No evidence for directional evolution of body mass in herbivorous theropod dinosaurs

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 280, Issue 1751, 2013, Pages

  Zanno, Lindsay E ^a,b,c   Makovicky, Peter J ^c  

^a NORTH CAROLINA MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Body size; Cope's rule; Diet; Ecology; Macroevolution; Phylogenetic trend

Indexed keywords

BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; CRETACEOUS; DIET; DINOSAUR; ECOMORPHOLOGY; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FOSSIL RECORD; HERBIVORE; NATURAL SELECTION; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; SYMPATRY; TAPHONOMY;

ASIA;

EID: 84870440101     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2526     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Dearing MD. 1993 An alimentary specialization for herbivory in the tropical whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus murinus. J. Herpetol. 27, 111-114. (doi:10.2307/1564920)
2. Clements KD. 1991 Endosymbiotic communities of two herbivorous labroid fishes, Odax cyanomelas and O. pullus. Mar. Biol. 109, 223-229. (doi:10. 1007/BF01319390)
3. Langer P, Snipes RL. 1991 Adaptations of gut structure to function in herbivores. In Physiological aspects of digestion and metabolism in ruminants (eds T Tsuda, Y Susuki, R Kawashima), pp. 349-384. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
4. Cooper Jr WE, Vitt LJ. 2002 Distribution, extent, and evolution of plant consumption by lizards. J. Zool. 57, 487-517. (doi:10.1017/ S0952836902001085)
5. Stevens CE, Hume ID. 1998 Contributions of microbes in vertebrate gastrointestinal tract to production and conservation of nutrients. Physiol. Rev. 78, 393-427.
6. Farlow JO. 1987 Speculations about the diet and digestive physiology of herbivorous dinosaurs. Paleobiology 13, 60-72.
7. Espinoza RE, Wiens JJ, Tracy CR. 2004 Recurrent evolution of herbivory in small, cold-climate lizards: breaking the ecophysiological rules of reptilian herbivory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16 81916 824. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0401226101)
8. Clauss M, Hummel J. 2005 The digestive performance of mammalian herbivores: why big may not be that much better. Mamm. Rev. 35, 174-187. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00062.x)
9. Sander MP et al. 2011 Biology of sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism. Biol. Rev. 86, 117-155. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x)
10. Paladino FV, O'Connor MPO, Spotila JR. 1990 Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy, and thermoregulation of dinosaurs. Nature 344, 858-860. (doi:10.1038/344858a0)
11. Demment MW. 1983 Feeling ecology and the evolution of body size of baboons. Afr. J. Ecol. 21, 219-233. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb00323.x)
12. Smith FA. 1995 Scaling of digestive efficiency with body mass in Neotoma. Funct. Ecol. 9, 299-305. (doi:10.2307/2390577)
13. Clauss M, Streich J, Schwarm A, Ortman S, Hummel J. 2007 The relationship of food intake and ingesta passage predicts feeding ecology in two different megaherbivore groups. Oikos 116, 209-216. (doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15461.x)
14. Reisz RR, Sues H-D. 2000 Herbivory in the late Paleozoic and Triassic terrestrial vertebrates. In Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates (ed. H-D Sues), pp. 42-78. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15. Pough FH. 1973 Lizard energetic and diet. Ecology 837-844. (doi:10.2307/1935678)
16. Owen-Smith N. 1988 Megaherbivores: the influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
17. Janis CM. 2000 Patterns in the evolution of herbivory in large terrestrial mammals: the Paleogene of North America. In Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates (ed. HD Sues), pp. 168-222. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
18. Sereno PC. 1997 The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 25, 435-489. (doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435)
19. Carrano MT. 2006 Body-size evolution in the Dinosauria. In Amniote paleobiology (eds MT Carrano, TJ Gaudin, RW Blob, JR Wible), pp. 225-268. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
