The mechanical and strength properties of diamond

Reports on Progress in Physics

Volumn 75, Issue 12, 2012, Pages

  Field, J E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870215477     PISSN: 00344885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/12/126505     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. Field J E (ed) 1979 The Properties of Diamond (London: Academic)
2. Field J E (ed) 1992 The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond (London: Academic)
3. Spitsyn B V, Bouilov L L and Derjaguin B V 1981 Vapor growth of diamond on diamond and other surfaces J. Cryst. Growth 52 219-26
4. Matsumoto S, Sato Y, Kamo M and Setaka N 1982 Vapor deposition of diamond particles from methane Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 21 L183-5
5. Berman R and Simon F 1955 On the graphite-diamond equilibrium Z. Elektrochem. 59 333-8
6. Berman R 1979 Thermal properties [of diamond] The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 3-22
7. Harris J W and Gurney J J 1979 Inclusions in diamond The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 555-91
8. Stachel T and Harris J W 2009 Formation of diamond in the Earth's mantle J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 364206
9. Russell J K, Porritt L A, Lavallée Y and Dingwell D B 2012 Kimberlite ascent by assimilation-fuelled buoyancy Nature 481 352-6
10. Kennedy G C 1967 Similarities and differences between diamond formed by artificial shock and meteoritic diamonds Science and Technology of Industrial Diamonds vol 1 Science ed J Burls (London: Industrial Diamond Information Bureau) pp 41-8
11. Gurov E P, Gurova E P and Rakitskaya R B 1995 Impact diamonds in the craters of the Ukrainian shield Meteoritics 30 515-6
12. Hough R M, Gilmour I, Pillinger C T and Langenhorst F 1997 Diamonds from the iridium-rich K-T boundary layer at Arroyo el Mimbral, Tamaulipas, Mexico Geology 25 1019-22
13. Martinez I and Agrinier P 1998 Meteorite impact craters on Earth: major shock-induced effects in rocks and minerals C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 327 75-86 IIA (Pubitemid 29033341)
14. Gurov E, Gurova E, Chernenko Y and Yamnichenko A 2009 The Obolon impact structure, Ukraine, and its ejecta deposits Meteor. Planet. Sci. 44 389-440
15. de Carli P S 1967 Shock wave synthesis of high pressure phases: comments on the origin of meteoritic diamond Science and Technology of Industrial Diamonds vol 1 Science ed J Burls (London: Industrial Diamond Information Bureau) pp 49-63
16. Trefilov V I, Savvakin G I, Skorokhod V V, Solonin Y M and Khrienko A F 1978 Distinctive features of the structure of ultradisperse diamonds obtained by high-temperature synthesis in an explosion Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 23 269-71
17. Staver A M, Gubareva N V, Lyamkin A I and Petrov E A 1984 Ultrafine diamond powders made by the use of explosion energy Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 20 567-70 (Pubitemid 15602066)
18. Greiner N R, Phillips D S, Johnson J D and Volk F 1988 Diamonds in detonation soot Nature 333 440-2
19. Kozyrev N V and Golubeva E S 1992 Investigation of the synthesis of ultradispersed diamonds in mixtures of TNT with RDX, HMX and PETN Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 28 560-4
20. Hanada K 2009 Detonation nanodiamond: perspective and applications Surf. Eng. 25 487-9
21. Chaudhary A, Welch J O and Jackman R B 2010 Electrical properties of monodispersed detonation nanodiamonds Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 242903
22. Ergun S and Alexander L 1962 Crystalline forms of diamond: a possible hexagonal polymorph of diamond Nature 195 754-67
23. Bundy F P 1963 Direct conversion of graphite to diamond in static pressure apparatus J. Chem. Phys. 38 631-43
24. Vlodarchik E and Trebinski R 1997 Transformations of graphite and boron nitride in shock waves Shock Waves 7 231-48 (Pubitemid 127110779)
25. Kurdyumov A V, Britun V F, Khyzhun O Y, Zaulychnyy Y V, Bekenev V L, Dymarchuk V O and Danilenko A I 2011 Structure of the dense amorphous carbon phase synthesized in a mixture with diamond as a result of shock compression of carbon black Diamond Relat. Mater. 20 974-9
26. Sellschop J P F 1979 Nuclear probes in physical and geochemical studies of natural diamonds The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 107-63
27. Evans T and Phaal C 1962 Imperfections in type I and type II diamonds Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 270 538-52
28. Woods G S 1976 Electron microscopy of 'giant' platelets on cube planes in diamond Phil. Mag. 34 993-1012
29. Stephenson R F 1977 Partial dissociation of nitrogen aggregates in diamond by high temperature, high pressure treatment PhD Thesis University of Reading
30. Evans T 1978 Changes produced in the distribution of nitrogen in diamond by high temperature - high pressure treatments Diamond Research 1978 (London: Industrial Diamond Information Bureau) pp 17-22 (Pubitemid 8610087)
31. Barry J C, Bursill L A, Hutchison J L, Lang A R, Rackham G M and Sumida N 1987 On voidites: a high-resolution transmission electron microscopic study of faceted void-like defects in natural diamond Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 321 361-401
