Concurrent vision dysfunctions in convergence insufficiency with traumatic brain injury

Optometry and Vision Science

Volumn 89, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1740-1751

  Alvarez, Tara L ^a   Kim, Eun H ^a   Vicci, Vincent R ^b,c   Dhar, Sunil K ^d   Biswal, Bharat B ^a   Barrett, A M ^e  

^a NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b Private Practice   (United States)

^c KESSLER INSTITUTE FOR REHABILITATION   (United States)

^d NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e KESSLER FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

binocular vision; convergence insufficiency; mechanism of injury; oculomotor dysfunction; traumatic brain injury; vestibular dysfunction; visual acuity; visual dysfunction; visual impairment

Indexed keywords

CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY; MECHANISM OF INJURY; OCULOMOTOR DYSFUNCTION; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES; VESTIBULAR DYSFUNCTION; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL DYSFUNCTION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

BINOCULAR VISION; EYE MOVEMENTS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES;

BRAIN;

ACCOMMODATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EYE MOVEMENT DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; VERY ELDERLY; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL FIELD;

ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BRAIN INJURIES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; VISION DISORDERS; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL FIELDS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871102198     PISSN: 10405488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182772dce     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV, McGuire LC, Wald MM, Faul MD, Guzman BR, Hemphill JD. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-Related deathsVUnited States, 1997-2007. MMWR Surveill Summ 2011;60:1-32.
2. Kraus JF, Nourjah P. The epidemiology of mild, uncomplicated brain injury. J Trauma 1988;28:1637-43.
3. Kushner D. Mild traumatic brain injury: Toward understanding manifestations and treatment. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1617-24.
4. Meythaler JM, Peduzzi JD, Eleftheriou E, Novack TA. Current concepts: Diffuse axonal injury-Associated traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1461-71.
5. Kraus JF, McArthur DL, Silberman TA. Epidemiology of mild brain injury. Semin Neurol 1994;14:1-7.
6. Numminen HJ. The incidence of traumatic brain injury in an adult populationVhow to classify mild cases? Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:460-4.
7. Chang TT, Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N. Critical flicker frequency and related symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2007; 21:1055-62.
8. Ciuffreda KJ, Han Y, Kapoor N, Ficarra AP. Oculomotor rehabilitation for reading in acquired brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2006;21:9-21.
9. Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D, Suchoff IB, Han ME, Craig S. Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: A retrospective analysis. Optometry 2007;78:155-61.
10. Ciuffreda KJ, Rutner D, Kapoor N, Suchoff IB, Craig S, Han ME. Vision therapy for oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: A retrospective analysis. Optometry 2008;79:18-22.
11. Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ. Vision disturbances following traumatic brain injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2002;4:271-80.
12. Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ, Han Y. Oculomotor rehabilitation in acquired brain injury: A case series. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1667-78.
13. Rutner D, Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ, Craig S, Han ME, Suchoff IB. Occurrence of ocular disease in traumatic brain injury in a selected sample: A retrospective analysis. Brain Inj 2006;20:1079-86.
14. Schrupp LE, Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N. Foveal versus eccentric retinal critical flicker frequency in mild traumatic brain injury. Optometry 2009;80:642-50.
15. Suchoff IB, Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ, Rutner D, Han E, Craig S. The frequency of occurrence, types, and characteristics of visual field defects in acquired brain injury: A retrospective analysis. Optometry 2008;79:259-65.
16. al-Qurainy IA. Convergence insufficiency and failure of accommodation following midfacial trauma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;33:71-5.
