The model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): An extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1471-1492

  Guenther, A B ^a   Jiang, X ^a   Heald, C L ^b   Sakulyanontvittaya, T ^c   Duhl, T ^a   Emmons, L K ^a   Wang, X ^d  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

^c ENVIRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

^d SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ALGORITHM; BIOGENIC EMISSION; ESTIMATION METHOD; ISOPRENE; LAND COVER; VEGETATION COVER;

EID: 84871383133     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Arey, J., Winer, A. M., Atkinson, R., Aschmann, S. M., Long, W. D., and Morrison, C. L.: The emission of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 3-hexenylacetate and other oxygenated hydrocarbons from agricultural plant species, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 1063-1075, 1991.
2. Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Lathiere, J., Duhl, T., Beerling, D. J., Hewitt, C. N., Martin, M., and Guenther, A.: Global terrestrial isoprene emission models: sensitivity to variability in climate and vegetation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8037-8052, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8037-2011, 2011.
3. Baghi, R., Helmig, D., Guenther, A., Duhl, T., and Daly, R.: Contribution of flowering trees to urban atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Biogeosciences, 9, 3777-3785, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3777-2012, 2012.
4. Baker, B., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Goldstein, A., and Fall, R.: Canopy fluxes of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol over a ponderosa pine forest by relaxed eddy accumulation: Field data and model comparison, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 26107-26114, 1999.
5. Baker, B., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., and Fall, R.: Canopy level fluxes of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, acetone, and methanol by a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1701-1708, 2001. (Pubitemid 32868192)
6. Bates, T. S., Lamb, B. K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., and Stoiber, R. E.: Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources, J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 315-337, 1992.
7. Beckett, M., Loreto, F., Velikova, V., Brunetti, C., Di Ferdinando, M., Tattini, M., Calfapeitra, C., and Farrant, J. M.: Photosynthetic limitations and volatile and non-volatile isoprenoids in the poikilochlorophyllous resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis during dehydration and rehydration, Plant Cell Environ., online first, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02536.x, 2012.
8. Benjamin, M. T., Sudol, M., Bloch, L., and Winer, A. M.: Lowemitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1437-1452, 1996.
9. Burr, K. E., Wallner, S. J., and Tinus, R. W.: Ethylene and ethane evolution during cold acclimation and deacclimation of ponderosa pine, Can. J. Forest Res., 21, 601-605, 1991.
10. Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land surfacehydrology model with the Penn State - NCAR MM5 modeling system, Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569-585, 2001. (Pubitemid 32511917)
11. Connick, W., Bradow, J., and Legendre, M.: Identification and bioactivity of volatile allelochemicals from amaranth residues, J. Agric. Food Chem., 37, 792-796, 1989.
12. Derwent, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Passant, N. R., and Pilling, M. J.: Photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) for different emission sources of organic compounds under European conditions estimated with a Master Chemical Mechanism, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2570-2579, 2007. (Pubitemid 46435788)
13. Di Carlo, P., Brune, W. H., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Lesher, R., Ren, X. R., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Young, V., Shepson, P. B., Riemer, D., Apel, E., and Campbell, C.: Missing OH reactivity in a forest: Evidence for unknown reactive biogenic VOCs, Science, 304, 722-725, 2004. (Pubitemid 38560875)
14. DiGangi, J. P., Boyle, E. S., Karl, T., Harley, P., Turnipseed, A., Kim, S., Cantrell, C., Maudlin III, R. L., Zheng, W., Flocke, F., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., Nakashima, Y., Paul, J. B., Wolfe, G. M., Desai, A. R., Kajii, Y., Guenther, A., and Keutsch, F. N.: First direct measurements of formaldehyde flux via eddy covariance: implications for missing in-canopy formaldehyde sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10565-10578, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10565-2011, 2011.
15. Dudareva, N., Negre, F., Nagegowda, D. A., and Orlova, I.: Plant volatiles: Recent advances and future perspectives, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 25, 417-440, 2006. (Pubitemid 44449279)
16. Duhl, T. R., Helmig, D., and Guenther, A.: Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review, Biogeosciences, 5, 761-777, doi:10.5194/bg-5-761-2008, 2008. (Pubitemid 351701659)
17. Duhl, T. R., Guenther, A., and Helmig, D.: Estimating urban vegetation cover fraction using Google Earth®images, J. Land Use Sci., 7, 311-329, doi:10.1080/1747423X.2011.587207, 2012.
