Fever in returned travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: Recommendations for investigation and initial management

Journal of Infection

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-18

  Johnston, Victoria ^a   Stockley, Jane M ^b   Dockrell, David ^c   Warrell, David ^d   Bailey, Robin ^a   Pasvol, Geoffrey ^e   Klein, John ^f   Ustianowski, Andrew ^g   Jones, Michael ^h   Beeching, Nicholas J ⁱ   Brown, Michael ^a   Chapman, Ann L N ^c   Sanderson, Frances ^j   Whitty, Christopher J M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR TROPICAL DISEASES   (United Kingdom)

^b WORCESTERSHIRE ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^g NORTH MANCHESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^j CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Developing Countries; Fever diagnosis *etiology; Guidelines; Morbidity; Travel; Traveller; Tropical Medicine

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; CEFIXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; DILOXANIDE FUROATE; DOXYCYCLINE; GENTAMICIN; METRONIDAZOLE; PAROMOMYCIN; PENICILLIN G; PRAZIQUANTEL; PREDNISOLONE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TINIDAZOLE;

AMEBIASIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BLOOD CULTURE; BRUCELLOSIS; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; DENGUE; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EARLY INTERVENTION; ENCEPHALITIS; EPIDEMIC; FEVER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCUBATION TIME; INFECTION CONTROL; LEPTOSPIROSIS; LIVER AMEBIASIS; MALARIA; MANDATORY REPORTING; MENINGITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTION; RICKETTSIOSIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SEROCONVERSION; TICK BITE; TRAVEL; TRAVELLER DIARRHEA; TROPICAL DISEASE; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; TYPHOID FEVER; UNITED KINGDOM; VIRUS HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; VIRUS HEPATITIS; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS; YELLOW FEVER;

ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS; BRUCELLOSIS; FEVER; GEOGRAPHY; GREAT BRITAIN; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFECTION; LEPTOSPIROSIS; LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC; MALARIA; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; TRAVEL; TYPHOID FEVER;

EID: 67650075308     PISSN: 01634453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. The Office for National Statistics UK. Travel trends 2006: data and commentary from the international passenger survey. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_transport/TravelTrends2006. pdf
2. Steffen R., deBernardis C., and Banos A. Travel epidemiology - a global perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21 2 (2003 Feb) 89-95
3. Rack J., Wichmann O., Kamara B., Gunther M., Cramer J., Schonfeld C., et al. Risk and spectrum of diseases in travelers to popular tourist destinations. J Travel Med 12 5 (2005 Sep-Oct) 248-253
4. Hill D.R. Health problems in a large cohort of Americans traveling to developing countries. J Travel Med 7 5 (2000 Sep-Oct) 259-266
5. Freedman D.O., Weld L.H., Kozarsky P.E., Fisk T., Robins R., von Sonnenburg F., et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354 2 (2006 Jan 12) 119-130
6. Wilson M.E., Weld L.H., Boggild A., Keystone J.S., Kain K.C., von Sonnenburg F., et al. Fever in returned travelers: results from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Clin Infect Dis 44 12 (2007 Jun 15) 1560-1568
