Folic acid prevents depressive-like behavior and hippocampal antioxidant imbalance induced by restraint stress in mice

Experimental Neurology

Volumn 240, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 112-121

  Budni, Josiane ^a   Zomkowski, Andréa Dias ^a   Engel, Daiane ^a   Santos, Danúbia Bonfanti ^a   dos Santos, Alessandra Antunes ^a   Moretti, Morgana ^a   Valvassori, Samira S ^b   Ornell, Felipe ^b   Quevedo, João ^b   Farina, Marcelo ^a   Rodrigues, Ana Lúcia S ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CATARINA   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSIDADE DO EXTREMO SUL CATARINENSE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Acute restraint stress; Antidepressant; Antioxidant; Folic acid; Major depression; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CATALASE; ENZYME; FOLIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; HYDROPEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BRAIN CORTEX; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CONTROL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FORCED SWIMMING TEST; HIPPOCAMPUS; IMMOBILIZATION STRESS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; MOUSE; NERVOUS SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FOLIC ACID; HIPPOCAMPUS; MALE; MICE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84870863811     PISSN: 00144886     EISSN: 10902430     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.10.024     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984, 105:121-126.
2. Astorg P., Couthouis A., de Courcy G.P., Bertrais S., Arnault N., Meneton P., Galan P., Hercberg S. Association of folate intake with the occurrence of depressive episodes in middle-aged French men and women. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 100:183-187.
3. Baker K.B., Kim J.J. Effects of stress and hippocampal NMDA receptor antagonism on recognition memory in rats. Learn. Mem. 2002, 9:58-65.
4. Balk R.d.S., Bridi J.C., Portella Rde L., Carvalho N.R., Dobrachinski F., da Silva M.H., Amaral G.P., Dias G.R., Barbosa Nde V., Soares F.A. Clomipramine treatment and repeated restraint stress alter parameters of oxidative stress in brain regions of male rats. Neurochem. Res. 2010, 35:1761-1770.
5. Bea F., Hudson F.N., Neff-Laford H., White C.C., Kavanagh T.J., Kreuzer J., Preusch M.R., Blessing E., Katus H.A., Rosenfeld M.E. Homocysteine stimulates antioxidant response element-mediated expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase in mouse macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2009, 203:105-111.
6. Bilici M., Efe H., Koroglu M.A., Uydu H.A., Bekaroglu M., Deger O. Antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in major depression: alterations by antidepressant treatments. J. Affect. Disord. 2001, 64:43-51.
7. Borsini F., Meli A. Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity?. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1988, 94:147-160.
8. Brocardo P.S., Budni J., Lobato K.R., Kaster M.P., Rodrigues A.L.S. Antidepressant-like effect of folic acid: involvement of NMDA receptors and l-arginine-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 598:37-42.
9. Brocardo P.S., Budni J., Kaster M.P., Santos A.R., Rodrigues A.L.S. Folic acid administration produces an antidepressant-like effect in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. Neuropharmacology 2008, 54:464-473.
10. Brocardo P.S., Budni J., Lobato K.R., Santos A.R., Rodrigues A.L.S. Evidence for the involvement of the opioid system in the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the mouse forced swimming test. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 200:122-127.
11. Brocardo P.S., Budni J., Pavesi E., Franco J.L., Uliano-Silva M., Trevisan R., Terenzi M.G., Dafre A.L., Rodrigues A.L.S. Folic acid administration prevents ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion and alterations in oxidative stress markers in the rat brain. Bipolar Disord. 2010, 12:414-424.
12. Budni J., Gadotti V.M., Kaster M.P., Santos A.R., Rodrigues A.L.S. Role of different types of potassium channels in the antidepressant-like effect of agmatine in the mouse forced swimming test. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 575:87-93.
13. Budni J., Romero A., Molz S., Martin-de-Saavedra M.D., Egea J., Del Barrio L., Tasca C.I., Rodrigues A.L.S., Lopez M.G. Neurotoxicity induced by dexamethasone in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line can be prevented by folic acid. Neuroscience 2011, 190:346-353.
14. Budni J., Freitas A.E., Binfaré R.W., Rodrigues A.L.S. Role of potassium channels in the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the forced swimming test in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2012, 101:148-154.