20. Seebacher F. 2001 A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 21, 51-60. (doi:10.1671/ 0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.0);2)
21. Hunt G, Carrano MT. 2010 Models and methods for analyzing phenotypic evolution in lineages and clades. In Quantitative methods in paleobiology (eds J Alroy, G Hunt), pp. 245-269. Boulder, CO: The Palaeontological Society.
22. Sookias RB, Butler RJ, Benson RBJ. 2012 Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body-size transitions driven by passive processes of trait evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 2180-2187. (doi:10.1098/ rspb.2011.2441)
23. Burness GP, Diamong J, Flannery T. 2001 Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarves: the evolution of maximal body size. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 14 51814 523. (doi:10.1073/pnas.251548698)
24. Benton MJ. 2008 How to find a dinosaur, and the role of synonymy in biodiversity studies. Paleobiology 34, 516-533. (doi:10.1666/06077.1)
25. Ji Q, Currie PJ, Norell MA, Ji S-A. 1998 Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393, 753-761. (doi:10.1038/31635)
26. Xu X, Cheng YN, Wang XL, Chang CH. 2002 An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Nature 419, 291-293. (doi:10.1038/nature00966)
27. Ji Q, Norell M, Makovicky PJ, Gao K, Ji S, Yuan C. 2003 An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny. Am. Mus. Novit. 3420, 1-19. (doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)420 < 0001:AEGDAI > 2.0.CO;2)
28. Zanno LE, Gillette DD, Albright LB, Titus AL. 2009 A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3505-3511.(doi:10.1098/rspb. 2009.1029)
29. Zanno LE, Makovicky PJ. 2010 Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 232-237. (doi:10.1073/pnas. 1011924108)
30. Barrett PM. 2000 Evolution of herbivory. In Terrestrial vertebrates (ed. HD Sues), pp. 42-78. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Barrett PM. 2005 The diet of ostrich dinosaurs (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria). Palaeontology 48, 347-358. (doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00448.x)
32. Kobayashi Y, Lu J-C, Dong Z-M, Barsbold R, Azuma Y, Tomida Y. 1999 Herbivorous diet in an ornithomimid dinosaur. Nature 402, 480- 481. (doi:10.1038/44999)
33. Pagel M. 1997 Inferring evolutionary processes from phylogenies. Zool. Scripta 26, 331-348. (doi:10. 1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00423.x)
34. Pagel M. 1999 Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877-884. (doi:10. 1038/44766)
35. Christiansen P, Farina RA. 2004 Mass prediction in theropod dinosaurs. Hist. Biol. 16, 85-92.(doi:10. 1080/08912960412331284313)
36. Hutchinson JR, Bates KT, Molnar J, Allen V, Makovicky PJ. 2011 A Computational analysis of limb and body dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with implications for locomotion, ontogeny, and growth. PLoS ONE 6, e26037. (doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0026037)
37. Kilbourne BK, Makovicky PJ. 2010 Limb bone allometry during postnatal ontogeny in non-avian dinosaurs. J. Anat. 217, 135-152. (doi:10.1111/j. 1469-7580.2010.01253.x)
38. Longrich NR, Currie PJ, Dong Z-M. 2010 A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia. Palaeontology 53, 945-960. (doi:10.1111/j.1475- 4983.2010.00968.x)
39. Zanno LE. 2010 A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of Therizinosauria. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 8, 503-543.
40. Xu L, Kobayashi Y, Lu J, Lee Y-N, Liu Y, Tanaka K, Zhang X, Jia S, Zhang J. 2011 A new ornithomimid dinosaur with North American affinities from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation in Henan Province of China. Cret. Res. 32, 213-222. (doi:10.1016/j. cretres.2010.12.004)
41. Lu J, Dong ZM, Azuma Y, Barsbold R, Tomida Y. 2002 Oviraptorosaurs compared to birds. In Proc. of the 5th Symp. of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, 1-4 June 2000 (eds Z Zhou, E Zhang), pp. 175-189. Beijing, China: Science Press.
42. Kobayashi Y, Barsbold R. 2006 Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Fm. of Mongolia. J. Paleont. Soc. Korea 195-207.
43. Makovicky PJ, Li D, Gao K-Q, Lewin M, Erickson GM, Norell MA. 2009 A giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 191-198. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0236)