7. Bottieau E., Clerinx J., Schrooten W., Van den Enden E., Wouters R., Van Esbroeck M., et al. Etiology and outcome of fever after a stay in the tropics. Arch Intern Med 166 15 (2006 Aug 14-28) 1642-1648
8. Sejvar J., Bancroft E., Winthrop K., Bettinger J., Bajani M., Bragg S., et al. Leptospirosis in "Eco-Challenge" athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 9 6 (2003 Jun) 702-707
9. Leder K., Tong S., Weld L., Kain K.C., Wilder-Smith A., von Sonnenburg F., et al. Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Clin Infect Dis 43 9 (2006 Nov 1) 1185-1193
10. O'Brien D.P., Leder K., Matchett E., Brown G.V., and Torresi J. Illness in returned travelers and immigrants/refugees: the 6-year experience of two Australian infectious diseases units. J Travel Med 13 3 (2006 May-Jun) 145-152
11. Ahmed Q.A., Arabi Y.M., and Memish Z.A. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet 367 9515 (2006 Mar 25) 1008-1015
12. Smith A.D., Bradley D.J., Smith V., Blaze M., Behrens R.H., Chiodini P.L., et al. Imported malaria and high risk groups: observational study using UK surveillance data 1987-2006. BMJ 337 (2008) a120
13. Schlagenhauf P., Steffen R., and Loutan L. Migrants as a major risk group for imported malaria in European countries. J Travel Med 10 2 (2003 Mar-Apr) 106-107
14. Ansart S., Perez L., Vergely O., Danis M., Bricaire F., and Caumes E. Illnesses in travelers returning from the tropics: a prospective study of 622 patients. J Travel Med 12 6 (2005 Nov-Dec) 312-318
15. Steinberg E.B., Bishop R., Haber P., Dempsey A.F., Hoekstra R.M., Nelson J.M., et al. Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention?. Clin Infect Dis 39 2 (2004 Jul 15) 186-191
16. Cobelens F.G., van Deutekom H., Draayer-Jansen I.W., Schepp-Beelen A.C., van Gerven P.J., van Kessel R.P., et al. Risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in travellers to areas of high tuberculosis endemicity. Lancet 356 9228 (2000 Aug 5) 461-465
17. Fenton K.A., Chinouya M., Davidson O., and Copas A. HIV transmission risk among sub-Saharan Africans in London travelling to their countries of origin. AIDS 15 11 (2001 Jul 27) 1442-1445
18. Mutsch M., Spicher V.M., Gut C., and Steffen R. Hepatitis A virus infections in travelers, 1988-2004. Clin Infect Dis 42 4 (2006 Feb 15) 490-497
19. Doherty J.F., Grant A.D., and Bryceson A.D. Fever as the presenting complaint of travellers returning from the tropics. QJM 88 4 (1995 Apr) 277-281
20. Harling R., Crook P., Lewthwaite P., Evans M., Schmid M.L., and Beeching N.J. Burden and cost of imported infections admitted to infectious diseases units in England and Wales in 1998 and 1999. J Infect 48 2 (2004 Feb) 139-144
21. McKendrick M. Infectious diseases and the returning traveller - experience from a regional infectious diseases unit over 20 years. J Appl Microbiol 94 Suppl. (2003) 25S-30S
22. Epstein J.E., Rao S., Williams F., Freilich D., Luke T., Sedegah M., et al. Safety and clinical outcome of experimental challenge of human volunteers with Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes: an update. J Infect Dis 196 1 (2007 Jul 1) 145-154
23. Leder K., Black J., O'Brien D., Greenwood Z., Kain K.C., Schwartz E., et al. Malaria in travelers: a review of the GeoSentinel surveillance network. Clin Infect Dis 39 8 (2004 Oct 15) 1104-1112
24. Bottieau E., Clerinx J., Van Den Enden E., Van Esbroeck M., Colebunders R., Van Gompel A., et al. Imported non-Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a five-year prospective study in a European referral center. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 1 (2006 Jul) 133-138
