A question of morality? The influence of moral salience and nationality on media preferences

Communications

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 345-369

  Bowman, Nicholas David ^a   Jöckel, Sven ^b   Dogruel, Leyla ^c  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERFURT   (Germany)

^c FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Culture; Media preference; Model of Intuitive Morality and Exemplars (MIME); Moral Foundations Theory (MFT); Morality; Morality subculture; Partial mediation; SOBEL

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870345641     PISSN: 03412059     EISSN: 16134087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/commun-2012-0020     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Altheide, D. L. (2004). Consuming terrorism. Symbolic Interaction, 27, 289-308.
2. Armstrong, G., & Giulianotti, R. (2004). Fear and loathing in world football. New York: Oxford.
3. Banerjee, S. C., Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Bagdasarov, Z., & Ruginyte, D. (2008). The role of gender and sensation-seeking in film choice. Journal of Media Psychology, 20(8), 97-105.
4. BBC (2005, March 13). GDR athletes sue over steroid damage. BBC News. Retrieved April 24, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4341045.stm.
5. Bilandzic, H. (2011). The complicated relationship between media and morality. A response to Ron Tamborini's model of "Moral Intuition and Media Entertainment" from a narrative perspective. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(1), 45-51.
6. Billings, A. C. (2008). Olympic media: Inside the biggest show on television. London: Routledge.
7. Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137-163). Newbury Park: Sage.
8. Bowman, N. D. (2011, October 27). Major League Brouhaha: Boosting ratings with bad blood? In Media Res. Retrieved April 24, 2012 from http://mediacommons.futureofthebook.org/imr/.
9. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflective glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375.
10. De Bens, E., & De Smaele, H. (2001). The inflow of American television fiction on European broadcasting channels revisited. European Journal of Communication, 16(1), 51-76.
11. Eden, A. (2009). Moral modules as indicators of moral subcultures used in disposition formation. Unpublished manuscript. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
12. Eden, A., Oliver, M. B., Tamborini, R., Woolley, J., & Limperos, M. A. (2009). Perceptions of moral violations among media characters. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
13. Elasmar, M. G. (2003). An alternative paradigm for conceptualizing and labeling the process of influence of imported television programs. In M. G. Elasmar (Ed.), The impact of international television: A paradigm shift (pp. 158-179). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
14. Federman, J. (1998). Media rating systems. A comparative review. In M. E. Price (Ed.), The V-chip debate. Content filtering from television to the internet (pp. 99-132). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Fox, J. R., Koloen, G., & Sahin, V. (2007). No joke: A comparison of substance in The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and Broadcast Network Television Coverage of the 2004 Presidential Election Campaign. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51(2), 213-227.
16. Gabler, S. (2004). Gewichtungsprobleme in der Datenanalyse [Problems of weighting in data analysis]. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 44, 128-147.
17. Gans, H. J. (1957). The creator-audience relationship in mass media. In B. Rosenberg & D. M. White (Eds.), Mass Culture (pp. 315-324). New York, NY: Free Press.
18. Gans, H. J. (1974). Popular culture and high culture: An analysis of evaluation and taste. New York, NY: Basic.
19. Ger, G., & Belk, R. W. (1996). Cross-cultural differences in materialism. Journal of Economic Psychology, 17(1), 55-77.
20. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
21. Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029-1046.
22. Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Rimm-Kaufman, S. E. (2008). Ideology and intuition in moral education. European Journal of Developmental Science, 2(3), 269-286.
23. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834.
24. Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20, 98-116.
25. Haidt, J., Graham, J., & Hersh, M. A. (2006). The Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Retrieved May 10, 2010 from http://faculty.virginia.edu/haidtlab/ mf.html.
26. Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133(4), 55-66.
27. Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Hartmann, T., Toz, E., & Brandon, M. (2010). Just a game? Unjustified virtual violence produces guilt in empathic players. Media Psychology, 13(4), 339-363.
