Infection prevention and control during prolonged human space travel

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 123-130

  Weinstein, Robert ^a   Mermel, Leonard A ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

astronaut; aviation medicine; infection control; infection prevention; space medicine

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CHLORHEXIDINE; VARICELLA ZOSTER VACCINE;

ARTICLE; BIOFILM; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN SUSCEPTIBLE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; MICROBIAL GROWTH; MICROBIAL KINETICS; MICROGRAVITY; NATURAL KILLER CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCREENING; SPACE; TRAVEL; VIRULENCE;

EID: 84871204114     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis861     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Crucian B, Sams C. Immune system dysregulation during spaceflight: clinical risk for exploration-class missions. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1017-8.
2. Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, Pierson DL. Microbial response to microgravity and other low-shear environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68:345-61.
3. Wilson JW, Ott CM, Höner zu Bentrup K, et al. Spaceflight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007; 104:16299-304.
4. Rosenzweig JA, Abogunde O, Thomas K, et al. Spaceflight and modeled microgravity effects on microbial growth and virulence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:885-91.
5. Crabbé A, Schurr MJ, Monsieurs P, et al. Transcriptional and proteomic responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to spaceflight conditions involve Hfq regulation and reveal a role for oxygen. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1221-30.
6. Kacena MA, Merrell GA, Manfredi B, et al. Bacterial growth in spaceflight: logistic growth curve parameters for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999; 51:229-34.
7. Klaus D, Simske S, Todd P, Stodieck L. Investigation of spaceflight effects on Escherichia coli and a proposed model of underlying physical mechanisms. Microbiology 1997; 143(Pt 2):449-55.
8. Mauclaire L, Egli M. Effect of simulated microgravity on growth and production of exopolymeric substances of Micrococcus luteus space and earth isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2010; 59:350-6.
9. Sonnenfeld G. The immune system in space, including earth-based benefits of space-based research. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2005; 6:343-9.
10. Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Pierson DL, Sams CF. Immune system dysregulation following short-vs long-duration spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med 2008; 79:835-43.
11. Guéguinou N, Huin-Schohn C, Bascove M, et al. Could spaceflightassociated immune system weakening preclude the expansion of human presence beyond Earth's orbit? J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1027-38.
12. Cohrs RJ, Mehta SK, Schmid DS, Gilden DH, Pierson DL. Asymptomatic reactivation and shed of infectious varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1116-22.
13. Taylor GR. Recovery of medically important microorganisms from Apollo astronauts. Aerosp Med 1974; 45:824-8.
14. Ilyin VK. Microbiological status of cosmonauts during orbital spaceflights on Salyut and Mir orbital stations. Acta Astronaut 2005; 56:839-50.
15. Ilyin VK. Drug resistance of E. coli isolated from cosmonauts. In: Hooke LR, Teeter R, Garshnek V, Rowe J, eds. USSR space life science digest NASA contractor report 3922(29). Washington, DC: NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, 1989:67.
16. Ilyin VK. Study of genetic characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics of opportunistic microorganisms isolated in sealed environments. In: Stone LR, Rowe J, eds. USSR space life sciences digest NASA contractor report 3922(38). Washington, DC: NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, 1990:48.
17. Pierson DL, Mehta SK, Magee BB, Mishra SK. Person-to-person transfer of Candida albicans in the spacecraft environment. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33:145-50.
18. Pierson DL, Chidambarum M, Heath JD, et al. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in the Space Shuttle. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996; 16:273-81.
19. Klaus DM, Howard HN. Antibiotic efficacy and microbial virulence during spaceflight. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:131-6.
20. Decelle JG, Taylor GR. Autoflora in the upper respiratory tract of Apollo astronauts. Appl Environ Microbiol 1976; 32:659-65.
21. Ott CM, Bruce RJ, Pierson DL. Microbial characterization of free floating condensate aboard the Mir space station. Microb Ecol 2004; 47:133-6.
22. Kirkpatrick AW, Ball CG, Campbell M, et al. Severe traumatic injury during long duration spaceflight: light years beyond ATLS. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2009; 3:4.
23. Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Ott CM, et al. Risk of crew adverse health event due to altered immune response. Human Research Program. Human health countermeasures element. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 2009.
24. Heppener M. Spaceward ho! The future of humans in space. EMBO Rep 2008; 9(Suppl 1):S4-12.
25. Davidson JM, Aquino AM, Woodward SC, Wilfinger WW. Sustained microgravity reduces intrinsic wound healing and growth factor responses in the rat. FASEB J 1998; 13:325-9.
26. Lesnyak A, Sonnenfeld G, Avery L, et al. Effect of SLS-2 spaceflight on immunologic parameters of rats. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81:178-82.