17. BrahmKD, WilgenburgHM, Kirby J, Ingalla S,Chang CY,Goodrich GL. Visual impairment and dysfunction in combat-injured servicemembers with traumatic brain injury. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86: 817-25.
18. Cockerham GC, Goodrich GL, Weichel ED, Orcutt JC, Rizzo JF, Bower KS, Schuchard RA. Eye and visual function in traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2009;46:811-8.
19. Goodrich GL, Kirby J, Cockerham G, Ingalla SP, Lew HL. Visual function in patients of a polytrauma rehabilitation center: A descriptive study. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007;44:929-36.
20. Lew HL, Poole JH, Vanderploeg RD, Goodrich GL, Dekelboum S, Guillory SB, Sigford B, Cifu DX. Program development and defining characteristics of returning military in a VA Polytrauma Network Site. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007;44:1027-34.
21. Brenner LA, Ivins BJ, Schwab K, Warden D, Nelson LA, Jaffee M, Terrio H. Traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and postconcussive symptom reporting among troops returning from Iraq. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2010;25:307-12.
22. Ivins BJ. Hospitalization associated with traumatic brain injury in the active duty US Army: 2000-2006. NeuroRehabilitation 2010; 26:199-212.
23. Thurman DJ. The epidemiology and economics of head trauma. In: Miller LP, Hayes RL, eds. Head Trauma: Basic, Preclinical, and Clinical Directions. New York, NY: Liss; 2001:327-48.
24. Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in US soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med 2008;358:453-63.
25. West TD, Marsh JO. Rebuilding the Trust: Independent Review Group Report on Rehabilitative Care and Administrative Processes at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and National Naval Medical Center; 2007.
26. Tanielian T, Jaycox LH. RAND Corporation. Stop loss: A nation weighs the tangible consequences of invisible combat wounds. 2008. Available at: Http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/ summer2008/wounds1.html. Accessed August 16, 2012.
27. Sayer NA, Rettmann NA, Carlson KF, Bernardy N, Sigford BJ, Hamblen JL, Friedman MJ. Veterans with history of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: Challenges from provider perspective. J Rehabil Res Dev 2009;46:703-16.
28. Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: Definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology 1989;15:49-59.
29. Adams JH, Graham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: An analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol 1982;12:557-63.
30. Iverson GL. Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005;18:301-17.
31. Gaetz M. The neurophysiology of brain injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:4-18.
32. Werner C, Engelhard K. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2007;99:4-9.
33. Greve MW, Zink BJ. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Mt Sinai J Med 2009;76:97-104.
34. Kochanek PM, Clark RSB, Jenkins LW. TBI: Pathobiolgy. In: Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD, eds. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Demos; 2007:81-96.
35. Krishnan M, Donders J. Embedded assessment of validity using the continuous visual memory test in patients with traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011;26:176-83.
36. Sosnoff JJ, Broglio SP, Shin S, Ferrara MS. Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics. J Athl Train 2011;46:85-91.
37. Prigatano GP, Gale SD. The current status of postconcussion syndrome. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011;24:243-50.
38. Ben-David BM, Nguyen LL, van Lieshout PH. Stroop effects in persons with traumatic brain injury: Selective attention, speed of processing, or color-naming? A meta-Analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011;17:354-63.
39. Pielmaier L, Walder B, Rebetez MM, Maercker A. Post-Traumatic stress symptoms in relatives in the first weeks after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2011;25:259-65.
40. Eslinger PJ, Zappala G, Chakara F, Barrett AM. Cognitive impairments after TBI. In: Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD, eds. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Demos; 2007:779-90.
41. Kaas JH. Changing Concepts of Visual Cortex Organization in Primates. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1989.
42. Kaas JH. The evolution of the complex sensory and motor systems of the human brain. Brain Res Bull 2008;75:384-90.
