Carbonatites: Relationships to mantle-plume activity

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 352, Issue , 2001, Pages 267-290

  Bell, Keith ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLOODS; INERT GASES; ISOTOPES; RARE EARTH ELEMENTS; RARE EARTHS; SILICATE MINERALS; STRONTIUM; THERMAL PLUMES;

CANARY ISLANDS; FLOOD BASALT; ISOTOPE SIGNATURES; KOLA PENINSULA; LIGHT RARE EARTH ELEMENTS; OCEANIC ISLAND BASALTS; SILICATE ROCKS; SOURCE MATERIAL;

BASALT;

CARBONATITE; FLOOD BASALT; LITHOSPHERE; MAGMATISM; MANTLE PLUME; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; SILICATE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS;

BRAZIL; CANARY ISLANDS; DECCAN; ETENDEKA; INDIA; KOLA PENINSULA; MURMANSK [RUSSIAN FEDERATION]; NAMIBIA; PARANA [BRAZIL]; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SPAIN;

EID: 84871087929     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2352-3.267     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Abouchami, W., Hofmann, A.W., and Galer, S.J.G, 1999, Lead isotope anomaly of the Hawaiian plume [abs.]: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 80, p. F1183.
2. Arndt, N., Lehnert, K., and Vasilyev, Y., 1995, Meimechites: Highly magnesian lithosphere-contaminated alkaline magmas from deep subcontinental mantle: Lithos, v. 34, p. 41-59.
3. Arzamastsev, A.A., 1994, Unique Paleozoic intrusions of the Kola Peninsula: Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 79 p.
4. Bailey, D.K., 1993a, Carbonate magmas: Geological Society [London] Journal, v. 150, p. 637-651. (Pubitemid 23393680)
5. Bailey, D.K., 1993b, Petrogenetic implications of the timing of alkaline, carbonatite, and kimberlite igneous activity in Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, p. 67-74. (Pubitemid 24424762)
6. Basu, A.R., Renne, P.R., DasGupta, D.K., Teichmann, F., and Poreda, R.A., 1993, Early and late alkali igneous pulses and a high-3He plume origin for the Deccan flood basalts: Science, v. 261, p. 902-906. (Pubitemid 24418450)
7. Bell, K., and Blenkinsop, J., 1987a, Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites: Implications for mantle heterogeneity: Geology, v. 15, p. 99-102.
8. Bell, K., and Blenkinsop, J., 1987b, Archean depleted mantle: Evidence from Nd and Sr initial isotope ratios of carbonatites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 291-298.
9. Bell, K., and Blenkinsop, J., 1989, Neodymium and strontium isotope geochemistry of carbonatites, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 278-300.
10. Bell, K., and Peterson, T.D., 1991, Nd and Sr isotope systematics of Shombole volcano, east Africa, and the links between nephelinites, phonolites and carbonatites: Geology, v. 19, p. 582-585.
11. Bell, K., and Simonetti, A., 1996, Carbonatite magmatism and plume activity: Implications from the Nd, Pb, and Sr isotope systematics of Oldoinyo Lengai: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 1321-1339.
12. Bell, K., and Tilton, G.R., (in press), Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of east African carbonatites: Evidence for mantle mixing and plume inhomogeneity: Journal of Petrology.
13. Bell, K., Kjarsgaard, B.A., and Simonetti, A., 1998, Carbonatites: Into the twenty-first century: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1839-1845.
14. Bizzi, L.A., De Wit, M.J., Smith, C.B., Mcdonald, I., and Armstrong, R.A., 1995, Heterogeneous enriched mantle materials and Dupal-type magmatism along the SW margin of the Sao Francisco craton, Brazil: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 20, p. 469-491. (Pubitemid 26459962)
15. Black, R., and Liegeois, J.-P., 1993, Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental lithospheric mantle: The Pan-African testimony: Geological Society [London] Journal, v. 150, p. 89-98. (Pubitemid 23388540)
16. Campbell, I.H., 1998, The mantle's chemical structure: Insights from the melting products of mantle plumes, in Jackson, I., ed., The Earth's mantle: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 259-310.
17. Campbell, I.H., and Griffiths, R.W., 1990, Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 99, p. 79-93.
18. Cooper, A. F., and Reid, D.L., 1998, Nepheline sövites as parental magmas in carbonatite complexes: Evidence from Dicker Willem, southwest Namibia: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 2123-2136. (Pubitemid 29141697)
19. Cliff, R.A., Baker, P.E., and Mateer, N.J., 1991, Geochemistry of Inaccessible Island volcanics: Chemical Geology, v. 92, p. 251-260.
