Leptospirosis and weil's disease in the UK

QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

Volumn 105, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1151-1162

  Forbes, A E ^a   Zochowski, W J ^b   Dubrey, S W ^a   Sivaprakasam, V ^b  

^a HILLINGDON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b HEREFORD COUNTY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; DOXYCYCLINE; MACROLIDE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PREDNISOLONE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HERXHEIMER REACTION; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LEPTOSPIROSIS; MORTALITY; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECREATION; REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84870340062     PISSN: 14602725     EISSN: 14602393     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcs145     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, et al. Peru-United States Leptospirosis Consortium. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3:757-71.
2. Babudieri B. Animal reservoirs of leptospirosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1958; 70:393-413.
3. McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18:376-86.
4. World Health Organisation. Regional office for South-East Asia. Leptospirosis fact sheet. [http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/CDS_leptospirosis-Fact_Sheet.pdf] (17 July 2012, date last accessed).
5. Stuart RD. Weil's disease in Glasgow sewer workers. BMJ 1939; 1:324-6.
6. Boland M, Sayers G, Coleman T, Bergin C, Sheehan N, Creamer E, et al. A cluster of leptospirosis cases in canoeists following a competition on the river Liffey. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:195-200.
7. Nardone A, Capek I, Baranton G, Campese C, Postic D, Vaillant V, et al. Risk factors for leptospirosis in metropolitan France: results of a national case-control study, 1999-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:751-3.
8. Philipp R, Waitkins S, Caul O, Roome A, McMahon S, Enticott R. Leptospiral and hepatitis A antibodies amongst windsurfers and waterskiers in Bristol city docks. Public Health 1989; 103:123-9.
9. Philipp R, King C, Hughes A. Understanding of Weil's's disease among canoeists. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26:223-6.
10. Farr RW. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1-8.
11. Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Maffei C, Di Stanislao F, Strusi P, Calegari L, et al. A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126:535-45.
12. Gaudie CM, Featherstone CA, Phillips WS, McNaught R, Rhodes PM, Errington J, et al. Human Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae infection (Weil's disease) acquired from pet rats. Vet Rec 2008; 163:599-601.
13. Strugnell BW, Featherstone C, Gent M, Lister P, Evans G, Okereke E, et al. Weil's disease associated with the adoption of a feral rat. Vet Rec 2009; 164:186.
14. Faine S. Guidelines for the control of leptospirosis. WHO offset publication No. 67, WHO, Geneva, 1982. ISBN 924170067X.
15. Johnson DW. The Australian leptospiroses. Med J Aust 1950; 2:724-31.
16. Ganoza CA, Matthias MA, Saito M, Cespedes M, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM. Asymptomatic renal colonization of humans in the Peruvian amazon by Leptospira. PLoS Neg Trop Dis 2010; 4:e612.
17. Spinu I, Topciu V, Trinhthihang Q, Vovan H, Nguyensy Q, Chuxuan L, et al. L'homme comme reservoir de virus dans une épidémie de leptospirose survenue dans la jungle [Man as a viral reservoir in an epidemic of leptospirosis occurring in the jungle]. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1963; 22:1081-100.
18. Kiktenko VS, Balashov NG, Rodina VN. Leptospirosis infection through insemination of animals. J Hyg Epid Micro Immunol 1976; 21:207-13.
19. Harrison NA, Fitzgerald WR. Leptospirosis - can it be a sexually transmitted disease? Postgrad Med J 1988; 64:163-4.
20. Bolin CA, Koellner P. Human-to-human transmission of leptospira interrogans by milk. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:246-7.
21. Waitkins SA. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. Lab Technol 1983; 17:178-84.
22. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:296-326.
23. Fraga TR. Leptospirosis: aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the complement system. Scand J Imm 2011; 73:408-19.
24. Johnston V, Stockley JM, Dockrell D, Warrell D, Bailey R, Pasvol G, et al. Fever in returned travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: recommendations for investigation and initial management. J Infect 2009; 59:1-18.
25. Antoniadis A, Alexiou-Daniel S, Fidani L, Bautz EF. Comparison of the clinical and serologic diagnosis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and leptospirosis. Eur J Epidemiol 1995; 11:91-2.
26. Johnston JH, Lloyd J, McDonald J, Waitkins S. Leptospirosis and occupational disease of soldiers. J R Army Med Corps 1983; 129:111-14.