15. Budni J., Lobato K.R., Binfare R.W., Freitas A.E., Costa A.P., Saavedra M.D., Leal R.B., Lopez M.G., Rodrigues A.L.S. Involvement of PI3K, GSK-3beta and PPARgamma in the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the forced swimming test in mice. J. Psychopharmacol. 2012, 26(5):714-723.
16. Buynitsky T., Mostofsky D.I. Restraint stress in biobehavioral research: recent developments. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33:1089-1098.
17. Calabrese F., Molteni R., Riva M.A. Antistress properties of antidepressant drugs and their clinical implications. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, 132:39-56.
18. Capra J.C., Cunha M.P., Machado D.G., Zomkowski A.D., Mendes B.G., Santos A.R., Pizzolatti M.G., Rodrigues A.L. Antidepressant-like effect of scopoletin, a coumarin isolated from Polygala sabulosa (Polygalaceae) in mice: evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic systems. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 643:232-238.
19. Carlberg I., Mannervik B. Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymol. 1985, 113:484-490.
20. Charney D.S., Manji H.K. Life stress, genes, and depression: multiple pathways lead to increased risk and new opportunities for intervention. Sci. STKE 2004, 2004:re5.
21. Chelikani P., Fita I., Loewen P.C. Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2004, 61:192-208.
22. Chen T.F., Chiu M.J., Huang C.T., Tang M.C., Wang S.J., Wang C.C., Huang R.F. Changes in dietary folate intake differentially affect oxidised lipid and mitochondrial DNA damage in various brain regions of rats in the absence/presence of intracerebroventricularly injected amyloid beta-peptide challenge. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 105:1294-1302.
23. Christiansen S.H., Olesen M.V., Wortwein G., Woldbye D.P. Fluoxetine reverts chronic restraint stress-induced depression-like behaviour and increases neuropeptide Y and galanin expression in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2011, 216:585-591.
24. Chrousos G.P. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2009, 5:374-381.
25. Coppen A., Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J. Psychopharmacol. 2005, 19:59-65.
26. De Lau L.M., Refsum H., Smith A.D., Johnston C., Breteler M.M. Plasma folate concentration and cognitive performance: Rotterdam Scan Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 86:728-734.
27. Diehl L.A., Alvares L.O., Noschang C., Engelke D., Andreazza A.C., Gonçalves C.A., Quillfeldt J.A., Dalmaz C. Long-lasting effects of maternal separation on an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: effects on memory and hippocampal oxidative stress. Neurochem. Res. 2012, 2012(37):700-7007.
28. Dotan Y., Lichtenberg D., Pinchuk I. Lipid peroxidation cannot be used as a universal criterion of oxidative stress. Prog. Lipid Res. 2004, 43:200-227.
29. Duman R.S., Voleti B. Signaling pathways underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: novel mechanisms for rapid-acting agents. Trends Neurosci. 2012, 35:47-56.
30. Durga J., van Boxtel M.P., Schouten E.G., Bots M.L., Kok F.J., Verhoef P. Folate and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C→T mutation correlate with cognitive performance. Neurobiol. Aging 2006, 27:334-343.
31. Ellman G.L. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959, 82:70-77.
32. Fathy H., Abd E., Sherine M., Abdou H., Adel A., Abdou A. Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, folic acid, and B12 in a sample of patients with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Middle East Curr. Psychiatry 2011, 18:118-125.
33. Fava M. Augmenting antidepressants with folate: a clinical perspective. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2007, 68(10):4-7.
34. Fenech M. Folate, DNA damage and the aging brain. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2010, 131:236-241.
35. Filipović D., Pajović S.B. Differential regulation of CuZnSOD expression in rat brain by acute and/or chronic stress. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2009, 29:673-681.
36. Flohe L. Glutathione peroxidase: enzymology and biological aspects. Klin. Wochenschr. 1971, 49:669-683.
37. Fontella F.U., Siqueira I.R., Vasconcellos A.P., Tabajara A.S., Netto C.A., Dalmaz C. Repeated restraint stress induces oxidative damage in rat hippocampus. Neurochem. Res. 2005, 30:105-111.