18. Engelberth, J., Alborn, H. T., Schmelz, E. A., and Tumlinson, J. H.: Airborne signals prime plants against insect herbivore attack, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 1781-1785, doi:10.1073/pnas.0308037100, 2004. (Pubitemid 38234231)
19. Fall, R.: Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from higher plants, in Reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, edited by: Hewitt, C. N., 41-96, Academic Press, New York, 1999.
20. Fischer, E. V., Jacob, D. J., Millet, D. B., Yantosca, R. M., and Mao, J.: The role of the ocean in the global atmospheric budget of acetone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01807, doi:10.1029/2011GL050086, 2012.
21. Folberth, G. A., Hauglustaine, D. A., Lathière, J., and Brocheton, F.: Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: model description and impact analysis of biogenic hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2273-2319, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2273-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 43980733)
22. Fruekilde, P., Hjorth, J., Jensen, N. R., Kotzias, D., and Larsen, B.: Ozonolysis at vegetation surfaces: A source of acetone, 4- oxopentanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and geranyl acetone, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1893-1902, 1998. (Pubitemid 28246126)
23. Galbally, I. E. and Kirstine, W.: The Production of Methanol by Flowering Plants and the Global Cycle of Methanol, J. Atmos. Chem., 43, 195-229, 2002. (Pubitemid 35331279)
24. Garrigues, S., Lacaze, R., Baret, F., Morisette, J. T., Weiss, M., Nickeson, J. E., Fernandes, R., Plummer, S., Shabanov, N. V., Myneni, R. B., Knyazikhin, Y., and Yang, W.: Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products derived from remote sensing data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 113, G02028, doi:10.1029/2007JG000635, 2008.
25. Gent, P. R., Danabasoglu, G., Donner, L. J., Holland, M. M., Hunke, E. C., Jayne, S. R., Lawrence, D. M., Neale, R. B., Rasch, P. J., Vertenstein, M., Worley, P. H., Yang, Z.-L., and Zhang, M.: The Community Climate System Model Version 4, J. Climate, 24, 4973-4991, 2011.
26. Geron, C., Guenther, A., Sharkey, T., and Arnts R. R.: Temporal variability in basal isoprene emission factor, Tree Physiol., 20, 799-805, 2000.
27. Goldan, P. D., Kuster,W. C., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Montzka, S. A.: The observation of a C5 alcohol emission in a North American pine forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1039-1042, 1993. (Pubitemid 24392838)
28. Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514-1521, 2007. (Pubitemid 46362448)
29. Goldstein, A. H., Fan, S. M., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., and Wofsy, S. C.: Emissions of ethene, propene, and 1-butene by a midlatitude forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 9149-9157, 1996.
30. Graedel, T. E.: Terpenoids in the atmosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 17, 937-947, 1979.
31. Gray, D. W., Goldstein, A. H., and Lerdau, M. T.: The influence of light environment on photosynthesis and basal methylbutenol emission from Pinus ponderosa, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 1463-1474, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005. 01382.x, 2005.
32. Greenberg, J. P., Guenther, A. B., Pétron, G.,Wiedinmyer, C., Vega, O., Gatti, L. V., Tota, J., and Fisch, G.: Biogenic VOC emissions from forested Amazonian landscapes, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 651-662, 2004. (Pubitemid 38727996)
33. Greenfield, E., Nowak, D. J., and Walton, J. T.: Assessment of 2001 NLCD percent tree and impervious cover estimates, Photogramm. Eng. Remote. Sense., 75, 1279-1286, 2009.
34. Guenther, A. B.: Upscaling biogenic VOC emissions from leaves to landscapes, in: Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, edited by: Niinemets, U. and Monson, R., Springer Tree Physiology series, 2012.
35. Guenther, A. B., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96, 10799-10808, 1991.
36. Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluations and sensitivity analyses, J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 98, 12609-12617, 1993.