44. Xu X, Han F-L. 2010 A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Vertebr. PalAsiatica 48,11-18.
45. Laurin M. 2010 Assessment of the relative merits of a few methods to detect evolutionary trends. Syst. Biol. 59, 689-704. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq059)
46. Zar JH. 1999 Biostatistical analysis, 4th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
47. Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Ruta M, Lloyd GT. 2008 Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Science 321, 1485-1488. (doi:10.1126/science.1161833)
48. Blomberg SP, Garland Jr T, Ives AR. 2003 Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57, 717-745.
49. Alroy J. 1998 Cope's Rule and the evolution of body mass in North American fossil mammals. Science 280, 731-734. (doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.731)
50. Pol D, Norell MA. 2001 Comments on the Manhattan stratigraphic measure. Cladistics 17, 285-289.(doi:10.1006/clad.2001.0166)
51. Goloboff P, Farris JS, Nixon K. 2008 TNT (Tree analysis using New Technology). Program and documentation. See www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny/tnt.
52. Boyd CA, Cleland TP, Marrero NL, Clarke JA. 2010 Exploring the effects of phylogenetic uncertainty and consensus trees on stratigraphic consistency scores: a new program and a standardized method. Cladistics 26, 1-9. (doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009. 00297.x)
53. Hammer 0, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. 2001 PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electronica 1-9. See http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/ past/issue1_01.htm.
54. Hone DWE, Keesey TM, Pisani D, Purvis A. 2005 Macroevolutionary trends in the Dinosauria: Cope's rule. J. Evol. Biol. 18, 587-595. (doi:10.1111/j. 1420-9101.2004.00870.x)
55. Hone DWE, Dyke GJ, Haden M, Benton MJ. 2008 Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 618-624. (doi:10.1111 /j.1420-9101.2007.01483.x)
56. Moen DS. 2006 Cope's rule in cryptodiran turtles: do the body sizes of extant species reflect a trend of phyletic size increase? J. Evol. Biol. 19,1210-1221. (doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01082.x)
57. Monroe MJ, Bokma F. 2010 Little evidence for Cope's rule from Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of extant mammals. J. Evol. Biol. 23, 2017-2021. (doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02051.x)
58. Butler RJ, Goswami A. 2008 Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds: little evidence for Cope's rule. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 1673-1682. (doi:10.1111/j.1420- 9101.2008.01594.x)
59. Hu S, Xing L, Wang C, Yang M. 2011 Early Cretaceous large theropod footprints from the Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province, China. Geol. Bull. China 30, 1697-1700.
60. Albert JS, Johnson DM. 2011 Diversity and evolution of body size in fishes. Evol. Biol. 39, 324-340. (doi:10.1007/s11692-011-9149-0)
61. Turner AH, Pol D, Clarke JA, Erickson GM, Norell MA. 2007 A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science 317, 1378-1381. (doi:10.1126/science.1144066)
62. Illius AW, Gordon IJ. 1992 Modeling the nutritional ecology of ungulate herbivores: evolution of body size and competitive interactions. Oecologia 89, 428-434.
63. Ross C. 1992 Basal metabolic rate, body weight and diet in primates: an evaluation of the evidence. Folia Primatol. 58, 7-23. (doi:10.1159/000156602)
64. Jablonski D. 1996 Body size and macroevolution. In Evolutionary paleobiology (eds D Jablonski, DH Erwin, JH Lipps), pp. 256-289. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
65. Clauss M, Frey R, Kiefer B, Lechner-Doll M, Loehlein W, Polster C, Rossner GE, Streich WJ. 2003 The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters. Oecologia 136, 14-27. (doi:10.1007/s00442- 003-1254-z)
66. Fritz J, Hummel J, Kienzle E, Wings O, Streich WJ, Clauss M. 2011 Gizzard vs. teeth, it's a tie: food-processing efficiency in birds and mammals and implications for dinosaur feeding strategies. Paleobiology 37, 577-586. (doi:10.1666/ 10031.1)
67. Sheridan JA, Bickford D. 2011 Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 1, 401-406. (doi:10.1038/ nclimate1259)