38. Galecki P., Szemraj J., Bienkiewicz M., Florkowski A., Galecka E. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in patients during acute depressive episodes and in remission after fluoxetine treatment. Pharmacol. Rep. 2009, 61:436-447.
39. García-Fernández M., Castilla-Ortega E., Pedraza C., Blanco E., Hurtado-Guerrero I., Barbancho M.A., Chun J., Rodríguez-de-Fonseca F., Estivill-Torrús G., Santín Núñez L.J. Chronic immobilization in the malpar1 knockout mice increases oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Int. J. Neurosci. 2012, 122(10):583-589.
40. Goncharova N.D., Oganyan T.E., Smelkova S.A. Effect of aging on stress reactivity of the adrenal cortex in laboratory primates. Dependence on the time of day. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2006, 141:368-371.
41. Goncharova N.D., Shmaliy A.V., Marenin V.Y., Smelkova S.A., Lapin B.A. Circadian and age-related changes in stress responsiveness of the adrenal cortex and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in female rhesus monkeys. J. Med. Primatol. 2008, 37:229-238.
42. Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 1992, 59:1609-1623.
43. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 1999, Oxford University Press, New York. 3rd ed.
44. Hayase T. Depression-related anhedonic behaviors caused by immobilization stress: a comparison with nicotine-induced depression-like behavioral alterations and effects of nicotine and/or "antidepressant" drugs. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 36:31-41.
45. Hernández-Martínez J.M., Domínguez G., Blancas S., Morán J. Oxidation of biomolecules in the apoptotic death of cerebellar granule neurons induced by potassium deprivation. Neurochem. Res. 2011, 36(4):677-685.
46. Huynh T.N., Krigbaum A.M., Hanna J.J., Conrad C.D. Sex differences and phase of light cycle modify chronic stress effects on anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 2011, 222:212-222.
47. Jaggi A.S., Bhatia N., Kumar N., Singh N., Anand P., Dhawan R. A review on animal models for screening potential anti-stress agents. Neurol. Sci. 2011, 32:993-1005.
48. Jakoby W.B. The glutathione S-transferases: a group of multifunctional detoxification proteins. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 1978, 46:383-414.
49. Kado D.M., Karlamangla A.S., Huang M.H., Troen A., Rowe J.W., Selhub J., Seeman T.E. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Am. J. Med. 2005, 118:161-167.
50. Kalueff A.V., Wheaton M., Murphy D.L. What's wrong with my mouse model? Advances and strategies in animal modeling of anxiety and depression. Behav. Brain Res. 2007, 179:1-18.
51. Kaster M.P., Gadotti V.M., Calixto J.B., Santos A.R., Rodrigues A.L.S. Depressive-like behavior induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mice. Neuropharmacology 2012, 62:419-426.
52. Khanna S., Kapoor P., Pillai K.K., Vohora D. Homocysteine in neurological disease: a marker or a cause?. CNS Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets 2011, 10:361-369.
53. Khanzode S.D., Dakhale G.N., Khanzode S.S., Saoji A., Palasodkar R. Oxidative damage and major depression: the potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Redox Rep. 2003, 8:365-370.
54. Kim S.T., Choi J.H., Chang J.W., Kim S.W., Hwang O. Immobilization stress causes increases in tetrahydrobiopterin, dopamine, and neuromelanin and oxidative damage in the nigrostriatal system. J. Neurochem. 2005, 95:89-98.
55. Kotan V.O., Sarandol E., Kirhan E., Ozkaya G., Kirli S. Effects of long-term antidepressant treatment on oxidative status in major depressive disorder: a 24-week follow-up study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:1284-1290.
56. Krohne-Ehrich G., Schirmer R.H., Untucht-Grau R. Glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes. Isolation of the enzyme and sequence analysis of the redox-active peptide. Eur. J. Biochem. 1977, 80:65-71.
57. Kronenberg G., Colla M., Endres M. Folic acid, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. Curr. Mol. Med. 2009, 9:315-323.
58. Kubera M., Obuchowicz E., Goehler L., Brzeszcz J., Maes M. In animal models, psychosocial stress-induced (neuro)inflammation, apoptosis and reduced neurogenesis are associated to the onset of depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:744-759.