20. Courtillot, V., Feraud, G., Maluski, H., Vandamme, D., Moreau, M.G., and Besse, J., 1988, Deccan flood basalts and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 333, p. 843-846.
21. Cox, K.G., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 1985, Geochemical stratigraphy of the Deccan Traps at Mahabaleshwar, western Ghats, India, with implications for open system magmatic processes: Journal of Petrology, v. 26, p. 355-377.
22. Dalton, J.A., and Wood, B.J., 1993, The compositions of primary carbonate melts and their evolution through wallrock reaction in the mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 119, p. 511-525.
23. Dalton, J.A., and Presnall, D.C., 1998, The continuum of primary carbonatitickimberlitic melt compositions in equilbrium with lherzolite: data from the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2 at 6 GPa: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1953-1964. (Pubitemid 29141684)
24. Dauphas, N., and Marty, B., 1999, Heavy nitrogen in carbonatites of the Kola Peninsula: A possible signature of the deep mantle: Science, v. 286, p. 2488-2490.
25. Davies, G.F., 1990, Mantle plumes, mantle stirring and hotspot geochemistry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 9, p. 94-109.
26. Dunworth, E.A., 1997, The Turiy massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Open-system disequilibrium [Ph.D. thesis]: Ottawa, Carleton University, 488 p.
27. Dunworth, E.A., and Bell, K., 2001, The Turiy massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Isotopic and geochemical evidence for multi-source evolution: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, p. 377-405.
28. Ebinger, C.J., and Sleep, N.H., 1998, Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume: Nature, v. 395, p. 788-791. (Pubitemid 28485443)
29. Eby, G.N., 1987, The Monteregian Hills and White Mountain alkaline igneous provinces, eastern North America, in Fitton, J.G., and Upton, B.G.J., eds., Alkaline igneous rocks: Oxford, Blackwell, The Geological Society [London], p. 433-447.
30. Egorov, L.S., 1970, Carbonatites and ultrabasic-alkaline rocks of the Maimecha-Kotui region, N. Siberia: Lithos, v. 3, p. 341-359.
31. Ernst, R.E., and Buchan, K.L., 1997, Giant radiating dyke swarms: Their use in identifying pre-Mesozoic large igneous provinces and mantle plumes, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large igneous provinces: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 100, p. 297-333.
32. Ewart, A., Milner, S.C., Armstrong, R.A., and Duncan, A.R., 1998, Etendeka volcanism of the Goboboseb mountains and Messum igneous complex, Namibia: Part 1. Geochemical evidence of early Cretaceous Tristan plume melts and the role of crustal contamination in the Paraná-Etendeka CFB: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 191-225.
33. Foland, K.A., Gilbert, L.A., Sebring, C.A., and Chen, J-F., 1986, 40Ar/39Ar ages for plutons of the Monteregian Hills, Quebec: Evidence for a single episode of Cretaceous magmatism: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 966-974.
34. Frey, F.A., and Rhodes, J.M., 1993, Intershield geochemical differences among Hawaiian volcanoes: Implications for source compositions, melting process and magma ascent paths, in Cox, K.G., McKenzie, D.P., and White, R.S., eds., Melting and melt movement in the earth: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions ser. A, v. 342, p. 121-136. (Pubitemid 23390848)
35. Genge, M.J., Price, G.D., and Jones, A.P., 1995, Molecular dynamics simulation of CaCO3 melts to mantle pressures and temperatures: Implications for carbonatite magmas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 131, p. 225-238.
36. George, R., Rogers, N., and Kelly, S., 1998, Earliest magmatism in Ethiopia: Evidence for two mantle plumes in one flood basalt province: Geology, v. 26, p. 923-926. (Pubitemid 29139666)
37. Gerlach, D.C., Cliff, R.A., Davies, G.R., Norry, M., and Hodgson, N., 1988, Magma sources of the Cape Verdes archipelago: Isotopic and trace element constraints: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 2979-2992.
38. Haggerty, S.E., 1994, Superkimberlites: A geodynamic diamond window to the earth's core: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 122, p. 57-69. (Pubitemid 24426020)
39. Hart, S.R., 1984, A large scale isotope anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle: Nature, v. 309, p. 753-757.