27. Supramaniam V. Leptospirosis in the Malaysian army. Malaysian J Pathol 1979; 2:11-14.
28. Berman SJ, Tsai CC, Holmes K, Fresh JW, Watten RH. Sporadic anicteric leptospirosis in South Vietnam. A study in 150 patients. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79:167-73.
29. Stokes A, Ryle JA, Tyler WH. Weil's disease (Spirochaetosis icterohemorrhagica) in the British army in Flanders. Lancet 1917; 1:142-55.
30. Bulmer E. Weil's disease in Normandy. Its treatment with penicillin. BMJ 1945; 1:113-14.
31. Robertson MH, Clarke IR, Coghlan JD, Gill ON. Leptospirosis in trout farmers. Lancet 1981; 2:626-7.
32. Gill N, Waitkins SA, Calder IM. Further update on leptospirosis: continuing risk in Esh farmers. BMJ 1985; 290:1988.
33. Hart RJC, Gallagher J, Waitkins S. An outbreak of leptospirosis in cattle and man. BMJ 1984; 288:1983-4.
34. Ellis WA, Michna SW. Bovine leptospirosis: infection by the Hebdomadis serogroup and abortion-a herd study. Vet Rec 1976; 99:409-12.
35. Ellis WA, O'Brien JJ, Pearson JK, Collins DS. Bovine leptospirosis: infection by the Hebdomadis serogroup and mastitis. Vet Rec 1976; 99:368-70.
36. Health Protection Agency (2). [http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Leptospirosis/ EpidemiologicalData/lepto010EpiData2009/] (17 July 2012, date last accessed).
37. Bal AM. Unusual clinical manifestations of leptospirosis. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51:179-83.
38. Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV, Middleton CR, Sasaki DM. Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 353 cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998. Clin Inf Dis 2001; 33:1834-41.
39. Bharadwaj R, Bal AM, Joshi SA, Kagal A, Pol SS, Garad G, et al. An urban outbreak of leptospirosis in Mumbai, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2002; 55:194-6.
40. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds, Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th edn edn. Philadelphia, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005:2789-95.
41. Jaureguiberry S, Roussel M, Brinchault-Rabin G, Gacouin A, Le Meur A, Arvieux C, et al. Clinical presentation of leptospirosis: a retrospective study of 34 patients admitted to a single institution in metropolitan France. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:391-4.
42. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:296-326.
43. Griffith ME, Hospenthal DR, Murray CK. Antimicrobial therapy of leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006; 19:533-7.
44. Marotto PCF, Nascimento CM, Eluf-Neto J, Marotto MS, Andrade L, Sztajnbok J, et al. Acute lung injury in leptospirosis: clinical and laboratory features, outcome, and factors associated with mortality. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1561-3.
45. Chawla V, Trivedi TH, Yeolekar ME. Epidemic of leptospirosis: an ICU experience. J Assoc Physicians India 2004; 52:619-22.
46. Heath CH Jr, Alexander AD, Galton MM. Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949-1961. New Engl J Med 1965; 273:915-22.
47. Bourrier P, Chennbault JM, Archard J, Barrier J, Becq-Giraudon B, Niyongabo T, et al. Leptospiroses: analyse retrospective de 99 cas observé en 10 ans dans le centre-ouest de la France. Méd Mal Infect 1988; 1:4-8.
48. Trevejo RT, Rigau-Perez JG, Ashford DA, McClure EM, Jarquin-Gonzalez C, Amador JJ, et al. Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage - Nicaragua, 1995. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1457-63.
49. Salkade HP, Divate S, Deshpande JR, Kawishwar V, Chaturvedi R, Kandalkar BM, et al. A study of autopsy findings in 62 cases of leptospirosis in a metropolitan city in India. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51:169-73.
50. Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon M, Calubaquib C. Skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement in severe, late leptospirosis. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:266-9.
51. Chakurkar G, Vaideeswar P, Pandit SP, Divate SA. Cardiovascular lesions in leptospirosis: an autopsy study. J Infect 2008; 56:197-203.
52. Parsons M. Electrocardiographic changes in leptospirosis. BMJ 1965; 2:201-3.
53. Rajiv C, Manjuran RJ, Sudhayakumar N, Haneef M. Cardiovascular involvement in leptospirosis. Indian Heart J 1996; 48:691-4.
54. De Brito T, Morais CF, Yasuda PH, Lancellotti CP, Hoshino-Shimizu S, Yamashiro E, et al. Cardiovascular involvement in human and experimental leptospirosis: pathologic findings and immunohistochemical detection of leptospiral antigen. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1987; 81:207-14.
