A model for iron deposition to euxinic Black Sea sediments

American Journal of Science

Volumn 296, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 818-834

  Canfield, Donald E ^a   Lyons, Timothy W ^b   Raiswell, Robert ^c  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR MARINE MICROBIOLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITION; EUXINIC; EUXINIC SEDIMENT; IRON; ORGANIC MATTER; REDOX CONDITIONS; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEDIMENTS; SULPHIDATION;

BLACK SEA;

EID: 0030428251     PISSN: 00029599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.296.7.818     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Aller, R. C., Mackin, J. E., and Cox, R. T. Jr., 1986, Diagenesis of Fe and S in Amazon inner shelf muds: Apparent dominance of Fe reduction and implications for the genesis of ironstones: Continental Shelf Research, v. 6, p. 263-289.
2. Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., Neff, E. D., Hay, B. J., King, J., and Jones, G., 1994, Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea: Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 8, p. 195-217.
3. Berner, R. A., 1970, Sedimentary Pyrite Formation: American Journal of Science, v. 268, p. 2-23.
4. _ 1980, Early Diagenesis: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 241 P.
5. _ 1984, Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 606-616.
6. Brewer, P. G., and Spencer, D. W., 1974, Distribution of some trace elements in Black Sea and their flux between dissolved and particulate phases, in Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A., editors, The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology: Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 137-143.
7. Calvert, S. E., and Karlin, R. E., 1991, Relationships between sulphur, organic carbon, and iron in the modern sediments of the Black Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 2483-2490.
8. Canfield, D. E., 1989, Reactive iron in marine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 619-632.
9. Canfield, D. E. and Raiswell, R., 1991, Pyrite formation and fossil preservation: In Allison, P. A., and Briggs, D. E. G., editors, Topics in Geobiology: New York, Plenum Press, p. 337-387.
10. Canfield, D. E., Raiswell, R., and Bottrell, S., 1992, The reactivity of sedimentary iron minerals toward sulfide: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 659-683.
11. Canfield, D. E., Raiswell, R., Westrich, J. T., Reaves, C. M., and Berner, R. A., 1986, The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced sulfur in sediments and shales: Chemical Geology, v. 54, p. 149-155.
12. Canfield, D. E., Thamdrup, B., and Hansen, J. W., 1993, The anaerobic degradation of organic mailer in Danish coastal sediments: Fe reduction, Mn reduction and sulfate reduction: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 3867-3883.
13. Gibbs, R. J., 1973, Mechanisms of trace metal transport in rivers: Science, v. 180, p. 71-73.
14. Goldhaber, M. B., and Kaplan, I. R., 1974, The sulfur cycle, in Goldberg, E. D., editor, The Sea: New York, Wiley Interscience, p. 569-655.
15. Hay, B. J., 1988, Sediment accumulation in the central western Black Sea over the past 5100 years: Paleoceanography, v. 3, p. 491-508.
16. Hay, B. J., Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., Neff, E. D., and Honjo, S., 1991, Sediment deposition in the late Holocene abyssal Black Sea with climatic and chronological implications: Deep-Sea Research, v. 38, p. S1211-S1235.
17. Hay, B. J., and Honjo, S., 1989, Particle deposition in the present and Holocene Black Sea: Oceanography, v. 2, p. 26-31.
18. Hay, B. J., Honjo, S., Kempe, S., Ittekkot, V. A., Degens, E. T., Konuk, T., and Izdar, E., 1990, Interannual variability in particle flux in the southwestern Black Sea: Deep-Sea Research, v. 37, p. 911-928.
19. Honjo, S., Hay, B. J., Manganini, S. J., Asper, V. L., Degens, E. T., Kempe, S., Ittekkot, V., Izdar, E., Konuk, Y. T., and Benli, H. A., 1987, Seasonal cyclicity of lithogenic particle fluxes at a southern Black Sea sediment trap station: Universität Hamburg, Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes, v. 62, p. 19-39.
20. Jones, G. A., and Gagnon, A. R., 1994, Radiocarbon chronology of Black Sea sediments: Deep-Sea Research, v. 41, p. 531-557.
21. Kempe, S., Diercks, A.-R., Liebezeit, G., and Prange, A., 1991, Geochemical and structural aspects of the pycnocline in the Black Sea (R/V Knorr 134-8 Leg 1, 1988); In Izdar, E., and Murray, J. W., editors, Black Sea Oceanography: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publisher, p. 89-110.