27. Crucian BE, Cabbages ML, Sams CF. Altered cytokine production by specific human peripheral blood cell subsets immediately following spaceflight. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:547-56.
28. Kaur I, Simons ER, Castro VA, Mark Ott C, Pierson DL. Changes in neutrophil functions in astronauts. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18: 443-50.
29. Kaur I, Simons ER, Castro VA, Ott CM, Pierson DL. Changes in monocyte functions of astronauts. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:547-54.
30. Crucian B, Stowe R, Quiriarte H, Pierson D, Sams C. Monocyte phenotype and cytokine production profiles are dysregulated by shortduration spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med 2011; 82:857-62.
31. Nash PV, Konstantinova IV, Fuchs BB, Rakhmilevich AL, Lesnyak ATMastro AM. Effect of spaceflight on lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73(2 Suppl): 186S-9S.
32. Sonnenfeld G, Mandel AD, Konstantinova IV, et al. Spaceflight alters immune cell function and distribution. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73(2 Suppl):191S-5.
33. Sonnenfeld G, Davis S, Taylor GR, et al. Effect of spaceflight on cytokine production and other immunologic parameters of rhesus monkeys. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:409-15.
34. Boonyaratanakornkit JB, Cogoli A, Li CF, et al. Key gravity-sensitive signaling pathways drive T cell activation. FASEB J 2005; 19:2020-2.
35. Buravkova LB, Rykova MP, Grigorieva V, Antropova EN. Cell interactions in microgravity: cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells in vitro. J Gravit Physiol 2004; 11:177-80.
36. Taylor GR, Janney RP. In vivo testing confirms a blunting of the human cell-mediated immune mechanism during spaceflight. J Leuk Biol 1992; 51:129-32.
37. Gmünder FK, Konstantinova I, Cogoli A, Lesnyak A, Bogomolov W, Grachov AW. Cellular immunity in cosmonauts during long duration spaceflight on board the orbital MIR station. Aviat Space Environ Med 1994; 65:419-23.
38. Salzman NH. Microbiota-immune system interaction: an uneasy alliance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:99-105.
39. Bailey MT, Dowd SE, Galley JD, Hufnagle AR, Allen RG, Lyte M. Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:397-407.
40. Tixador R, Richoilley G, Gasset G, et al. Preliminary results of Cytos 2 experiment. Acta Astronaut 1985; 12:131-4.
41. Tixador R, Richoilley G, Gasset G, et al. Study of minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics on bacteria cultivated in vitro in space (Cytos 2 experiment). Aviat Space Environ Med 1985; 56:748-51.
42. Lapchine L, Moatti N, Gasset G, Richoilley G, Templier J, Tixador R. Antibiotic activity in space. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1986; 12:933-8.
43. Sieradzki K, Tomasz A. Alterations of cell wall structure and metabolism accompany reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in an isogenic series of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:7103-10.
44. Tixador R, Gasset G, Eche B, et al. Behavior of bacteria and antibiotics under space conditions. Aviat Space Environ Med 1994; 65:551-6.
45. Ciferri O, Tiboni O, Di Pasquale G, Orlandoni AM, Marchesi ML. Effects of microgravity on genetic recombination in Escherichia coli. Naturwissenschaften 1986; 73:418-21.
46. Crabbé A, De Boever P, Van Houdt R, Moors H, Mergeay M, Cornelis P. Use of the rotating wall vessel technology to study the effect of shear stress on growth behaviour of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:2098-110.
47. Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Mister SJ, Morrow BJ, Burns-Keliher L, Pierson DL. Microgravity as a novel environmental signal affecting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3147-52.
48. Lynch SV, Mukundakrishnan K, Benoit MR, Ayyaswamy PS, Matin A. Escherichia coli biofilms formed under low-shear modeled microgravity in a ground-based system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7701-10.
49. Horneck G, Klaus DM, Mancinelli RL. Space microbiology. Microbiol Mol Biol R 2010; 74:121-56.
50. Novikova ND. Review of the knowledge of microbial contamination of the Russian manned spacecraft. Microb Ecol 2004; 47:127-32.
51. Weber TP, Stilianakis NI. Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review. J Infect 2008; 57:361-73.
52. Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Thewlis RE, et al. Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15100.
53. Mermel LA. Preventing the spread of influenza A H1N1 2009 to health-care workers. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:723-4.
54. Bassetti S, Bischoff WE, Walter M, et al. Dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus into the air associated with a rhinovirus infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:196-203.
55. Gehanno JF, Louvel A, Nouvellon M, Caillard JF, Pestel-Caron M. Aerial dispersal of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital rooms by infected or colonised patients. J Hosp Infect 2009; 71:256-62.
56. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A. Predictive value of interferongamma release assays and tuberculin skin testing for predicting progression from latent TB infection to disease state: a meta-analysis. Chest 2012; 142:63-75.
57. Lauderdale TL, Wang JT, Lee WS, et al. Carriage rates of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) depend on anatomic location, the number of sites cultured, culture methods, and the distribution of clonotypes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1553-9.