25. Nic Fhogartaigh C., Hughes H., Armstrong M., Herbert S., McGregor A., Ustianowski A., et al. Falciparum malaria as a cause of fever in adult travellers returning to the United Kingdom: observational study of risk by geographical area. QJM 101 8 (2008 Aug) 649-656
26. Kain K.C., Harrington M.A., Tennyson S., and Keystone J.S. Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 27 1 (1998 Jul) 142-149
27. Reyburn H., Behrens R.H., Warhurst D., and Bradley D. The effect of chemoprophylaxis on the timing of onset of falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 3 4 (1998 Apr) 281-285
28. Cox-Singh J., Davis T.M., Lee K.S., Shamsul S.S., Matusop A., Ratnam S., et al. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. Clin Infect Dis 46 2 (2008 Jan 15) 165-171
29. Crump J.A., Luby S.P., and Mintz E.D. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82 5 (2004 May) 346-353
30. Vallenas C., Hernandez H., Kay B., Black R., and Gotuzzo E. Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 4 5 (1985 Sep-Oct) 496-498
31. Bhutta Z.A. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever. BMJ 333 7558 (2006 Jul 8) 78-82
32. Hoffman S.L., Edman D.C., Punjabi N.H., Lesmana M., Cholid A., Sundah S., et al. Bone marrow aspirate culture superior to streptokinase clot culture and 8 ml 1:10 blood-to-broth ratio blood culture for diagnosis of typhoid fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 4 (1986 Jul) 836-839
33. Gilman R.H., Terminel M., Levine M.M., Hernandez-Mendoza P., and Hornick R.B. Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. Lancet 1 7918 (1975 May 31) 1211-1213
34. Cooke F.J., Day M., Wain J., Ward L.R., and Threlfall E.J. Cases of typhoid fever imported into England, Scotland and Wales (2000-2003). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 4 (2007 Apr) 398-404
35. Threlfall E.J., Day M., de Pinna E., Lewis H., and Lawrence J. Drug-resistant enteric fever in the UK. Lancet 367 9522 (2006 May 13) 1576
36. Threlfall E.J., de Pinna E., Day M., Lawrence J., and Jones J. Alternatives to ciprofloxacin use for enteric fever, United kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 14 5 (2008 May) 860-861
37. Pandit A., Arjyal A., Day J.N., Paudyal B., Dangol S., Zimmerman M.D., et al. An open randomized comparison of gatifloxacin versus cefixime for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever. PLoS ONE 2 6 (2007) e542
38. Parry C.M., Hien T.T., Dougan G., White N.J., and Farrar J.J. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347 22 (2002 Nov 28) 1770-1782
39. Hoffman S.L., Punjabi N.H., Kumala S., Moechtar M.A., Pulungsih S.P., Rivai A.R., et al. Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. N Engl J Med 310 2 (1984 Jan 12) 82-88
40. Jensenius M., Fournier P.E., Vene S., Hoel T., Hasle G., Henriksen A.Z., et al. African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-Equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36 11 (2003 Jun 1) 1411-1417
41. Fournier P.E., Roux V., Caumes E., Donzel M., and Raoult D. Outbreak of Rickettsia africae infections in participants of an adventure race in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 27 2 (1998 Aug) 316-323
42. Raoult D., Fournier P.E., Fenollar F., Jensenius M., Prioe T., de Pina J.J., et al. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 344 20 (2001 May 17) 1504-1510
43. Smoak B.L., McClain J.B., Brundage J.F., Broadhurst L., Kelly D.J., Dasch G.A., et al. An outbreak of spotted fever rickettsiosis in U.S. Army troops deployed to Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2 3 (1996 Jul-Sep) 217-221
