic foraminiferal ratios: Constraints and applications, Mar. Geol., 95(1), 1-16, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(90) 90016-D.
84. van der Zwaan, G. J., I. A. P. Duijnstee, M. den Dulk, S. R. Ernst, N. T. Jannink, and T. J. Kouwenhoven (1999), Benthic foraminifers: Proxies or problems? A review of paleocological concepts, Earth Sci. Rev., 46(1-4), 213-236, doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00011-2. (Pubitemid 29499595)
85. Widmark, J. G. V., and R. P. Speijer (1997), Benthic foraminiferal ecomar-ker species of the terminal Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) deep-sea Tethys, Mar. Micropaleontol., 31(3-4), 135-155, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(97)00008- X. (Pubitemid 27383467)
86. Zachos, J. C., et al. (2005), Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Science, 308(5728), 1611-1615, doi:10.1126/science.1109004. (Pubitemid 40807507)
87. Zachos, J. C., S. Schouten, S. Bohaty, T. Quattlebaum, A. Sluijs, H. Brinkhuis, S. J. Gibbs, and T. J. Bralower (2006), Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Inferences from TEX86 and isotope data, Geology, 34(9), 737-740, doi:10.1130/G22522.1. (Pubitemid 44430756)
88. Zachos, J. C., S. M. Bohaty, C. M. John, H. McCarren, D. C. Kelly, and T. Nielsen (2007), The Palaeocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion: Constraints from individual shell planktonic foraminifer records, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 365(1856), 1829-1842, doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2045.
89. Zachos, J. C., G. R. Dickens, and R. E. Zeebe (2008), An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451(7176), 279-283, doi:10.1038/nature06588.