37. Guenther, A. B., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 8873-8892, 1995.
38. Guenther, A. B., Baugh, B., Brasseur, G., Greenberg, J., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Serça, D., and Vierling, L.: Isoprene emission estimates and uncertainties for the Central African EXPRESSO study domain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 30625-30639, 1999.
39. Guenther, A. B., Geron, C., Pierce, T., Lamb, B., Harley, P., and Fall, R.: Natural emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from North America, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2205-2230, 2000. (Pubitemid 30151072)
40. Guenther, A. B., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
41. Hanna, S. R., Russell, A. G., Wilkinson, J. G., Vukovich, J., and Hansen, D. A.: Monte Carlo estimation of uncertainties in BEIS3 emission outputs and their effects on uncertainties in chemical transport model predictions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D01302, doi:10.1029/2004JD004986, 2005.
42. Harley, P., Fridd-Stroud, V., Greenberg, J., Guenther A., and Vasconcellos, P.: Emission of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol by pines: A potentially large natural source of reactive carbon to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 25479-25486, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700095)
43. Heald, C. L., Wilkinson, M. J., Monson, R. K., Alo, C. A., Wang, G., and Guenther, A.: Response of isoprene emission to ambient CO2 changes and implications for global budgets, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1127-1140, 2009.
44. Heiden, A. C., Kobel, K., Komenda, M., Koppmann, R., Shao, M., and Wildt, J.: Toluene emissions from plants, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1283-1286, 1999. (Pubitemid 29437797)
45. Helmig, D., Klinger, L. F., Guenther, A., Vierling, L., Geron, C., and Zimmerman, P.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) I. Identifications from three continental sites in the U.S., Chemosphere, 38, 2163-2187, 1999. (Pubitemid 29099632)
46. Helmig, D., Ortega, J., Guenther, A., Herrick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Sesquiterpene emissions from loblolly pine and their potential contribution to biogenic aerosol formation in the Southeastern US, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4150-4157, 2006. (Pubitemid 43903330)
47. Holzinger, R., Lee, A., Paw, K. T., and Goldstein, U. A. H.: Observations of oxidation products above a forest imply biogenic emissions of very reactive compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 67-75, doi:10.5194/acp-5-67-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40335293)
48. Homer, C., Huang, C. Q., Yang, L. M., Wylie, B., and Coan, M.: Development of a 2001 National Land-Cover Database for the United States, Photogramm. Eng. Rem. Sens., 70, 829-840, 2004.
49. Isidorov, V. A., Zenkevich, I. G., and Ioffe, B. V.: Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of forests, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1-8, 1985.
50. Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., Jin, E. M., Bey, I., Li, Q., Logan, J. A., Yantosca, R. M., and Singh, H. B.: Atmospheric budget of acetone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4100, doi:10.1029/2001JD000694, 2002.
51. Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., Li, Q., Blake, D. R., de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Hansel, A., Wisthaler, A., Singh, H. B. and Guenther, A.: Global budget of methanol: Constraints from atmospheric observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D08303, doi:10.1029/2004JD005172, 2005. (Pubitemid 40906177)
52. Jacovides, C. P., Tymvios, F. S., Assimakopoulos, V. D., and Kaltsounides, N. A.: The dependence of global and diffuse PAR radiation components on sky conditions at Athens, Greece, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 143, 277-287, 2007. (Pubitemid 46437274)
53. Janson, R., De Serves, C., and Romero, R.: Emission of isoprene and carbonyl compounds from a boreal forest and wetland in Sweden, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 98-99, 671-681, 1999. (Pubitemid 30071149)
54. Kant, M. R., Bleeker, P. M., Van Wijk, M., Schuurink, R. C., and Haring, M. A.: Plant Volatiles in Defence, Adv. Bot. Res., 51, 613-666, 2009.
55. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Lindinger, C., Jordan, A., Fall, R., and Lindinger, W.: Eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compound fluxes from crop harvesting using a redesigned proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 24157-24167, 2001.
56. Karl, T., Spirig, C., Rinne, J., Stroud, C., Prevost, P., Greenberg, J., Fall, R., and Guenther, A.: Virtual disjunct eddy covariance measurements of organic compound fluxes from a subalpine forest using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 279-291, doi:10.5194/acp-2-279-2002, 2002.