40. Hart, S.R., 1988, Heterogeneous mantle domains: Signatures, genesis and mixing chronologies: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 90, p. 273-296.
41. Hart, S.R., Gerlach, D.C., and White, W.M., 1986, A possible new Sr-Nd-Pb mantle array and consequences for mantle mixing: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, p. 1551-1557.
42. Hart, S.R., Hauri, E.H., Oschmann, L.A., and Whitehead, J.A., 1992, Mantle plumes and entrainment: Isotopic evidence: Science, v. 256, p. 517-520.
43. Hauri, E.H., 1996, What's new about Hawaii? Constraints on magma pathways, structure, and bulk composition in a classic mantle plume [abstract]. V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Heidelberg, Germany, Journal of Conference Abstracts, v. 1, p. 240.
44. Hauri, E.H., 1998, Mantle reservoirs and mantle convections: Lessons from the Hawaiian plume: Mineralogical Magazine, Extended Abstract, v. 62A, p. 583-584.
45. Hauri, E.H., Whitehead, J.A., and Hart, S.R., 1994, Fluid dynamic and geochemical aspects of entrainment in mantle plumes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 24275-24300.
46. Heaman, L.M., and Machado, N., 1992, Timing and origin of midcontinental rift alkaline magmatism, North America: Evidence from the Coldwell Complex: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 110, p. 289-303.
47. Heaman, L.M., and Kjarsgaard, B.A., 2000, Timing of eastern North American kimberlite magmatism: continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 178, p. 253-268. (Pubitemid 30392837)
48. Hirose, K., 1997, Partial melt composition at 3 GPa and role of CO2 in alkalibasalt melt generation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, p. 2387-2840.
49. Hoernle, K.A., and Tilton, G.R., 1991, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data for Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) basal complex and subaerial volcanics: Applications to magma genesis and evolution: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 71, p. 3-18.
50. Hoernle, K., Tilton, G., and Schmicke, H.-U., 1991, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evolution of Gran Canaria: Evidence for shallow enriched mantle beneath the Canary Islands: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 106, p. 44-63.
51. Hofmann, A.W., 1997, Mantle geochemistry: The message from oceanic volcanism: Nature, v. 385, p. 219-229. (Pubitemid 27256656)
52. Huang, Y.-M., Hawkesworth, C.J., van Calsteren, P., and McDermott, F., 1995, Geochemical characteristics and origin of the Jacupiranga carbonatites, Brazil: Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), v. 119, p. 79-99.
53. Kalinkin, M.M., Arzamastsev, A.A., and Polyakov, I.V., 1993, Kimberlites and related rocks of the Kola region: Petrology, v. 1, p. 205-214 (in Russian).
54. Kempton, P.D., Fitton, J.G., Saunders, A.D., Nowell, G.M., Taylor, R.N., Hardarson, B.S., and Pearson, G., 2000, The Iceland plume in space and time: A Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf study of the North Atlantic rifted margin: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 177, p. 255-271. (Pubitemid 30318584)
55. Kinney, P.D., Griffin, B.J., Heaman, L.M., Brakhfodel, F.F., and Spetsius, Z.V., 1997. SHRIMP U-Pb ages of perovskite from Yakutian kimberlites: Geologiya i Geofizika, v. 38, p. 91-99 (in Russian).
56. Kogarko, L.N., 1993, Geochemical characteristics of oceanic carbonatites from the Cape Verde Islands: South African Journal of Geology, v. 96, p. 119-125. (Pubitemid 24424666)
57. Kramm, U., 1993, Mantle components of carbonatites from the Kola alkali province, Russia and Finland: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 5, p. 985-989. (Pubitemid 24419275)
58. Kramm, U., Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., and Vartiainen, H., 1993, The Kola alkaline province of the CIS and Finland: Precise Rb-Sr ages define 380-360 Ma age range for all magmatism: Lithos, v. 30, p. 33-44. (Pubitemid 23391877)
59. Kurz, M.D., 1993, Mantle heterogeneity beneath oceanic islands: Some inferences from isotopes, in Cox, K.G., McKenzie, D.P., and White, R.S., eds., Melting and melt movement in the Earth: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 342, p. 91-103. (Pubitemid 23390847)
60. Kwon, S.-T., Tilton, G.R., and Grünenfelder, M.H., 1989, Lead isotope relationships in carbonatites and alkalic complexes: An overview, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 360-387.