29. Hartmann, T., & Vorderer, P. (2010). It's okay to shoot a character. Moral disengagement in violent video games. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 94-119.
30. Hilt, M. L. (1992). Television news and elderly persons. Psychological Reports, 71, 123-126.
31. Hoffner, C. et al. (1999). Support for censorship of television violence: The role of the third-person effect and news exposure. Communication Research, 26, 726-742.
32. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33. Hoskins, C., McFadyen, S., & Finn, A. (1997). Global television and film. An introduction to the economics of the business. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
34. Hunter, J. D. (1991). Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books.
35. Iyengar, S., Curran, J., Lund, A. B., Salovaara-Moring, I., Hahn, K. S., & Coen, S. (2010). Cross-national versus individual-level differences in political information: A media systems perspective. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20(3), 291-309.
36. Jewell, R. T. (2012). Violence and aggression in sporting contests. Chicago: Springer.
37. Jöckel, S., Dogruel, L., & Bowman, Nicholas D. (2012). Moralische Fundierung und unterhaltsame Mediennutzung - Die Übertragung einer US-amerikanischen Moralitatsskala nach Deutschland [Moral foundation and entertaining use of media - The transfer of a US morality scale to Germany]. In B. Stark, M. Magin, M. Mauer, & O. Jandura (Eds.), Methodische Herausforderungen komparativer Forschungsansätze. Methoden und Forschungslogik der Kommunikationswissenschaft (pp. 320-343), Köln: Herbert von Halem Verlag.
38. Johnston, D. D. (1995). Adolescents' motivations for viewing graphic horror. Human Communication Research, 21(4), 522-552.
39. Katz, J. (2008, January 23). Should we accept steroid use in sports? National (US) Public Radio. Retrieved April 24, 2012 from http://www.npr.org/ templates/story/story.php?storyId=18299098.
40. Kepplinger, H. M., Donsbach, W., Brosius, H., & Staab, J. F. (1989). Media tone and public opinon: A longitudinal study of media coverage and public opinion on Chancellor Kohl. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1, 326-342.
41. King, C. M. (2003). Humor and mirth. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewolldsen, & J. R. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 349-378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
42. Klapper, J. T. (1960). The effects of mass communication. New York, NY: Free Press.
43. Kotler, S. (2008, February 27). The sanctity of the game: Sports and culture through the lens of science. Psychology Today. Retrieved April 24, 2012 from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-playing-field/200802/the-sanctity- the-game.
44. Leone, R., & Barowski, L. (2011). MPAA rating creeps. A longitudinal analysis of the PG-13 rating category in US movies. Journal of Children and Media, 5(1), 53-68.
45. Mastro, D., Enriquez, M., Bowman, N. D., Prabhu, S., & Tamborini, R. (in press). Morality subcultures and media production: How Hollywood minds the morals of its audience. In R. Tamborini (Ed.), Media and the moral mind. London: Routledge.
46. McQuail, D., Blumler, J. G., & Brown, J. (1972). The television audience: A revised perspective. In D. McQuail (Ed.), Sociology of mass communication (pp. 135-165). Middlesex, England: Penguin.
47. Oliver, M. B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Differentiating hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 64, 984-1004.
48. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
49. Raney, A. A. (2003). Enjoyment of sports spectatorship. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewolldsen, & J. R. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of DolfZillmann (pp. 397-416). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
50. Raney, A. A. (2004). Expanding disposition theory: Reconsidering character liking, moral evaluations, and enjoyment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 348-369.
51. Raney, A. A. (2011). The role of morality in emotional reactions to and enjoyment of media entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(1), 18-23.
52. Rubin, A. M, & Rubin, R. B. (1982). Older persons' TV viewing patterns and motivations. Communication Research, 9(2), 287-313.
53. Schlütz, D. (2012). Der Prozess grenzüberschreitender Medienwirkungen: Das Susceptibility to Imported Media (SIM)-Modell am Beispiel US-amerikanischer Fernsehserien [The process of cross-border media effects. The Susceptibility to Imported Media (SIM) model for US TV series]. Medien und Kommunikation, 60(2), 1-20.
54. Raney, A. A., & Bryant, J. (2002). Moral judgment in crime drama: An integrated theory of enjoyment. Journal of Communication, 52, 402-415.