57. Karl, T., Potosnak, M., Guenther, A., Clark, D., Walker, J., Herrick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18306, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004738, 2004. (Pubitemid 39621657)
58. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Yokelson, R. J., Greenberg, J., Potosnak, M., Blake, D. R., and Artaxo, P.: The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D18302, doi:10.1029/2007JD008539, 2007.
59. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Turnipseed, A., Patton, E. G., and Jardine, K.: Chemical sensing of plant stress at the ecosystem scale, Biogeosciences, 5, 1287-1294, doi:10.5194/bg-5-1287-2008, 2008.
60. Karl, M., Guenther, A., Köble, R., Leip, A., and Seufert, G.: A new European plant-specific emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for use in atmospheric transport models, Biogeosciences, 6, 1059-1087, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1059-2009, 2009.
61. Keenan, T. F., Grote, R., and Sabaté, S.: Overlooking the canopy: The importance of canopy structure in scaling isoprenoid emissions from the leaf to the landscape, Ecol. Model., 222, 737-747, 2011.
62. Kesselmeier, J.: Exchange of short-chain oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between plants and the atmosphere: A compilation of field and laboratory studies, J. Atmos. Chem., 39, 219-233, 2001. (Pubitemid 32573861)
63. Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Hofmann, U., Müller, H., Schäfer, L., Wolf, A., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Frattoni, M., Foster, P., Ferrari, C., Jacob, V., Fugit, J. L., Dutaur, L., Simon, V., and Torres, L.: Emission of short chained organic acids, aldehydes and monoterpenes from Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L. in relation to physiological activities, carbon budget and emission algorithms, Atmos. Environ., 31, 119-133, 1997. (Pubitemid 28024988)
64. Kim, S., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., Harley, P., Rasmussen, R., and Apel, E.: Emissions and ambient distributions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in a ponderosa pine ecosystem: interpretation of PTR-MS mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1759-1771, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 1759-2010, 2010.
65. Kim, S., Guenther, A., Karl, T., and Greenberg, J.: Contributions of primary and secondary biogenic VOC total OH reactivity during the CABINEX (Community Atmosphere-Biosphere INteractions Experiments)-09 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8613-8623, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8613-2011, 2011.
66. Kirstine, W., Galbally, I., Ye, Y., and Hooper, M.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds (primarily oxygenated species) from pasture, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 10605-10619, 1998. (Pubitemid 128718578)
67. Klinger, L. F., Li, Q.-J., Guenther, A. B., Greenberg, J. P., Baker, B., and Bai, J.-H.: Assessment of volatile organic compound emissions from ecosystems of China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4603, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001076, 2002. (Pubitemid 44793853)
68. Knudsen, J. T., Eriksson, R., Gershenzon, J., and Ståhl, B.: Diversity and distribution of floral scent, Bot. Rev., 72, 1-120, 2006.
69. König, G., Brunda, M., Puxbaum, H., Hewitt, C. N., Duckham, S. C., and Rudolph, J.: Relative contribution of oxygenated hydrocarbons to the total biogenic VOC emissions of selected mid- European agricultural and natural plant species, Atmos. Environ., 29, 861-874, 1995. (Pubitemid 26436822)
70. Kolosova, N., Gorenstein, N., Kish, C., and Dudareva, N.: Regulation of circadian methyl benzoate emission in diurnally and nocturnally emitting plants, Plant Cell, 13, 2333-2347, doi:10.1105/tpc.13.10.2333, 2001. (Pubitemid 33037836)
71. Krauss, M.,Wilcke,W., Martius, C., Bandeira, A. G., Garcia, M. V. B., and Amelung, W.: Atmospheric versus biological sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a tropical rain forest environment, Environ. Pollut., 135, 143-154, 2005.
72. Kreuzwieser, J., Schnitzler, J.-P., and Steinbrecher, R.: Biosynthesis of organic compounds emitted by plants, Plant Biol., 1, 149-159, 1999. (Pubitemid 29167477)
73. Kurpius, M. R. and Goldstein, A. H.: Gas-phase chemistry dominates O3 loss to a forest, implying a source of aerosols and hydroxyl radicals to the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1371, doi:10.1029/2002GL016785, 2003.