59. Kumar A., Goyal R. Quercetin protects against acute immobilization stress-induced behaviors and biochemical alterations in mice. J. Med. Food 2008, 11:469-473.
60. Kumar A., Garg R., Prakash A.K. Effect of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) treatment on restraint stress-induced behavioral and biochemical alteration in mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2010, 10:18.
61. Lanfumey L., Mongeau R., Cohen-Salmon C., Hamon M. Corticosteroid-serotonin interactions in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress-related disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008, 32:1174-1184.
62. Lee S., Jeong J., Kwak Y., Park S.K. Depression research: where are we now?. Mol Brain 2010, 3:8.
63. Li S., Fan Y.X., Wang W., Tang Y.Y. Effects of acute restraint stress on different components of memory as assessed by object-recognition and object-location tasks in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2012, 227:199-207.
64. Linthorst A.C., Reul J.M. Stress and the brain: solving the puzzle using microdialysis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2008, 90:163-173.
65. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A.L., Randall R.J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951, 193:265-275.
66. Maes M., Galecki P., Chang Y.S., Berk M. A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:676-692.
67. Marazziti D., Consoli G., Picchetti M., Carlini M., Faravelli L. Cognitive impairment in major depression. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 626:83-86.
68. Matté C., Pereira L.O., Dos Santos T.M., Mackedanz V., Cunha A.A., Netto C.A., Wyse A.T. Acute homocysteine administration impairs memory consolidation on inhibitory avoidance task and decreases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunocontent: prevention by folic acid treatment. Neuroscience 2009, 163:1039-1045.
69. Matté C., Mackedanz V., Stefanello F.M., Scherer E.B., Andreazza A.C., Zanotto C., Moro A.M., Garcia S.C., Goncalves C.A., Erdtmann B., Salvador M., Wyse A.T. Chronic hyperhomocysteinemia alters antioxidant defenses and increases DNA damage in brain and blood of rats: protective effect of folic acid. Neurochem. Int. 2009, 54:7-13.
70. McCord J.M., Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase: the first twenty years (1968-1988). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1988, 5:363-369.
71. McKay J.A., Waltham K.J., Williams E.A., Mathers J.C. Folate depletion during pregnancy and lactation reduces genomic DNA methylation in murine adult offspring. Genes Nutr. 2011, 6:189-196.
72. Méndez-Cuesta L.A., Marquez-Valadez B., Perez-De la Cruz V., Maldonado P.D., Santana R.A., Escobar-Briones C., Galvan-Arzate S., Carrillo-Mora P., Santamaria A. Early changes in oxidative stress markers in a rat model of acute stress: effect of l-carnitine on the striatum. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2011, 109:123-129.
73. Michel T.M., Frangou S., Thiemeyer D., Camara S., Jecel J., Nara K., Brunklaus A., Zoechling R., Riederer P. Evidence for oxidative stress in the frontal cortex in patients with recurrent depressive disorder-a postmortem study. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 151:145-150.
74. Misra H.P., Fridovich I. The purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from Neurospora crassa. J. Biol. Chem. 1972, 247:3410-3414.
75. Morris D.W., Trivedi M.H., Rush A.J. Folate and unipolar depression. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2008, 14:277-285.
76. Moretti M., Colla A., de Oliveira Balen G., dos Santos D.B., Budni J., de Freitas A.E., Farina M., Severo Rodrigues A.L. Ascorbic acid treatment, similarly to fluoxetine, reverses depressive-like behavior and brain oxidative damage induced by chronic unpredictable stress. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2012, 46(3):331-340.
77. Munhoz C.D., García-Bueno B., Madrigal J.L., Lepsch L.B., Scavone C., Leza J.C. Stress-induced neuroinflammation: mechanisms and new pharmacological targets. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2008, 41(12):1037-1046.
78. Murrough J.W., Iacoviello B., Neumeister A., Charney D.S., Iosifescu D.V. Cognitive dysfunction in depression: neurocircuitry and new therapeutic strategies. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2011, 96:553-563.
79. Nagata K., Nakashima-Kamimura N., Mikami T., Ohsawa I., Ohta S. Consumption of molecular hydrogen prevents the stress-induced impairments in hippocampus-dependent learning tasks during chronic physical restraint in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:501-508.