55. Schlütz, D. M., Schneider, B., & Stipp, H. (2011). Cultural proximity from an audience point of view. Why German students prefer U.S.-American TV series. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Boston, MA.
56. Schlütz, D., Stock, Y., Walkenbach, J., & Zehrfeld, M. (2012). Mein Freund, der Serienkiller: Fan-Beziehungen zum Hauptcharakter der TV-Serie Dexter [My friend, the serial killer. Fan relationships with the protagonist of the TV series Dexter]. In S. Eichner, L. Mikos, & R. Winter (Eds.), Transnational Serienkultur: Theorie, Ästhetik, Narration und Rezeption neuer Fernsehserien. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften.
57. Shweder, R. A. (1993). The cultural psychology of the emotions. In M. Lewis, & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 417-431). New York, NY: Guilford.
58. Straubhaar, J. D. (1991). Beyond media imperialism: Assymetrical interdependence and cultural proximity. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8(1), 39-59.
59. Tamborini, R. (2003). Enjoyment and social function of horror. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewolldsen, & J. R. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 417-444). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
60. Tamborini, R. (2011). Moral intuition and media entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(1), 39-45.
61. Tamborini, R., Eden, A., Bowman, N. D., Grizzard, M., & Lachlan, K. (2012). The influence of morality subcultures on the acceptance and appeal of violence. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 136-157.
62. Tamborini, R., Weber, R., Eden, A., Bowman, N. D., & Grizzard, M. (2010). Repeated exposure to daytime soap opera and shifts in moral judgment toward social convention. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 54(4), 621-640.
63. Trepte, S. (2004). Soziale Identitat und Medienwahl. Eine bi-nationale Studie zum Einfluss von Gender-Identitat und nationaler Identitat auf die Selektion unterhaltender Medieninhalte [Social identity and media choice. A bi-national study on the influence of gender-identity and national identity on the selection of entertaining media contents]. Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 52(2), 230-249.
64. Turiel, E. (2006). Thought, emotion, and social interactional processes in moral development. In M. Killen & J. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 7-36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. Wainryb, C. (2006). Moral development in culture: Diversity, tolerance, and justice. In M. Killen, & J. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 211-240). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
66. Weaver, J. B., Brosius, H. B., & Mundorf, N. (1993). Personality and movie preferences: A comparison of American and German audiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 307-315.
67. Wegener, B. (1992). 'Gerechtigkeitsforschung und Legitimationsnormen' [Justice research and standards of legitimacy]. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 21(4), 269-283.
68. Wegener, B., & Liebig, S. (1995). Dominant ideologies and the variation of distributive justice norms: A comparison of East and West Germany, and the United States. In J. R. Kluegel, D. S. Mason, & B. Wegener (Eds.), Social justice and political change: Public opinion in capitalist and post-communist states (pp. 239-284). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
69. World Values Survey. (2009). Retrieved October 15, 2010 from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/.
70. Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, W. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), Suspense: conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 199-231). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
71. Zillmann, D. (2000). Basal morality in drama appreciation. In I. Bondebjerg (Ed.), Moving images, culture and the mind (pp. 53-63). Luton: University of Luton Press.
72. Zillmann, D., Bryant, J., & Sapolsky, N. (1989). Enjoyment from Sports Spectatorship. In J. Goldstein (Ed.), Sport, Games and Play (pp. 241-278). Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Earlbaum.
73. Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1972). Directionality of transitory dominance as a communication variable affecting humor appreciation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(2), 191-198.
74. Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1976). A disposition theory of humor and mirth. In A. J.
75. Zillmann, D., & Paulus, D. B. (1993). Spectators: Reactions to sports events and effects on athletic performance. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 600-610). Toronto: Macmillan.