74. Lamarque, J.-F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont, Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M. G., Shindell, D., Smith, S. J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O. R., Kainuma, M., Mahowald, N., Mc- Connell, J. R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., and van Vuuren, D. P.: Historical (1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017-7039, doi:10.5194/acp- 10-7017-2010, 2010.
75. Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., Heald, C. L., Holland, E. A., Lauritzen, P. H., Neu, J., Orlando, J. J., Rasch, P. J., and Tyndall, G. K.: CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 369-411, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012, 2012.
76. Lamb, B., Guenther, A., Gay, D., and Westberg, H.: A national inventory of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions, Atmos. Environ., 21, 1695-1705, 1987. (Pubitemid 17656818)
77. Lawrence, D. M., Oleson, K. W., Flanner, M. G., Thorton, P. E., Swenson, S. C., Lawrence, P. J., Zeng, X., Yang, Z.-L., Levis, S., Skaguchi, K., Bonan, G. B., and Slater, A. G.: Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sys., 3, 2011MS000045, doi:10.1029/2011ms000045, 2011.
78. Lizaso, J. I., Batchelor, W. D., Boote, K. J., and Westgate, M. E.: Development of a leaf-level canopy assimilation model for CERES-Maize, Agron. J., 97, 722-733, 2005.
79. Lou, S., Holland, F., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C. C., Fuchs, H., Häseler, R., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Wahner, A., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., and Hofzumahaus, A.: Atmospheric OH reactivities in the Pearl River Delta - China in summer 2006: measurement and model results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11243-11260, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11243- 2010, 2010.
80. MacDonald, R. C. and Fall, R.: Detection of substantial emissions of methanol from plants to the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., Part A-General Topics, 27, 1709-1713, 1993.
81. MacDonald, R. C. and Fall, R.: Acetone emission from conifer buds, Phytochemistry, 34, 991-994, 1993b. (Pubitemid 2012292)
82. Marais, E. A., Jacob, D. J., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Murphy, J. G., Reeves, C., Mills, G., Casadio, S., Millet, D. B., Barkley, M. P., Paulot, F., and Mao, J.: Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6219-6235, doi:10.5194/acp-12- 6219-2012, 2012.
83. Martin, R. S., Villanueva, I., Zhang, J., and Popp, C. J.: Nonmethane hydrocarbon, monocarboxylic acid, and low molecular weight aldehyde and ketone emissions from vegetation in central New Mexico, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2186-2192, 1999. (Pubitemid 29305066)
84. Matsunaga, S. N., Guenther, A. B., Potosnak, M. J., and Apel, E. C.: Emission of sunscreen salicylic esters from desert vegetation and their contribution to aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7367-7371, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7367-2008, 2008.
85. Millet, D. B., Jacob, D. J., Custer, T. G., de Gouw, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Karl, T., Singh, H. B., Sive, B. C., Talbot, R.W.,Warneke, C., and Williams, J.: New constraints on terrestrial and oceanic sources of atmospheric methanol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6887-6905, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6887-2008, 2008.
86. Millet, D. B., Guenther, A., Siegel, D. A., Nelson, N. B., Singh, H. B., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Williams, J., Eerdekens, G., Sinha, V., Karl, T., Flocke, F., Apel, E., Riemer, D. D., Palmer, P. I., and Barkley, M.: Global atmospheric budget of acetaldehyde: 3-D model analysis and constraints from in-situ and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3405-3425, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3405-2010, 2010.
87. Müller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T., Wallens, S., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Potosnak, M. J., Rinne, J., Munger, B., Goldstein, A., and Guenther, A. B.: Global isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN, ECMWF analyses and a detailed canopy environment model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1329-1341, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1329-2008, 2008.
88. Niinemets, U.: Mild versus severe stress and BVOCs: thresholds, priming and consequences, Trends Plant Sci., 15, 145-153, 2010.
89. Otter, L., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Fleming, G., Harley, P. and Greenberg, J.: Spatial and temporal variations in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions for Africa south of the equator, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8505, doi:10.1029/2002JD002609, 2003.