22. Leventhal, J., and Taylor, C., 1990, Comparison of methods to determine degree of pyritization: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 2621-2625.
23. Lewis, B. L., and Landing, W. M., 1991, The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron in the Black Sea: Deep-Sea Research, v. 38, p. S773-S803.
24. Lyons, T. W., 1991, Upper Holocene sediments of the Black Sea: summary of leg 4 box cores (1988 Black Sea oceanographic expedition) in Izdar, E., and Murray, J. W., editors, Black Sea Oceanography: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 401-441.
25. _ ms, 1992, Contrasting sediment types from oxic and anoxic sites of the modern Black Sea: Geochemical and sedimentological criteria. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 377 p.
26. Lyons, T. W., and Berner, R. A., 1992, Carbon-sulfur-iron systematics of the uppermost deep-water sediments of the Black Sea: Chemical Geology, v. 99, p. 1-27.
27. Muramoto, J. A., Honjo, S., Fry, B., Hay, B. J., Howarth, R. W., and Cisne, J. L., 1991, Sulfur, iron and organic carbon fluxes in the Black Sea: sulfur isotopic evidence for origin of sulfur fluxes: Deep-Sea Research, v. 38, p. S1151-S1187.
28. Murray, J. W., editor, 1991, Black Sea Oceanography: Results from the 1988 Black Sea Expedition: Deep-Sea Research (Oxford, Pergamon Press), v. 38, 1266 p.
29. Murray, J. W., and Izdar, E., 1989, The 1988 Black Sea Oceanographic Expedition: overview and new discoveries: Oceanography, v. 2, p. 15-21.
30. Murray, J. W., Jannasch, H. W., Honjo, S., Anderson, R. F., Reeburgh, W. S., Top, Z., Friederich, G. E., Codispoti, L. A. and Izdar, E., 1989, Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea: Nature, v. 338, p. 411-413.
31. Neuymin, G. G., 1973, Optical studies in the Black Sea waters. Materials of Symposium on the Studies of the Black and Mediterranean Seas: Kiev, Naukova dumka, p. 81-88.
32. Raiswell, R., and Berner, R. A., 1985, Pyrite formation in euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments, American Journal of Science: v. 285, p. 710-724.
33. Raiswell, R., Buckley, F., Berner, R. A., and Anderson, T. F., 1988, Degree of pyritization of iron as a paleoenvironmental indicator of bottom-water oxygenation: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 58, p. 812-819.
34. Raiswell, R. and Canfield, D. E., 1996, Rates of reaction between silicate iron and dissolved sulfide in Peru margin sediments: Geochimica et Cosrnochimica Acta, v. 60,
35. Raiswell, R., Canfield, D. E., and Berner, R. A., 1994, A comparison of iron extraction methods for the determination of degree of pyritisation and the recognition of iron-limited pyrite formation: Chemical Geology, v. 111, p. 101-110.
36. Raiswell, R., Whaler, K., Dean, S., Coleman, M. L., and Briggs, D. E. G., 1993, A simple three-dimensional model of diffusion-with-precipitation applied to localised pyrite formation in framboids, fossils and detrital iron minerals: Marine Geology, v. 113, p. 89-100.
37. Ross, D. A., and Degens, E. T., 1974, Recent sediments of the Black Sea, in Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A., editors, The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology: Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 183-199.
38. Ross, D. A., Degens, E. T., and Macllvaine, J. C., 1970, Black Sea: recent sediment history: Science, v. 170, p. 163-165.
39. Rozanov, A. G., Volkov, I. I., and Yagodinskaya, T. A., 1974, Forms of iron in surface layer of Black Sea Sediments, in Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A., editors, The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology: Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 532-541.
40. Shaffer, G., 1986, Phosphate pumps and shuttles in the Black Sea: Nature, v. 321, p. 515-517.
41. Shanks, A. L., and Reeder, M. L., 1993, Reducing microzones and sulfide production in marine snow: Marine Ecology and Progress Series, v. 96, p. 43-47.
42. Shimkus, K. M., and Trimonis, E. S., 1974, Modern sedimentation in Black Sea, in Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A., editors, The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology: Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 249-278.
43. Trefry, J. H., and Presley, B. J., Manganese fluxes from Mississippi Delta sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 1715-1726.