44. Raoult D., Zuchelli P., Weiller P.J., Charrel C., San Marco J.L., Gallais H., et al. Incidence, clinical observations and risk factors in the severe form of Mediterranean spotted fever among patients admitted to hospital in Marseilles 1983-1984. J Infect 12 2 (1986 Mar) 111-116
45. de Sousa R., Nobrega S.D., Bacellar F., and Torgal J. Mediterranean spotted fever in Portugal: risk factors for fatal outcome in 105 hospitalized patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990 (2003 Jun) 285-294
46. Rovery C., Brouqui P., and Raoult D. Questions on Mediterranean spotted fever a century after its discovery. Emerg Infect Dis 14 9 (2008 Sep) 1360-1367
47. Dumler J.S., Taylor J.P., and Walker D.H. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266 10 (1991 Sep 11) 1365-1370
48. Mouffok N., Benabdellah A., Richet H., Rolain J.M., Razik F., Belamadani D., et al. Reemergence of rickettsiosis in Oran, Algeria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078 (2006 Oct) 180-184
49. Tsay R.W., and Chang F.Y. Serious complications in scrub typhus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 31 4 (1998 Dec) 240-244
50. Kumar K., Saxena V.K., Thomas T.G., and Lal S. Outbreak investigation of scrub Typhus in Himachal Pradesh (India). J Commun Dis 36 4 (2004 Dec) 277-283
51. Fournier P.E., Jensenius M., Laferl H., Vene S., and Raoult D. Kinetics of antibody responses in Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia conorii infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 2 (2002 Mar) 324-328
52. Raoult D. Antibiotic treatment of rickettsiosis, recent advances and current concepts. Eur J Epidemiol 7 3 (1991 May) 276-281
53. Gibbons R.V., and Vaughn D.W. Dengue: an escalating problem. BMJ 324 7353 (2002 Jun 29) 1563-1566
54. Outbreak and spread of chikungunya. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82 47 (2007 Nov 23) 409-415
55. Taubitz W., Cramer J.P., Kapaun A., Pfeffer M., Drosten C., Dobler G., et al. Chikungunya fever in travelers: clinical presentation and course. Clin Infect Dis 45 1 (2007 Jul 1) e1-e4
56. Jelinek T., Muhlberger N., Harms G., Corachan M., Grobusch M.P., Knobloch J., et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of imported dengue fever in Europe: sentinel surveillance data from TropNetEurop. Clin Infect Dis 35 9 (2002 Nov 1) 1047-1052
57. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. 2nd ed. (1997), World Health Organization, Geneva
58. Borgherini G., Poubeau P., Staikowsky F., Lory M., Le Moullec N., Becquart J.P., et al. Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 44 11 (2007 Jun 1) 1401-1407
59. Brighton S.W., Prozesky O.W., and de la Harpe A.L. Chikungunya virus infection. A retrospective study of 107 cases. S Afr Med J 63 9 (1983 Feb 26) 313-315
60. Borgherini G., Poubeau P., Jossaume A., Gouix A., Cotte L., Michault A., et al. Persistent arthralgia associated with chikungunya virus: a study of 88 adult patients on reunion island. Clin Infect Dis 47 4 (2008 Aug 15) 469-475
61. Doherty J.F., Moody A.H., and Wright S.G. Katayama fever: an acute manifestation of schistosomiasis. BMJ 313 7064 (1996 Oct 26) 1071-1072
62. Cooke G.S., Lalvani A., Gleeson F.V., and Conlon C.P. Acute pulmonary schistosomiasis in travelers returning from Lake Malawi, sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis 29 4 (1999 Oct) 836-839
63. Bottieau E., Clerinx J., de Vega M.R., Van den Enden E., Colebunders R., Van Esbroeck M., et al. Imported Katayama fever: clinical and biological features at presentation and during treatment. J Infect 52 5 (2006 May) 339-345