61. Larsen, L.M., and Rex, D.C., 1992, A review of the 2500 Ma span of alkalineultramafic, potassic and carbonatitic magmatism in West Greenland: Lithos, v. 28, p. 367-402. (Pubitemid 23387274)
62. Le Bas, M.J., 1971, Per-alkaline volcanism, crustal swelling and rifting: Nature, v. 230, p. 85-87.
63. Le Bas, M.J., 1980, The east African Cenozoic magmatic province: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, v. 47, p. 111-122.
64. Le Bas, M.J., 1984, Oceanic carbonatites, in Kornprobst, J., ed., Kimberlites: I. Kimberlites and related rocks: Proceedings of the Third International Kimberlite Conference, New York, Elsevier, p. 169-178.
65. Le Bas, M.J., Rex, D.C., and Stillman, C.J., 1986, The early magmatic chronology of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands: Geological Magazine, v. 123, p. 287-298.
66. Le Roex, A.P., and Lanyon, R., 1998, Isotope and trace element geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland lamprophyres and carbonatites, northwestern Namibia: Evidence for plume-lithosphere interactions: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1117-1146. (Pubitemid 28447728)
67. Le Roex, A.P., Cliff, R.A., and Adair, B.J.I., 1990, Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: Geochemistry and petrogenesis of a basanite-phonolite lava series: Journal of Petrology, v. 31, p. 779-812.
68. Lightfoot, P.C., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 1988, Origin of Deccan Trap lavas: Evidence from combined trace element and Sr-, Nd- and Pb-isotope studies: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 91, p. 89-104.
69. Lightfoot, P.C., Hawkesworth, C.J., Devey, C.W., Rogers, N.W., and Van Calsteren, P.W.C., 1990, Source and differentiation of Deccan Trap lavas: Implications of geochemical and mineral chemical variations: Journal of Petrology, v. 31, p. 1165-1200.
70. Marques, L.S., Dupré, B., and Piccirillo, E.M., 1999, Mantle source compositions of the Paraná Magmatic Province (southern Brazil): Evidence from trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 28, p. 439-458. (Pubitemid 30034039)
71. Marty, B., Tolstikhin, I., Kamensky, I.L., Nivin, V., Balaganskaya, E., and Zimmerman, J-L., 1998, Plume-derived rare gases in 380 Ma carbonatites from the Kola region (Russia) and the argon isotopic composition in the deep mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 164, p. 179-192. (Pubitemid 29298340)
72. McHone, J.G., 1996, Constraints on the mantle plume model for Mesozoic alkaline intrusions in northeastern North America: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, p. 325-334.
73. McHone, J.G., and Butler, J.R., 1984, Mesozoic igneous provinces of New England and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 757-765. (Pubitemid 14625899)
74. McKenzie, D., 1985, The extraction of magma from the crust and mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 74, p. 81-91.
75. McKenzie, D., McKenzie, J.M., and Saunders, R.S., 1992, Dike emplacement on Venus and Earth: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 15977-15990.
76. Minarik, W.G., and Watson, E.B., 1995, Interconnectivity of carbonate melt at low melt fraction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 133, p. 423-437. (Pubitemid 26456372)
77. Mitchell, R.H., 1979, The alleged kimberlite-carbonatite relationship: Additional contrary mineralogical evidence: American Journal of Science, v. 279, p. 570-589.
78. Neal, C.R., Mahoney, J.J., Kroenke, L.W., Duncan, R.A., and Petterson, M.G., 1997, The Ontong Java plateau, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large igneous provinces: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, 100, p. 183-216.
79. Nelson, D.R., Chivas, A.R., Chappell, B.W., and McCulloch, M.T., 1988, Geochemical and isotopic systematics in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean-island sources: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 1-17.
80. Norton, G.E., and Pinkerton, H., 1997, Rheological properties of natrocarbonatites from Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 9, p. 351-364.
81. Nowell, G.M., Pearson, D.G., Kempton, P.D., Noble, S.R., and Smith, C.B., 1999, Origins of kimberlites: A Hf isotope perspective, in Gurney, J.J., et al., eds., The P.H. Nixon Volume, Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference: Cape Town, South Africa, Red Roof Design, p. 616-624.