55. Leptospirosis - NHS Choices. [http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ Leptospirosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx]. Accessed 4 May 2012.
56. Shaked Y, Shpilberg O, Samra D, Samra Y. Leptospirosis in pregnancy and its effect on the fetus: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:241-3.
57. Carles G, Montoya E, Jol F, Peneau C. Leptospirosis and pregnancy. Eleven cases in French Guyana. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 1995; 24:418-21.
58. Zochowski WJ, Palmer MF, Coleman TJ. An evaluation of three commercial kits for use as screening methods for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in the UK. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54:25-30.
59. Health Protection Agency (2). [http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Leptospirosis/ GeneralInformation/lepto005GeneralInformation/]. Accessed 3 May 2012.
60. Health and Safety Executive Info sheet for Leptospirosis 2012. [http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/aise2.pdf]. Accessed 3 May 2012.
61. National Travel Health Network and Centre info sheet 2007. [http://www.nathnac.org/travel/factsheets/leptospirosis.htm]. Accessed 3 May 2012.
62. Takafuji ET, Kirkpatrick JW, Miller RN, Karwacki JJ, Kelley PW, Gray MR, et al. An efficacy trial of doxycyclin chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:497-500.
63. Sejvar J, Bancroft E, Winthrop K, Bettinger J, Bajani M, Bragg S, et al. Leptospirosis in "Eco-Challenge"athletes, Malaysian Borneo 2000. Emerg Inf Dis 2003; 9:702-7.
64. Haake DA, Dundoo M, Cader R, Kubak BM, Hartskeerl RA, Sejvar JJ, et al. Leptospirosis, water sports, and chemoprophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:e40-3.
65. Ido Y, Hoki R, Ito H, Wani H. The prophylaxis of Weil's disease (Spirochaetosis Icterohaemorrhagica). J Exp Med 1916; 24:471-83.
66. Koizumi N, Watanabe H. Leptospirosis vaccines: past, present, and future. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51:210-4.
67. World Health Organization. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Geneva, World Health Organization/International Leptospirosis Society, 2003. [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_CDS_CSR_ EPH_2002.23.pdf] (17 July 2012, date last accessed).
68. Ko A, Goarant C, Picardeau M. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Micro 2009; 7:736-47.
69. Guidugli F, Castro AA, Atallah AN. Systematic reviews on leptospirosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2000; 42:47-9.
70. Vinetz JM. A mountain out of a molehill: do we treat acute leptospirosis and if so with what? Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1514-5.
71. Brett-Major DM, Coldren R. Antibiotics for leptospirosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2:CD008264.
72. Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon ML, Calubaquib C, Santiago E, Ranoa CP, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis. Lancet 1988; 1:433-5.
73. Panaphut T, Domrongkitchaiporn S, Vibhagool A, Thinkamrop B, Susaengrat W. Ceftriaxone compared with sodium penicillin G for the treatment of severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1507-13.
74. Suputtamongkol Y, Niwattayakul K, Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Limpaiboon R, Chierakul W, et al. An open randomised controlled trial of penicillin, doxycyclin, and cefotaxime for patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1417-24.
75. Kolwijck E, Dofferhoff ASM, van de Leur J, Meis JF. Leptospirosis in a Dutch catfish farm. Netherland J Med 2011; 69:201-4.
76. Niwattayakul K, Kaewtasi S, Chueasuwanchai S, Hoontrakul S, Chareonwat S, Suttinont C, et al. An open randomized controlled trial of desmopressin and pulse dexamethasone as adjunct therapy in patients with pulmonary involvement associated with severe leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:1207-12.
77. Trivedi SV, Chavda RK, Wadia PZ, Sheth V, Bhaqade PN, Trivedi SP, et al. The role of glucocorticoid pulse therapy in pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis. J Assoc Physicians India 2001; 49:901-3.
78. Shenoy VV, Nagar VS, Chowdhury AA, Bhalgat PS, Juvale NI. Pulmonary leptospirosis: an excellent response to bolus methylprednisolone. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82:602-6.
79. Kularatne SA, Budagoda BD, de Alwis VK, Wickramasinghe WM, Bandara JM, Pathirage LP, et al. High efficacy of bolus methylprednisolone in severe leptospirosis: a descriptive study in Sri Lanka. Postgrad Med J 2011; 87:13-7.