Pathogenic free-living amoebae: Epidemiology and clinical review

Pathologie Biologie

Volumn 60, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 399-405

  Trabelsi, H ^a   Dendana, F ^a   Sellami, A ^a   Sellami, H ^a   Cheikhrouhou, F ^a   Neji, S ^a   Makni, F ^a   Ayadi, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SFAX   (Tunisia)

Author keywords

Acanthamoeba spp.; Balamuthia mandrillaris; Ecology; Epidemiology; Human infections; Naegleria fowleri; Sappinia sp.

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ACANTHAMOEBA ENCEPHALITIS; ACANTHAMOEBA INFECTION; ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS; AMEBIASIS; AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; BACTERIUM; BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS; CUTANEOUS ACANTHAMOEBIASIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; NAEGLERIA FOWLERI; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; REVIEW; SAPPINIA DIPLOIDEA; SAPPINIA PEDATA;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS; AMEBIASIS; AMOEBA; AMOEBOZOA; ANIMALS; BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; NAEGLERIA; NAEGLERIA FOWLERI;

EID: 84870387898     PISSN: 03698114     EISSN: 17683114     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2012.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Rivera F., Roy-Ocotla G., Rosas I., Ramirez E., Bonilla Lares F. Amoebae isolated from the atmosphere of Mexico City and environs. Environ Res 1987, 42:149-154.
2. Mergeryan H. The prevalence of Acanthamoeba in the human environment. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13(Suppl. 5):S390-S391.
3. Szenasi Z., Endo T., Yagita K., Nagy E. Isolation, identification and increasing importance of free-living amoebae causing human diseases. J Med Microbiol 1998, 47:5-16.
4. Shoff M.E., Rogerson K., Kessler K., Schatz S., Seal D.V. Prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other naked amoebae in south Florida domestic water. J Water Health 2008, 6:99-104.
5. Dendena F., Sellami H., Jarraya F., Sellami A., Makni F., Cheikhrouhou F., et al. Free-living amoebae: Detection, morphological and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba genus in the hydraulic system of an hemodialysis unit in Tunisia. Parasite 2008, 15:137-142.
6. Trabelsi H., Sellami A., Dendena F., Sellami H., Cheikh-rouhou F., Makni F., et al. Free-living amoebae (FLA): morphological and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba in dental unit water. Parasite 2010, 17:67-70.
7. Shuster F.L., Visvesvara G.S. Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Int J Parasitol 2004, 34:1001-1027.
8. Visvesvara G.S., Maguire J.H. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. Trop Infect Dis 2006, 2:1114-1125.
9. Gelman B.B., Rauf S.J., Nader R., Popov V., Bokowski J., Chljub G., et al. Amoebic encephalitis due to Sappinia diploidea. JAMA 2001, 285:2450-2541.
10. Ly T.M.C., Müller H.E. Ingested Listeria monocytogenes survive and multiply in protozoa. J Med Microbiol 1990, 33:51-54.
11. Thom S., Warhurst D., Drasar B.S. Association of Vibrio cholerae with fresh water amoebae. J Med Microbiol 1992, 6:303-306.
12. Swanson M.S., Hammer B.K. Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis; a fateful journey from amoebae to macrophage. Ann Rev Microbiol 2000, 54:567-613.
13. Stothard D.R., Schroeder-Diedrich J.M., Awwad M.H., Gast R.J., Ledee D.R., Rodriguez-Zaragoza S., et al. The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998, 45:45-54.
14. De Jonckheere J.F. A century of research on the amoeboflagellate genus Naegleria. Acta Protozool 2002, 41:309-342.
15. Adl S.M., Simpson A.G.B., Farmer M.A., Andersen R.A., Barta J.R., Bowser S.S., et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005, 52:399-451.
16. Page F.C. A new key to freshwater and soil Gymnamoebae 1988, Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK, 122 p.
17. Visvesvara G.S., Moura H., Shuster F.L. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007, 50:1-26.
18. Khan N.A. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2006, 30:564-595.
19. Akzozek A., McClellan K., Howard K., Niederkorn J.Y., Alizadeh H. Resistance of Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts to physical, chemical and radiological conditions. J Parasitol 2002, 88:621-623.
20. Mazur T., Hadas E., Iwanicka I. The duration of the cyst stage and the viability and virulence of Acanthamoeba isolates. Trop Med Parasitol 1995, 46:106-108.
21. Pussard M., Pons R. Morphologie de la paroi kystique et taxonomie du genre Acanthamoeba (Protozoa, Amoebida). Protistologica 1977, 13:557-598.
22. Horn M., Fritsche T.R., Gautom R.K., Schleifer K.H., Wagner M. Novel bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba spp. related to the Paramecium caudatum symbiont Caedibacter caryophilus. Environ Microbiol 1999, 1:357-367.
23. Gast R.J. Development of an Acanthamoeba-specific reverses dot-blot and the discovery of a new ribotype. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001, 48:609-615.
24. Hewett M.K., Robinson B.S., Monis P.T., Saint C.P. Identification of a new Acanthamoeba 18S rRNA gene sequence type, corresponding to the species Acanthamoeba jacobsi Sawyer. Acta Protozool 2003, 42:325-329.