58. Mermel LA, Cartony JM, Covington P, Maxey G, Morse D. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at different body sites: a prospective, quantitative analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1119-21.
59. Peterson LR, Liesenfeld O, Woods CW, et al. Multicentered evaluation of the LightCycler methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) advanced test as a rapid method for detection of MRSA in nasal surveillance swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1161-6.
60. Verhoeven PO, Grattard F, Carricajo A, et al. An algorithm based on one or two nasal samples is accurate to identify persistent nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:551-7.
61. Buehlmann M, Frei R, Fenner L, Dangel M, Fluckiger U, Widmer AF. Highly effective regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:510-6.
62. Simor AE, Daneman N. Staphylococcus aureus decolonization as a prevention strategy. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2009; 23:133-51.
63. Mollema FP, Severin JA, Nouwen JL, Ott A, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC. Successful treatment for carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and importance of follow up. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4020-25.
64. Williams FM, Markides V, Edgeworth J, Williams AJ. Reactivation of coccidioidomycosis in a fit American visitor. Thorax 1998; 53:811-2.
65. McCall CE, Martin WT, Boring JR. Efficiency of cultures of rectal swabs and faecal specimens in detecting Salmonella carriers: correlation with numbers of salmonellas excreted. J Hyg (Lond) 1966; 64:261-9.
66. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J, World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group of Experts. The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:611-22.
67. Mermel LA, Josephson SL, Dempsey J, Parenteau S, Perry C, Magill N. Outbreak of Shigella sonnei in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Micro 1997; 35:3163-5.
68. Lichter JA, Van Vliet KJ, Rubner MF. Design of antibacterial surfaces and interfaces: polyelectrolyte multilayers as a multifunctional platform. Macromolecules 2009; 42:8573-86.
69. Czupalla M, Aponte V, Chappell S, Klaus D. Analysis of a spacecraft life support system for a Mars mission Acta Astronaut 2004; 55:537-47.
70. Rutala WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. Room decontamination with UV radiation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:1025-9.
71. Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Risks and prevention of nosocomial transmission of rare zoonotic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:446-56.
72. Chomel BB, Sun B. Zoonoses in the bedroom. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:167-72.
73. Lefebvre SL, Waltner-Toews D, Peregrine A, Reid-Smith R, Hodge L, Weese JS. Characteristics of programs involving canine visitation of hospitalized people in Ontario. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:754-8.
74. Johnson DF, Druce JD, Birch C, Grayson ML. A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of surgical and N95 masks to filter influenza virus in patients with acute influenza infection. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:275-7.
75. Boyce JM, Pittet D, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51(RR-16):1-45.
76. Tschudin-Sutter S, Pargger H, Widmer AF. Hand hygiene in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(8 Suppl):S299-305.
77. Kassakian SZ, Mermel LA, Jefferson JA, Parenteau SL, Machan JT. Impact of chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infections among general medical patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:238-43.
78. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:e162-93.
79. Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, Kuntz G, Pegues DA, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection 2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:319-26.
80. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, et al. High-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377:242-50.
81. Zwart SR, Mehta SK, Ploutz-Snyder R, et al. Response to vitamin D supplementation during Antarctic winter is related to BMI, and supplementation can mitigate Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. J Nutr 2011; 141:692-7.
82. Rosema NA, Timmerman MF, Versteeg PA, et al. Comparison of the use of different modes of mechanical oral hygiene in prevention of plaque and gingivitis. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1386-94.
83. Gunsolley JC. Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial mouthrinses. J Dent 2010; 38:S6-10.
84. Nevo I, Fitzpatrick M, Thomas RE, et al. The efficacy of visual cues to improve hand hygiene compliance. Simul Healthc 2010; 5:325-31.
85. Shearer WT, Ochs HD, Lee BN, et al. Immune responses in adult female volunteers during the bed-rest model of spaceflight: antibodies and cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:900-5.
86. Makino S, Ikegami S, Kano H, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus OLL1073R-1. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2873-81.
87. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovi S, Szajewska H, Misak Z, Kolacek S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care centers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:312-6.
88. Stapleton AE, Au-Yeung M, Hooton TM, et al. Randomized, placebocontrolled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:1212-7.
89. Iwase T, Uehara Y, Shinji H, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. Nature 2010; 465:346-9.
90. Frey MA. Protecting astronauts from infectious disease during longduration space missions. Aviat Space Environ Med 2010; 81:433-4.