90. Owen, S., Boissard, C., Street, R. A., Duckham, S. C., Csiky, O., and Hewitt, C. N.: Screening of 18 Mediterranean plant species for volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Environ., 31, 101-117, 1997. (Pubitemid 28024987)
91. Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Greenberg, J., Harley, P., Grace, J., Malhi, Y., and Guenther, A.: Effect of drought on isoprene emission rates from leaves of Quercus virginiana Mill, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6149-6156, 2004. (Pubitemid 39445791)
92. Pfister, G. G., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Orlando, J. J.,Walters, S., Guenther, A., Palmer, P. I. and Lawrence, P. J.: Contribution of isoprene to chemical budgets: A model tracer study with the NCAR CTM MOZART-4, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D05308, doi:10.1029/2007JD008948, 2008.
93. Pierce, T., Geron, C., Bender, L., Dennis, R., Tonnesen, G., and Guenther, A.: Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 25611-25629, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700108)
94. Pinker, R. T., Tarpley, D., Laszlo, I., Mitchell, K. E., Houser, P. R., Wood, E. F., Schaake, J. C., Robock, A., Lohmann, D., Cosgrove, B. A., Sheffield, J., Duan, Q., Luo, L., and Higgins, R. W.: Surface radiation budgets in support of the GEWEX Continental- Scale International Project (GCIP) and the GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP), including the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8844, doi:10.1029/2002jd003301, 2003.
95. Poulton, J. E.: Cyanogenesis in plants, Plant. Physiol., 94, 401-405, 1990. (Pubitemid 120015567)
96. Puxbaum, H. and König, G.: Observation of dipropenyldisulfide and other organic sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of a beech forest with Allium ursinum ground cover, Atmos. Environ., 31, 291-294, 1997.
97. Qian, T., Dai, A., Trenberth, K. E., and Oleson, K.W.: Simulation of global land surface conditions from 1948 to 2004, Part I: Forcing data and evaluations, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 953-975, 2006. (Pubitemid 44734307)
98. Rhew, R. C., Miller, B. R., andWeiss, R. F.: Natural methyl bromide and methyl chloride emissions from coastal salt marshes, Nature, 403, 292-295, 2000. (Pubitemid 30062381)
99. Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T.,Wiedinmyer, C., Helmig, D., Matsunaga, S., Potosnak, M., Milford, J., and Guenther, A.: Monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission estimates for the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1623-1629, 2008. (Pubitemid 351416172)
100. Savage, T. J., Hristova, M. K., and Croteau, R.: Evidence for an elongation/reduction/C1-elimination pathway in the biosynthesis of n-heptane in xylem of Jeffrey pine, Plant Physiol., 111, 1263-1269, 1996. (Pubitemid 26370028)
101. Sawada, S. and Totsuka, T.: Natural and anthropogenic sources and fate of atmospheric ethylene, Atmos. Environ., 20, 821-832, 1986. (Pubitemid 16041441)
102. Schade, G. W. and Goldstein, A. H.: Fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3111-3123, 2001.
103. Schade, G. W., Goldstein, A. H., Gray, D. W., and Lerdau, M. T.: Canopy and leaf level 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol fluxes from a ponderosa pine plantation, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3535-3544, 2000. (Pubitemid 30330747)
104. Shim, C., Wang, Y., Choi, Y., Palmer, P. I., Abbot, D. S., and Chance, K.: Constraining global isoprene emissions with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) formaldehyde column measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D24301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005629, 2005. (Pubitemid 43169414)
105. Shim, C. S., Wang, Y. H., Singh, H. B., Blake, D. R., and Guenther, A. B.: Source characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds and hydrogen cyanide, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10305, doi:10.1029/2006JD007543, 2007 (Pubitemid 47193656)
106. Schurgers, G., Arneth, A., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions combining production and release from storage, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3409-3423, doi:10.5194/acp-9- 3409-2009, 2009.
107. Sive, B. C., Varner, R. K., Mao, H., Blake, D. R., Wingenter, O. W., and Talbot, R.: A large terrestrial source of methyl iodide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17808, doi:10.1029/2007GL030528, 2007. (Pubitemid 350065289)
108. Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., van der Werf, G. R., Giglio, L., and Guenther, A.: Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1037-1060, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1037- 2009, 2009.