82. Peate, D.W., Hawkesworth, C.H., Mantonvani, M.M.S., Rogers, N.W., and Turner, S.P., 1999, Petrogenesis and stratigraphy of the high-Ti/Y Urubici magma type in the Paraná flood basalt province and implications for the nature of "Dupal"-type mantle in the South Atlantic region: Journal of Petrology, v. 40, p. 451-473. (Pubitemid 29229109)
83. Peng, Z.X., and Mahoney, J., 1995, Drillhole lavas from the northwestern Deccan Traps, and the evolution of the Réunion hotspot mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 134, p. 169-185. (Pubitemid 26455330)
84. Peng, Z.X., Mahoney, J., Hooper, P., Harris, C., and Beane, J., 1994, A role for lower continental crust in flood basalt genesis?: Isotopic and incompatible element study of the lower six formations of the western Deccan Traps: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 267-288. (Pubitemid 24423774)
85. Peng, Z.X., Mahoney, J.J., Hooper, P.R., Macdougall, J.D., and Krishnamurthy, P., 1998, Basalts of the northeastern Deccan Traps, India: Isotopic and elemental geochemistry and relation to southwestern Deccan stratigraphy: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 29843-29865. (Pubitemid 128665302)
86. Queen, M., Heaman, L.M., Hanes, J.A., Archibald, D.A., and Farrar, E., 1996, 40Ar/39Ar phlogopite and U-Pb perovskite dating of lamprophyre dykes from the eastern Lake Superior region: Evidence for a 1.14 magmatic precursor to Midcontinent rift volcanism: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 958-965.
87. Ray, J.S., and Pande, K.,1999, Carbonatite alkaline magmatism associated with continental flood basalts at stratigraphic boundaries: Causes for mass extinctions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, p. 1917-1920.
88. Richards, M.A., Duncan, R.A., and Courtillot, V.E., 1989, Flood basalts and hot spot tracks: Plume heads and tails: Science, v. 246, p. 103-107. (Pubitemid 20410565)
89. Richardson, S.H., Erlank, A.J., Duncan, A.R., and Reid, D.L., 1982, Correlated Nd, Sr and Pb isotope variations inWalvis Ridge basalts and implications for the evolution of their mantle source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 59, p. 327-342.
90. Ritsema, J., van Heijst, J., and Woodhouse, J.H., 1999, Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland: Science, v. 286, p. 1925-1928. (Pubitemid 129515894)
91. Roden, M.F., Rama Murthy, V., and Gaspar, G.C., 1985, Sr and Nd isotopic composition of the Jacupiranga carbonatite: Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 212-220.
92. Rondenay, S., Bostock, M.G., Hearn, T.M., White, D.J., and Ellis, R.M., 2000, Lithospheric assembly and modification of the SE Canadian Shield: The Abitibi-Grenville teleseismic experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 13735-13754.
93. Ryabichikov, I.D., Edgar, A.D., and Wyllie, P., 1991, Partial melting in a carbonate-phosphate-peridotite system at 30 kbar: Geochemistry International, v. 28, p. 1-6.
94. Sasada, T., Hiyagon, H., Bell, K., and Ebihara, M., 1997, Mantle-derived noble gases in carbonatites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 4219-4228.
95. Schleicher, H., Keller, J., and Kramm, U., 1990, Isotope studies on alkaline volcanics and carbonatites from the Kaiserstuhl, Federal Republic of Germany: Lithos, v. 26, p. 21-35.
96. Schleicher, H., Baumann, A., and Keller, J., 1991, Pb isotope systematics of alkaline volcanic rocks and carbonatites from the Kaiserstuhl, Upper Rhine rift valley, F.R.G.: Chemical Geology, v. 93, p. 231-243.
97. Simonetti, A., and Bell, K., 1995, Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic data from the Mount Elgon volcano, eastern Uganda-western Kenya: Implications for the origin and evolution of nephelinite lavas: Lithos, v. 36, p. 141-153. (Pubitemid 26459104)
98. Simonetti, A., and Bell, K., 1994, Nd, Pb, and Sr isotopic data from the Napak carbonatite-nephelinite centre, eastern Uganda: An example of opensystem crystal fractionation: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 115, p. 356-366. (Pubitemid 24424668)
99. Simonetti, A., Bell, K., and Viladkar, S., 1995, Isotopic data from the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, west-central India: Evidence for an enriched mantle source: Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), v. 122, p. 185-198.