43. Suchoff IB, Kapoor N, Waxman R, Ference W. The occurrence of ocular and visual dysfunctions in an acquired brain-injured patient sample. J Am Optom Assoc 1999;70:301-8.
44. Cohen M, Groswasser Z, Barchadski R, Appel A. Convergence insufficiency in brain-injured patients. Brain Inj 1989;3:187-91.
45. Lepore FE. Disorders of ocular motility following head trauma. Arch Neurol 1995;52:924-6.
46. Schlageter K, Gray B, Hall K, Shaw R, Sammet R. Incidence and treatment of visual dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 1993;7:439-48.
47. Sabates NR, Gonce MA, Farris BK. Neuro-ophthalmological findings in closed head trauma. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1991; 11:273-7.
48. Scheiman M, Gwiazda J, Li T. Non-surgical interventions for convergence insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011: CD006768.
49. Scheiman M, Rouse M, Kulp MT, Cotter S, Hertle R, Mitchell GL. Treatment of convergence insufficiency in childhood: A current perspective. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86:420-8.
50. Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Kulp MT, Cooper J, Rouse M, Borsting E, London R, Wensveen J. A randomized clinical trial of vision therapy/orthoptics versus pencil pushups for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in young adults. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82:583-95.
51. Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Study Group. The convergence insufficiency treatment trial: Design, methods, and baseline data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008;15:24-36.
52. Rouse M, Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Kulp MT, Scheiman M, Amster D, Coulter R, Fecho G, Gallaway M. Academic behaviors in children with convergence insufficiency with and without parent-Reported ADHD. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86:1169-77.
53. Lavrich JB. Convergence insufficiency and its current treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010;21:356-60.
54. Cacho Martinez P, Garcia Munoz A, Ruiz-Cantero MT. Treatment of accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions: A systematic review. Optometry 2009;80:702-16.
55. Ciuffreda KJ. The scientific basis for and efficacy of optometric vision therapy in nonstrabismic accommodative and vergence disorders. Optometry 2002;73:735-62.
56. Barrett BT. A critical evaluation of the evidence supporting the practice of behavioral vision therapy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29:4-25.
57. Serra A, Chen AL, Leigh RJ. Disorders of vergence eye movements. Curr Opin Neurol 2011;24:32-7.
58. Linacre JM, Heinemann AW, Wright BD, Granger CV, Hamilton BB. The structure and stability of the Functional Independence Measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:127-32.
59. Granger CV, Hamilton BB. The Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation report of first admissions for 1992. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1994;73:51-5.
60. Pankhania SR, Firth AY. The response AC/A ratio: Differences between inducing and relaxing accommodation at different distances of fixation. Strabismus 2011;19:52-6.
61. Brautaset RL, Jennings AJ. Effects of orthoptic treatment on the CA/ C and AC/A ratios in convergence insufficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:2876-80.
62. Mutti DO, Jones LA, Moeschberger ML, Zadnik K. AC/A ratio, age, and refractive error in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:2469-78.
63. Hughes A. AC/A ratio. Br J Ophthalmol 1967;51:786-7.
64. Rosenfield M, Rappon JM, Carrel MF. Vergence adaptation and the clinical AC/A ratio. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000;20:207-11.
65. Alvarez TL, Vicci VR, Alkan Y, Kim EH, Gohel S, Barrett AM, Chiaravalloti N, Biswal BB. Vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency: Clinical and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures. Optom Vis Sci 2010;87:985-1002.
66. Chen Y-F, Lee YY, Chen T, Semmlow JL, Alvarez TL. Behaviors, models and clinical applications of vergence eye movements. J Med Biol Engin 2010;30:1-15.
67. Cooper JS, Burns CR, Cotter SA, Daum KM, Griffin JR, Scheiman MM. Quick Reference Guide. Care of the Patient With Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction. St. Louis, MO: American Optometric Association; 2011. Available at: Http://aoa.org/documents/ QRG-18.pdf. Accessed August 16, 2012.
68. Raymond MJ, Bennett TL, Malia KB, Bewick KC. Rehabilitation of visual processing deficits following brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 1996;6:229-39.