25. Corsaro D., Venditti D. Phylogenetic evidence for a new genotype of Acanthamoeba (Amoebozoa Acanthamoebida). Parasitol Res 2010, 7:233-238.
26. Nuprasert W., Putaporntip C., Pariyakanok L., Jongwutiwes S. Identification of a novel T17 genotype of Acanthamoeba from environmental isolates and T10 genotype causing keratitis in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48(12):4636-4640.
27. Landers P., Kerr K.G., Rowbotham T.J., Tipper J.L., Keig P.M., Ingham E., et al. Survival and growth of Burkholderia cepacia within the free-living amoebae Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000, 19:121-123.
28. Taylor S.J., Ahonen L.J., De Leji A.A.M., Dale J.W. Infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Mycobacterium bovis and M. bovis BCG and survival of M. bovis within the amoebae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:4316-4319.
29. Berger P., Papazian L., Drancourt M., Lascolat B., Auffray J.P., Raoult D. Amoeba-associated microorganisms and diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12:248-255.
30. De Toni A., Touron-Bodilis A., Wallet F. Effet du changement climatique sur les micro-organismes aquatiques pathogènes: quelques exemples. Environ Risques Sante 2009, 8:311-321.
31. Weissenberger C.A., Sahr T., Sismeiro O., Hacker J., Heuner K., Buchrieser C. Control of flagellar gene regulation in Legionella pneumophila and its relation to growth phase. J Bacteriol 2010, 192:446-455.
32. Ben Salah I., Drancourt M. Surviving within the amoebal exocyst: the Mycobacterium avium complex paradigm. BMC Microbiol 2010, 10:99.
33. Fritsche T.R., Horn M., Wagner M., Herwig R.P., Schleifer K.H., Gaumon R.K. Phylogenetic diversity among geographically dispersed chlamydiales endosymbionts recovered from clinical and environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66:2613-2619.
34. Suzan-Monti M., La Scola B., Barrassi L., Espinosa L., Raoult D. Ultrastructural characterization of the Giant Volcano-like Virus factory of Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus. PLoS ONE 2007, 2(3):e328.
35. Lorenzo-Morales J., Coronado-álvarez N., Martínez-Carretero E., Maciver S.K., Valladares B. Detection of four adenovirus serotypes within water-isolated strains of Acanthamoeba in the Canary Islands, Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007, 77(4):753-756.
36. Marciano-Cabral F., Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003, 16:273-307.
37. Schuster F.L. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002, 15:342-354.
38. Chappell C.L., Wright J.A., Coletta M., Newsome A.L. Standardized method of measuring Acanthamoeba in sera from healthy human subjects. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001, 8:724-730.
39. Barete S., Combes A., DeJonckeere J.F., Darty A., Varnous S., Martinez V., et al. Fatal dissemibated Acanthamoeba lenticulata infection in a heart transplant patient. Emerg Infect Dis 2007, 13(5):736-738.
40. Martinez A.J. Free-living Amoebae: natural history, prevention, diagnostic, pathology and treatment of disease, Boca Raton 1985, CRC Press, Florida, USA, 156 p.
41. Martinez A.J. Infection of the central nervous system due to Acanthamoeba. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13:S399-S402.
42. Khan N.A. Acanthamoeba and the blood-brain barrier: the breakthrough. J Med Microbiol 2008, 57:1051-1057.
43. Seijo Martinez M.S., Gonzales-Mediero G., Santiago P., Rodríguez de Lope A., Diz J., Conde C., et al. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: isolation of Acanthamoeba sp. Group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:3892-3895.
44. Petry F., Torzewski M., Bohl J., Wilhelm-Schwenkmezger T., Scheid P., Walochnik J., et al. Early diagnosis of Acanthamoeba infection during routine cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1903-1904.
45. + individual by PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 57(3):289-294.
46. Schuster F.L., Visvesvara G.S. Opportunistic amoebae: challenges in prophylaxis and treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2004, 7:41-51.
47. Aichelburg A.C., Walochnik J., Assadian O., Prosch H., Steuer A., Perneczky G., et al. Successful treatement of disseminated Acanthamoeba sp. infection with miltefosine. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14:1743-1746.
48. Gonzalez M.M., Gould E., Dickinson G., Martinez A.J., Visvesvara G.S., Cleary T.J., et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with Acanthamoeba infection and other opportunistic organisms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986, 110:749-751.
49. Torno M.S., Babapour R., Gurevitch A., Witt M.D. Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis in AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000, 42:351-354.
50. Seal D.V. Acanthamoeba keratitis up-date incidence, molecular epidemiology and new drugs for treatement. Eye 2003, 17(8):893-905.
51. Bourcier T., Zamphir O., Chaumeil C. Kératites ammibiennes. EMC Ophtalmologie 2007, [21-200-d-25].
52. Garate M., Marchand J., Cubillos I., Cao Z., Khan N.A., Panjwani N. Pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba is associated with the expression of the mannose-binding protein. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:1056-1062.