109. Stavrakou, T., Guenther, A., Razavi, A., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Karagulian, F., De Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Laffineur, Q., Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M., Rinsland, C., and Müller, J.-F.: First space-based derivation of the global atmospheric methanol emission fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4873-4898, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4873-2011, 2011.
110. Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Peeters, J., Razavi, A., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., De Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Deutscher, N. M., Griffith, D. W. T., Jones, N., and Paton-Walsh, C.: Satellite evidence for a large source of formic acid from boreal and tropical forests, Nat. Geosci., 5, 26-30, 2012.
111. Stoakley, J. T., Bakke, A., Renwick, J. A. A. and Vité, J. P.: The aggregation pheromone system of the larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae Heer, Z. Angewandte Entomologie, 86, 174-177, doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1978.tb01925.x, 1978.
112. Talbot, R. W., Andreae, M. O., Berresheim, H., Jacob, D. J., and Beecher, K. M.: Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia, 2. Wet season, J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 95, 16799-16801, 1990.
113. Tarr, M. A., Miller, W. L., and Zepp, R. G.: Direct carbon monoxide photoproduction from plant matter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 11403-11413, 1995.
114. Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., Hellén, H., Bäck, J., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M.: Temperature and light dependence of the VOC emissions of Scots pine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 989-998, doi:10.5194/acp-5-989-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40560475)
115. Tava, A., Berardo, N., Cunico, C., Romani, M., and Odoardi, M.: Cultivar differences and seasonal changes of primary metabolites and flavor constituents in tall fescue in relation to palatability, J. Agr. Food Chem., 43, 98-101, 1995.
116. Tie, X. X., Li, G. H., Ying, Z. M., Guenther, A., and Madronich, S.: Biogenic emissions of isoprenoids and NO in China and comparison to anthropogenic emissions, Sci. Total Environ., 371, 238-251, 2006. (Pubitemid 44666118)
117. Turlings, T. C. J. and Ton, J.: Exploiting scents of distress: the prospect of manipulating herbivore-induced plant odours to enhance the control of agricultural pests, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 9, 421-427, 2006.
118. Turlings, T. C. J., Lengwiler, U. B., Bernasconi, M. L., and Wechsler, D.: Timing of induced volatile emissions in maize seedlings, Planta, 207, 146-152, 1998. (Pubitemid 29059827)
119. Wang, X., Situ, S., Guenther, A. B., Chen, F., Wu, Z., and Xia, B.: Spatiotemporal variability of biogenic terpenoid emissions in Pearl River Delta, China, with high-resolution land-cover and meteorological data, Tellus B, 63, 241-254, 2011.
120. Warneke, C., Karl, T., Judmaier, H., Hansel, A., Jordan, A., Lindinger, W., and Crutzen, P. J.: Acetone, methanol, and other partially oxidized volatile organic emissions from dead plant matter by abiological processes: Significance for atmospheric HOx chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 9-17, 1999. (Pubitemid 29365960)
121. Warneke, C., Luxembourg, S. L., de Gouw, J. A., Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., and Fall, R.: Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compounds fluxes from an alfalfa field before and after cutting, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4067, doi:10 1029/2001JD000594, 2002.
122. Watts, S. F.: The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34, 761-779, 2000.
123. Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al- Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625-641, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.
124. Wildt, J., Kobel, K., Schuh-Thomas, G. and Heiden, A. C.: Emissions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from plants part II: Emissions of saturated aldehydes, J. Atmos. Chem., 45, 173-196, 2003. (Pubitemid 36798664)
125. Wilkinson, M. J., Monson, R. K., Trahan, N., Lee, S., Brown, E., Jackson, R. B., Polley, H. W., Fay, P. A., and Fall, R.: Leaf isoprene emission rate as a function of atmospheric CO2 concentration, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1189-1200, 2009.
126. Yani, A., Pauly, G., Faye, M., Salin, F., and Gleizes, M.: The effect of a long-term water stress on the metabolism and emission of terpenes of the foliage of Cupressus sempervirens, Plant Cell Environ., 16, 975-981, 1993. (Pubitemid 2014443)
127. Yoshida, Y., Wang, Y., Shim, C., Cunnold, D., Blake, D. R., and Dutton, G. S.: Inverse modeling of the global methyl chloride sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D16307, doi:10.1029/2005JD006696, 2006.