80. Ohkawa H., Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 1979, 95:351-358.
81. Ozcan M.E., Gulec M., Ozerol E., Polat R., Akyol O. Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress in affective disorders. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2004, 19:89-95.
82. Papakostas G.I., Petersen T., Mischoulon D., Ryan J.L., Nierenberg A.A., Bottiglieri T., Rosenbaum J.F., Alpert J.E., Fava M. Serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder, part 1: predictors of clinical response in fluoxetine-resistant depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2004, 65:1090-1095.
83. Park S.H., Sim Y.B., Han P.L., Lee J.K., Suh H.W. Antidepressant-like effect of kaempferol and quercitirin, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Exp. Neurobiol. 2010, 19:30-38.
84. Poleszak E., Wlaz P., Kedzierska E., Nieoczym D., Wyska E., Szymura-Oleksiak J., Fidecka S., Radziwon-Zaleska M., Nowak G. Immobility stress induces depression-like behavior in the forced swim test in mice: effect of magnesium and imipramine. Pharmacol. Rep. 2006, 58:746-752.
85. Porsolt R.D., Bertin A., Jalfre M. Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1977, 229:327-336.
86. Racek J., Rusnakova H., Trefil L., Siala K.K. The influence of folate and antioxidants on homocysteine levels and oxidative stress in patients with hyperlipidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. Physiol. Res. 2005, 54:87-95.
87. Ramaekers V. Cerebral folate deficiency. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2004, 46:843-851.
88. Ramos M.I., Allen L.H., Mungas D.M., Jagust W.J., Haan M.N., Green R., Miller J.W. Low folate status is associated with impaired cognitive function and dementia in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82:1346-1352.
89. Réus G.Z., Valvassori S.S., Machado R.A., Martins M.R., Gavioli E.C., Quevedo J. Acute treatment with low doses of memantine does not impair aversive, non-associative and recognition memory in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2008, 376:295-300.
90. Rodrigues A.L.S., Rocha J.B., Mello C.F., Souza D.O. Effect of perinatal lead exposure on rat behaviour in open-field and two-way avoidance tasks. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1996, 79:150-156.
91. Sarris J., Schoendorfer N., Kavanagh D.J. Major depressive disorder and nutritional medicine: a review of monotherapies and adjuvant treatments. Nutr. Rev. 2009, 67:125-131.
92. Sevgi S., Ozek M., Eroglu L. l-NAME prevents anxiety-like and depression-like behavior in rats exposed to restraint stress. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006, 28:95-99.
93. Singh R., Kanwar S.S., Sood P.K., Nehru B. Beneficial effects of folic acid on enhancement of memory and antioxidant status in aged rat brain. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2011, 31:83-91.
94. Steru L., Chermat R., Thierry B., Simon P. The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology 1985, 85:367-370.
95. Suzuki T., Kelly V.P., Motohashi H., Nakajima O., Takahashi S., Nishimura S., Yamamoto M. Deletion of the selenocysteine tRNA gene in macrophages and liver results in compensatory gene induction of cytoprotective enzymes by Nrf2. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:2021-2030.
96. Troen A.M., Chao W.H., Crivello N.A., D'Anci K.E., Shukitt-Hale B., Smith D.E., Selhub J., Rosenberg I.H. Cognitive impairment in folate-deficient rats corresponds to depleted brain phosphatidylcholine and is prevented by dietary methionine without lowering plasma homocysteine. J. Nutr. 2008, 138:2502-2509.
97. Wendel A. Glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol. 1981, 77:325-333.
98. Wong M.L., Licinio J. From monoamines to genomic targets: a paradigm shift for drug discovery in depression. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2004, 3:136-151.
99. Yu H., Chen Z.Y. The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2011, 32:3-11.
100. Yu H.L., Li L., Zhang X.H., Xiang L., Zhang J., Feng J.F., Xiao R. Neuroprotective effects of genistein and folic acid on apoptosis of rat cultured cortical neurons induced by beta-amyloid 31-35. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102:655-662.
101. Zafir A., Ara A., Banu N. In vivo antioxidant status: a putative target of antidepressant action. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 33:220-228.