64. Katz A.R., Ansdell V.E., Effler P.V., Middleton C.R., and Sasaki D.M. Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 353 cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998. Clin Infect Dis 33 11 (2001 Dec 1) 1834-1841
65. Abgueguen P., Delbos V., Blanvillain J., Chennebault J.M., Cottin J., Fanello S., et al. Clinical aspects and prognostic factors of leptospirosis in adults. Retrospective study in France. J Infect 57 3 (2008 Sep) 171-178
66. Heath Jr. C.W., Alexander A.D., and Galton M.M. Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949, 1961. N Engl J Med 273 17 (1965 Oct 21) 915-1022
67. WHO. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control (2003), WHO
68. Farr R.W. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 21 1 (1995 Jul) 1-6 quiz 7-8
69. Guidugli F., Castro A.A., and Atallah A.N. Antibiotics for treating leptospirosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) CD001306
70. Stanley Jr. S.L. Amoebiasis. Lancet 361 9362 (2003 Mar 22) 1025-1034
71. Lee K.C., Yamazaki O., Hamba H., Sakaue Y., Kinoshita H., Hirohashi K., et al. Analysis of 69 patients with amebic liver abscess. J Gastroenterol 31 1 (1996 Feb) 40-45
72. Hoffner R.J., Kilaghbian T., Esekogwu V.I., and Henderson S.O. Common presentations of amebic liver abscess. Ann Emerg Med 34 3 (1999 Sep) 351-355
73. Weinke T., Grobusch M.P., and Guthoff W. Amebic liver abscess - rare need for percutaneous treatment modalities. Eur J Med Res 7 1 (2002 Jan 29) 25-29
74. Lodhi S., Sarwari A.R., Muzammil M., Salam A., and Smego R.A. Features distinguishing amoebic from pyogenic liver abscess: a review of 577 adult cases. Trop Med Int Health 9 6 (2004 Jun) 718-723
75. Kraoul L., Adjmi H., Lavarde V., Pays J.F., Tourte-Schaefer C., and Hennequin C. Evaluation of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of hepatic amoebiasis. J Clin Microbiol 35 6 (1997 Jun) 1530-1532
76. Van Allan R.J., Katz M.D., Johnson M.B., Laine L.A., Liu Y., and Ralls P.W. Uncomplicated amebic liver abscess: prospective evaluation of percutaneous therapeutic aspiration. Radiology 183 3 (1992 Jun) 827-830
77. Blessmann J., Binh H.D., Hung D.M., Tannich E., and Burchard G. Treatment of amoebic liver abscess with metronidazole alone or in combination with ultrasound-guided needle aspiration: a comparative, prospective and randomized study. Trop Med Int Health 8 11 (2003 Nov) 1030-1034
78. Khan R., Hamid S., Abid S., Jafri W., Abbas Z., Islam M., et al. Predictive factors for early aspiration in liver abscess. World J Gastroenterol 14 13 (2008 Apr 7) 2089-2093
79. Pappas G., Papadimitriou P., Akritidis N., Christou L., and Tsianos E.V. The new global map of human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis 6 2 (2006 Feb) 91-99
80. Pappas G., Akritidis N., Bosilkovski M., and Tsianos E. Brucellosis. N Engl J Med 352 22 (2005 Jun 2) 2325-2336
81. Colmenero J.D., Reguera J.M., Martos F., Sanchez-De-Mora D., Delgado M., Causse M., et al. Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 75 4 (1996 Jul) 195-211
82. Bosilkovski M., Krteva L., Caparoska S., and Dimzova M. Osteoarticular involvement in brucellosis: study of 196 cases in the Republic of Macedonia. Croat Med J 45 6 (2004 Dec) 727-733
83. Memish Z., Mah M.W., Al Mahmoud S., Al Shaalan M., and Khan M.Y. Brucella bacteraemia: clinical and laboratory observations in 160 patients. J Infect 40 1 (2000 Jan) 59-63
84. Casanova A, Ariza J, Rubio M, Masuet C, Diaz R. Brucellacapt vs. classical tests in the serological diagnosis and management of human brucellosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009 Apr 15.