53. Illingworth C.D., Cook S.D., Karabatsas C.H., Easty D.L. Acanthamoeba keratitis: risk factors and outcome. Br J Ophthalmol 1995, 9(12):1078-1082.
54. Khan N.A., Tareen N.K. Genotypic, phenotypic, biochemical, physiological and pathogenicity-based categorization of Acanthamoeba strains. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2003, 50:97-104.
55. Prasher P., Sachdeva P., Ravinder N.B., Sachin W. Acanthamoeba keratitis: a review. NZOS 2004, 14(1):1-7.
56. Mannis M.J., Tamaru R., Roth A.M., Burns M., Thirkill C. Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis: determining diagnostic criteria. Arch Ophthalmol 1986, 104:1313-1317.
57. Illingworth C.D., Cook S.D. Acanthamoeba keratitis. Surv Ophthalmol 1998, 42(6):493-508.
58. Ugonabo J.A.C., Gugnani H.C. Nasal carriage of Naegleria fowleri and its environmental occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria. J Commun Dis 1989, 21:111-113.
59. John D.T., John R.A. Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in mammalian cells cultures. Parasitol Res 1989, 76:20-25.
60. Gupta N., Bhaskar H., Duggal S., Ghalaut P.S., Kundra S., Arora D.R. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: first reported case from Rohtak, North India. Braz J Infect Dis 2009, 13(3):236-237.
61. Nicolas M., De Jonckheere J.F., Pernin P., Bataille H., Le Bris V., Herrmann-Storck C. Molecular diagnosis of a fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2010, 103(1):14-18.
62. Rojas-Hernández S., Rodríguez-Monroy M.A., López-Revilla R., Reséndiz-Albor A.A., Moreno-Fierros L. Intranasal coadministration of the Cry1Ac protoxin with amoebal lysates increases protection against Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis. Infect Immun 2004, 72(Suppl. 8):4368-4375.
63. Duma R.J., Rosenblum W.I., McGehee R.F., Jones M.M., Nelson E.C. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria: two new cases, response to amphotericin B, and a review. Ann Intern Med 1971, 74:923-931.
64. Matin A., Siddiqui R., Jayasekera S., Khan N.A. Increasing importance of Balamuthia mandrillaris. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008, 21(3):435-448.
65. Dunnebacke T.H., Schuster F.L., Yagi S., Booton G.C. Balamuthia mandrillaris from soil samples. Microbiology 2004, 150:2837-2842.
66. Balamuthia mandrillaris-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamuthia_mandrillaris.
67. Free Living Amebic infections. Images library, page 5. Available from: URL: http://dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/ImageLibrary/AF/FreeLivingAmebic/body_FreeLivingAmebic_il5.htm.
68. Shadrach W.S., Rydzewski K., Laube U., Holland G., Ozel M., Kiderlen A.F., et al. Balamuthia mandriallaris, free-living amoebae and opportunistic agent of encephalitis, is a potential host for Legionella pneumophila bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005, 71:2244-2249.
69. Michel R., Muller K.D., Zoller R., Walochnik J., Hartmann M., Schmid E.N. Free-living amoebae serve as a host for the Chlamydia-like bacterium Simkania negevensis. Acta Protozool 2005, 44:113-121.
70. Bakardjiev A., Azimi P.H., Ashouri N., Ascher D.P., Janner D., Shuster F.L., et al. Amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: report of four cases. Pediatr Infect Dis 2003, 447-452.
71. Jayasekera S., Matin A., Sissons J., Magshood A.H., Khan N.A. Balamuthia mandrillaris stimulates interleukin-6 release in primary human brain microvascular cells via a phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. Microbes Infect 2005, 7:1345-1351.
72. Matin A., Stins S., Kim K.S., Khan N.A. Balamuthia mandrillaris exhibits metalloproteinase activity. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006, 47:83-91.
73. Yaji S., Botoon G.C., Visvesvara G.S., Schuster F. Detection of Balamuthia mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene DNA clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:3192-3317.
74. Deetz T.R., Sawyer M.H., Billman G., Schuster F.L., Visvesvara G.S. Successful treatment of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: presentation of two cases. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1304-1312.
75. Jung S., Schelper R.L., Visvesvara G.S., Chang H.T. Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient: an unusual clinical course and a favourable outcome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003, 128:466-468.
76. Walochnik J., Wylezich C., Michel R. The genus Sappinia: History, phylogeny and medical relevance. Exp Parasitol 2010, 126:4-13.
77. Gelman B.B., Popov V., Chaljub G., Nader R., Rauf S.J., Nauta H.W., et al. Neuropathological and ultrastructural features of amoebic encephalitis caused by Sappinia diploidea. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003, 62:990-998.
78. Qvarnstrom Y., Da Silva A.J., Schuster F.L., Gelman B.B., Visvesvara G.S. Molecular confirmation of Sappinia pedata as a causative agent of amoebic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2009, 199:1139-1142.
79. Wylezich C., Walochnik J., Michel R. High genetic diversity of Sappinia-like strains (Amoebozoa Thecamoebidae) revealed by SSU rRNA investigations. Parasitol Res 2009, 105:869-873.