100. Simonetti, A., Goldstein, S.L., Schmidberger, S.S., and Viladkar, S.L., 1998, Geochemical and Nd, Pb, and Sr isotope data from Deccan alkaline complexes: Inferences for mantle sources and plume-lithosphere interaction: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1847-1864. (Pubitemid 29141676)
101. Sinitsyn, V.A., and Kushev, V.G., 1968, Devonian traps of the Timan-Kola region: Doklady, Academy of Sciences USSR, (Earth Science Section), v. 178, p. 86-87 (in Russian).
102. Sleep, N.H., 1990, Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 6715-6736.
103. Spera, F.J., 1984, Carbon dioxide in petrogenesis III: Role of volatiles in the ascent of alkaline magma with special reference to xenolith-bearing mafic lavas: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88, p. 217-232.
104. Tejada, M.L.G., Mahoney, J.J., Duncan, R.A., and Hawkins, M.P., 1996, Age and geochemistry of basement and alkalic rocks of Malaita and Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands, southern margin of Ontong Java Plateau: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 361-394.
105. Tilton, G.R., and Bell, K., 2000, Probing the mantle: The story from carbonatites: Goldschmidt Conference, Oxford [abstract], Journal of Conference Abstracts, v. 5, p. 1008.
106. Tilton, G.R., Bryce, J.G., and Mateen, A., 1998, Pb-Sr-Nd isotope data from 30 and 300 Ma collision zone carbonatites in northwest Pakistan: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1865-1874. (Pubitemid 29141677)
107. Toyoda, K., Horiuchi, H., and Tokonami, M., 1994, Dupal anomaly of Brazilian carbonatites: Geochemical correlations with hotspots in the South Atlantic and implications for the mantle source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 126, p. 315-331.
108. Treiman, A.H., 1989, Carbonatite magma: Properties and processes., in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 89-104.
109. van der Hilst, F.D., Widiyantoro, S., and Engdahl, E.R., 1997, Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography: Nature, v. 386, p. 578-584.
110. VanDecar, J.C., James, D.E., and Assumcao, M., 1995, Seismic evidence for a fossil mantle plume beneath South America and implications for plate driving forces: Nature, v. 378, p. 25-31. (Pubitemid 26458450)
111. Veena, A., Pandey, B.K., Krishnamurthy, P., and Gupta, J.N., 1998, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic systematics of the carbonatites of Sung Valley, Meghalaya, northeast India: Implictions for contemporary plume-related mantle source characteristics: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, p. 1875-1884. (Pubitemid 29145203)
112. Verhulst, A., Balaganskaya, E., Kirnarsky, Y., and Demaiffe, D., 2000, Petrological and geochemical (trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes) characteristics of the Paleozoic Kovdor ultramafic, alkaline and carbonatite intrusion (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia): Lithos, v. 51, p. 1-25. (Pubitemid 30228951)
113. Viladkar, S. G., 1981, The carbonatites of Amba Dongar, Gujarat, India: Geological Society of Finland Bulletin, v. 53, p. 17-28.
114. Viladkar, S.G., 1996, Geology of the carbonatite-alkalic diatreme of Amba Dongar, Gujarat: Ahmedabad, International workshop, Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Science and Research Centre, 74 p.
115. Wen, J., Bell, K., and Blenkinsop, J., 1987, Nd and Sr isotope systematics of the Oka complex, Quebec, and their bearing on the evolution of the sub continental mantle: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 97, p. 433-437.
116. West, H.B., and Leeman, W.P., 1987, Isotopic evolution of lavas from Haleakala crater, Hawaii: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 84, p. 211-225.
117. White, W.M., Cheatham, M.M., and Duncan, R.A., 1990, Isotope geochemistry of Leg 115 basalts and inferences on the history of the Réunion mantle plume, in Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 115: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 53-61.
118. Woolley, A.R., 1989, The spatial and temporal distribution of carbonatites, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 15-37.
119. Wyllie, P.J., 1988, Solidus curves, mantle plumes, and magma generation beneath Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 4171-4181.
120. Wyllie, P.J., 1989, Origin of carbonatites: Evidence from phase equilibrium studies, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 500-545.
121. Zindler, A., Jagoutz, E., and Goldstein, S., 1982, Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic systematics in a three-component mantle: A new perspective: Nature, v. 298, p. 519-523. (Pubitemid 12288798)
122. Zindler, A., and Hart, S. R., 1986, Chemical dynamics: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 14, p. 493-571.