69. Taub MB, Rowe S, Bartuccio M. Examining special populations. Part 3: Examination techniques. Rev Optom 2006;3: 49-52. Available at: Http://www.optometry.co.uk/uploads/articles/ 0b50a66ec71ccb8505ecb4676b685bc2- Taub3-10306.pdf. Accessed August 16, 2012.
70. Hoffman LG, Rouse M. Referral recommendations for binocular function and/or developmental perceptual deficiencies. J Am Optom Assoc 1980;51:119-26.
71. Granet DB, Gomi CF, Ventura R, Miller-Scholte A. The relationship between convergence insufficiency and ADHD. Strabismus 2005;13:163-8.
72. Hamilton BB, Laughlin JA, Fiedler RC, Granger CV. Interrater reliability of the 7-level functional independence measure (FIM). Scand J Rehabil Med 1994;26:115-9.
73. Ottenbacher KJ, Hsu Y, Granger CV, Fiedler RC. The reliability of the functional independence measure: A quantitative review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:1226-32.
74. National Data and Statistical Center. Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database Update 2012. Available at: Https://www.tbindsc.org/Documents/ 2012%20TBIMS%20National%20Database%20Update.pdf. Accessed August 16, 2011.
75. Hammond FM, Malec JF. The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems: A longitudinal database, research, collaboration and knowledge translation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2010;46:545-8.
76. Sandhaug M, Andelic N, Bernsten SA, Seiler S, Mygland A. Functional level during the first year after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: Course and predictors of outcome. J Neurol Res 2011; 1:48-58. Available at: Http://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/ article/viewFile/20/22. Accessed August 16, 2012.
77. Stelmack JA, Frith T, Van Koevering D, Rinne S, Stelmack TR. Visual function in patients followed at a Veterans Affairs polytrauma network site: An electronic medical record review. Optometry 2009; 80:419-24.
78. Letourneau JE, Lapierre N, Lamont A. The relationship between convergence insufficiency and school achievement. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979;56:18-22.
79. Rouse MW, Borsting E, Hyman L, Hussein M, Cotter SA, Flynn M, Scheiman M, Gallaway M, De Land PN. Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. The Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group. Optom Vis Sci 1999;76:643-9.
80. Porcar E, Martinez-Palomera A. Prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions in a population of university students. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:111-3.
81. Lara F, Cacho P, Garcia A, Megias R. General binocular disorders: Prevalence in a clinic population. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001; 21:70-4.
82. Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Rouse M, Borsting E, Kulp M, Cooper J, London R, Wensveen J. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 2006;83:857-8.
83. Rouse MW, Borsting EJ, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Cotter SA, Cooper J, Kulp MT, London R, Wensveen J. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2004;24:384-90.
84. Chen CC, Pai YM, Wang RF, Wang TL, Chong CF. Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy from minor head trauma. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:e34.
85. Levy RL, Geist CE, Miller NR. Isolated oculomotor palsy following minor head trauma. Neurology 2005;65:169.
86. Kaido T, Tanaka Y, Kanemoto Y, Katsuragi Y, Okura H. Traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy. J Clin Neurosci 2006;13:852-5.
87. Fukushima K, TanakaM, Suzuki Y, Fukushima J, Yoshida T. Adaptive changes in human smooth pursuit eye movement. Neurosci Res 1996; 25:391-8.
88. Dhaliwal A, West AL, Trobe JD, Musch DC. Third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies following closed head injury. J Neuroophthalmol 2006;26:4-10.
89. Dhital A, Pey T, Stanford MR. Visual loss and falls: A review. Eye (Lond) 2010;24:1437-46.
90. Freeman EE, Munoz B, Rubin G, West SK. Visual field loss increases the risk of falls in older adults: The Salisbury eye evaluation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:4445-50.
91. Warren M. Pilot study on activities of daily living limitations in adults with hemianopsia. Am J Occup Ther 2009;63:626-33.
92. Lew HL, Pogoda TK, Baker E, Stolzmann KL, Meterko M, Cifu DX, Amara J, Hendricks AM. Prevalence of dual sensory impairment and its association with traumatic brain injury and blast exposure in OEF/OIF veterans. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2011; 26:489-96.