메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 314, Issue 5806, 2006, Pages 1770-1773

Nannoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; GLOBAL WARMING; OXIDATION; PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES; SURFACE WATER RESOURCES;

EID: 33845685979     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1133902     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (167)

References (32)
  • 2
    • 1542329839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. D. Thomas et al., Nature 427, 145 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 145
    • Thomas, C.D.1
  • 5
    • 2942567617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. Svensen et al., Nature 429, 542 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature , vol.429 , pp. 542
    • Svensen, H.1
  • 7
    • 33845718774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Even this massive geological carbon-cycle perturbation is dwarfed by anthropogenic rates of carbon emissions [-0.2 gigatons (Gt) per year for PETM and 8 Gt per year for modern (30)].
  • 8
    • 33845719600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The CCD is the depth at which the rate of calcite input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution and, in practice, is mapped on the sea floor by the transition from carbonate-bearing (above the CCD) to carbonate-free (below the CCD) sediments.
  • 10
    • 0345690130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. C. Zachos et al., Science 302, 1551 (2003).
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 1551
    • Zachos, J.C.1
  • 11
    • 20444405350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. C. Zachos et al., Science 308, 1611 (2005).
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1611
    • Zachos, J.C.1
  • 14
    • 0037086350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G. J. Bowen et al., Science 295, 2062 (2002).
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2062
    • Bowen, G.J.1
  • 16
    • 27744455464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. L. Wing et al., Science 310, 993 (2005).
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 993
    • Wing, S.L.1
  • 20
    • 33845713983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
  • 22
    • 0034471322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Foote, Paleobiology 26 (suppl. to no. 4), 74 (2000).
    • (2000) Paleobiology , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. TO NO. 4 , pp. 74
    • Foote, M.1
  • 23
    • 33845716182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Because the two methods generate similar patterns of turnover, we refer only to proportional rates, which tend to be more intuitive, in the text (but both proportional and per-capita rates are shown in the tables and figures).
  • 24
    • 33845701219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Our calculated rates of evolutionary turnover are considered to be conservative for a number of reasons. First, the practice of integrating turnover rates over intervals of geological time (binning) necessarily yields rates of evolutionary change that are time-averaged. At BR, WL, and site 1209, the PETM is binned into two intervals: from the onset to the peak CIE (70 ky) and the recovery (150 ky) (20). At site 690, the record is resolved into time intervals of about 10 ky (table S3). This higher resolution is possible at site 690 because the cyclostratigraphic age model that we have used (6) was developed at this site. Second, there is likely to have been differential postmortem dissolution resulting in the selective removal of some delicate species, both in surface waters (21) and in the sediment. This in part accounts for the minor geographic variations in rates, resulting from higher species numbers in shelf and lower-latitude areas as a function of better preservation in shelf areas, and a real increase in species diversity (20).
  • 25
    • 33845707530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • ET) incorporation in sediments (13, 20). The choice of age model does not substantially alter our findings because the onset-to-peak interval is nearly identical in both age models (table 51 and fig. 52). Values differ for the recovery interval, but this discrepancy is not substantial to our findings because the high-resolution record from site 690 demonstrates that extinction and origination rates returned to near-background levels before carbon isotope values increased from their PETM minimum [marking the start of recovery (20)], irrespective of age model (fig. 52).
  • 26
    • 33845693034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Despite large CCD changes at the PETM, we are confident that the patterns we observed are associated with evolutionary turnover and not dissolution. We have assessed nannofossil preservation through the sections, and where substantial dissolution is present, it is confined to short intervals during the event onset to peak. All samples that exhibited substantial dissolution were excluded (20).
  • 27
    • 0034699471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. Riebesell et al., Nature 407, 364 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 364
    • Riebesell, U.1
  • 28
    • 26944481617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. C. Orr et al., Nature 437, 681 (2005).
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 681
    • Orr, J.C.1
  • 29
    • 0034474483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. H. Erwin, S. L. Wing, Eds. (Paleontological Society, Lawrence, KS)
    • R. D. Norris, in Deep Time: Paleobiology's Perspective, D. H. Erwin, S. L. Wing, Eds. (Paleontological Society, Lawrence, KS, 2000), pp. 236-258.
    • (2000) Deep Time: Paleobiology's Perspective , pp. 236-258
    • Norris, R.D.1
  • 32
    • 33845694518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank A. Z. Krug and M. Patzkowsky for technical assistance; S. Wing, U. Röhl, T. Tyrell, and L. Lourens for discussion; and M. Foote and others for reviews. This work was supported by NSF grant EAR-0120727 to S.J.G. and T.J.B. and a National Natural Research Council research fellowship to S.J.G. This research used samples and data provided by the ODP and the U.S. Geological Survey.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.