85. Fournier P.E., Marrie T.J., and Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol 36 7 (1998 Jul) 1823-1834
86. Skalsky K., Yahav D., Bishara J., Pitlik S., Leibovici L., and Paul M. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 336 7646 (2008 Mar 29) 701-704
87. Hawkes S., Hart G.J., Johnson A.M., Shergold C., Ross E., Herbert K.M., et al. Risk behaviour and HIV prevalence in international travellers. AIDS 8 2 (1994 Feb) 247-252
88. Bloor M., Thomas M., Hood K., Abeni D., Goujon C., Hausser D., et al. Differences in sexual risk behaviour between young men and women travelling abroad from the UK. Lancet 352 9141 (1998 Nov 21) 1664-1668
89. Gillies P., Slack R., Stoddart N., and Conway S. HIV-related risk behaviour in UK holiday-makers. AIDS 6 3 (1992 Mar) 339-341
90. Correia J.D., Shafer R.T., Patel V., Kain K.C., Tessier D., MacPherson D., et al. Blood and body fluid exposure as a health risk for international travelers. J Travel Med 8 5 (2001 Sep-Oct) 263-266
91. British HIV Association, British Association for Sexual Health and British Infection Society. UK national guidelines for HIV testing (2008), British HIV Association
92. Bottieau E., Florence E., Clerinx J., Vlieghe E., Vekemans M., Moerman F., et al. Fever after a stay in the tropics: clinical spectrum and outcome in HIV-infected travelers and migrants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 48 5 (2008 Aug 15) 547-552
93. Kyrlagkitsis I., Cramp M.E., Smith H., Portmann B., and O'Grady J. Acute hepatitis A virus infection: a review of prognostic factors from 25 years experience in a tertiary referral center. Hepato-gastroenterology 49 44 (2002 Mar-Apr) 524-528
94. Kamar N., Selves J., Mansuy J.M., Ouezzani L., Peron J.M., Guitard J., et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 358 8 (2008 Feb 21) 811-817
95. O'Brien D., Tobin S., Brown G.V., and Torresi J. Fever in returned travelers: review of hospital admissions for a 3-year period. Clin Infect Dis 33 5 (2001 Sep 1) 603-609
96. Ricketts K.D., and Joseph C.A. Legionnaires disease in Europe: 2005-2006. Euro Surveill 12 12 (2007 Dec) E7-E8
97. Wheat L.J., Freifeld A.G., Kleiman M.B., Baddley J.W., McKinsey D.S., Loyd J.E., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 45 7 (2007 Oct 1) 807-825
98. Galgiani J.N., Ampel N.M., Blair J.E., Catanzaro A., Johnson R.H., Stevens D.A., et al. Coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 41 9 (2005 Nov 1) 1217-1223
99. Mattila L. Clinical features and duration of traveler's diarrhea in relation to its etiology. Clin Infect Dis 19 4 (1994 Oct) 728-734
100. Jiang Z.D., Lowe B., Verenkar M.P., Ashley D., Steffen R., Tornieporth N., et al. Prevalence of enteric pathogens among international travelers with diarrhea acquired in Kenya (Mombasa), India (Goa), or Jamaica (Montego Bay). J Infect Dis 185 4 (2002 Feb 15) 497-502
101. Riddle M.S., Sanders J.W., Putnam S.D., and Tribble D.R. Incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among long-term travelers (US military and similar populations): a systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 5 (2006 May) 891-900
102. Hill D.R., and Ryan E.T. Management of travellers' diarrhoea. BMJ 337 (2008) a1746
103. De Bruyn G., Hahn S., and Borwick A. Antibiotic treatment for travellers' diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2000) CD002242
104. Kuschner R.A., Trofa A.F., Thomas R.J., Hoge C.W., Pitarangsi C., Amato S., et al. Use of azithromycin for the treatment of Campylobacter enteritis in travelers to Thailand, an area where ciprofloxacin resistance is prevalent. Clin Infect Dis 21 3 (1995 Sep) 536-541
105. Memish Z.A. Meningococcal disease and travel. Clin Infect Dis 34 1 (2002 Jan 1) 84-90
106. Solomon T., Hart I.J., and Beeching N.J. Viral encephalitis - a clinician's guide. Practical Neurology 7 (2007) 288-305
107. Jelinek T., Bisoffi Z., Bonazzi L., van Thiel P., Bronner U., de Frey A., et al. Cluster of African trypanosomiasis in travelers to Tanzanian national parks. Emerg Infect Dis 8 6 (2002 Jun) 634-635
108. Moore D.A., Edwards M., Escombe R., Agranoff D., Bailey J.W., Squire S.B., et al. African trypanosomiasis in travelers returning to the United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 8 1 (2002 Jan) 74-76