32. Clark C D, Ditchburn R W and Dyer H B 1956 The absorption spectra of natural and irradiated diamonds Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 234 363-81
33. Custers J F H 1952 Unusual phosphorescence of a diamond Physica 18 489-96
34. Custers J F H 1954 Type IIb diamonds Physica 20 183-4
35. Kittel C 1996 Introduction to Solid State Physics 7th edn (London: Wiley) p 83 (elastic constants), p 135 (Umklapp processes)
36. Tolansky S 1965 Optical studies on diamond Physical Properties of Diamond ed R Berman (Oxford: Clarendon) pp 135-73
37. Moore M 1979 Optical studies of diamonds and their surfaces: a review of the late Professor Tolansky's work The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 245-77
38. Pate B B 1986 The diamond surface: atomic and electronic structure Surf. Sci. 165 83-142
39. Evans T 1979 Changes produced by high temperature treatment of diamond The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 403-24
40. Ekimov E A, Sidorov V A, Bauer E D, Melnik N N, Curro N J, Thompson J D and Stishov S M 2004 Superconductivity in diamond Nature 428 542-5 (Pubitemid 38480534)
41. Bhagavantam S and Bhimasenachar J 1946 Elastic constants of diamond Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 187 381-4
42. Prince E and Wooster W A 1953 Determination of elastic constants of crystals from diffuse reflexions of X-rays: III. Diamond Acta Crystallogr. 6 450-4
43. Krishnan R S 1947 The scattering of light in diamond and its Raman spectrum Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A 26 399-418
44. Chandrasekharan V 1950 The influence of optical activity on light scattering in crystals: II: Diamond Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A 32 379-85
45. Krishnan R S, Chandrasekharan V and Rajagopal E S 1958 The four elastic constants of diamond Nature 182 518-20
46. McSkimin H J and Bond W L 1957 Elastic moduli of diamond Phys. Rev. 105 116-21
47. McSkimin H J, Andreatch P and Glynn P 1972 The elastic stiffness moduli of diamond J. Appl. Phys. 43 985-7
48. McSkimin H J and Andreatch P 1972 Elastic moduli of diamond as a function of pressure and temperature J. Appl. Phys. 43 2944-8
49. Grimsditch M H and Ramdas A K 1975 Brillouin scattering in diamond Phys. Rev. B 11 3139-48
50. Drickamer H G, Lynch R W, Clendenen R L and Perez-Albuerne E A 1966 X-ray diffraction studies of the lattice parameters of solids under very high pressure Solid State Phys. 19 135-228
51. Ruoff A L 1979 The fracture and yield strengths of diamond, silicon and germanium High-Pressure Science and Technology: II. Applications and Mechanical Properties ed K D Timmerhaus and M S Barber (New York: Plenum) pp 525-48
52. Field J E 1979 Strength and fracture properties of diamond The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 281-324
53. Klein C A and Cardinale G F 1993 Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of CVD diamond Diamond Relat. Mater. 2 918-23
54. Sutton J R 1928 Diamond: A Descriptive Treatise (London: Murby)
55. Rameshan S 1946 The cleavage properties of diamond Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A 24 114-21
56. Pauling L 1960 The Nature of the Chemical Bond 3rd edn (New York: Cornell University Press)
57. Telling R H, Pickard C J, Payne M C and Field J E 2000 Theoretical strength and cleavage of diamond Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5160-3
58. Rosenthal E 1950 Here are Diamonds (London: Robert Hale)
59. Grodzinski P 1953 Diamond Technology Production Methods for Diamond and Gemstones (London: NAG)
60. Ramage J B 1956 Optical studies on diamond cleavage PhD Thesis University of London
61. Field J E 1962 The high-speed photography of fracture in sapphire and diamond Proc. 6th Int. Congress on High-Speed Photography (Haarlem: H D Tjeenk Willink & Zoon) pp 514-21
62. Willmott G R and Field J E 2006 A high speed photographic study of fast cracks in shocked diamond Phil. Mag. 86 4305-18 (Pubitemid 44447488)
63. Field J E 1992 Strength, fracture and erosion properties of diamond The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 473-513
64. Orowan E 1948 Fracture and strength of solids Rep. Prog. Phys. 12 185-232
65. Howes V R and Tolansky S 1955 Pressure crack figures on diamond faces: I. The octahedral face Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 230 287-93
66. Howes V R and Tolansky S 1955 Pressure crack figures on diamond faces: II: The dodecahedral and cubic faces Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 230 294-301
67. Tolansky S and Howes V R 1957 Induction of ring cracks on diamond surfaces Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 70 521-6
68. Howes V R 1959 The critical stress for the production of pressure crack figures on diamond faces Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 74 48-52
69. Johnson K L, O'Connor T J and Woodward A C 1973 The effect of the indenter elasticity on the Hertzian fracture of brittle materials Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 334 95-117
70. Bowden F P and Tabor D 1965 Deformation, friction and wear of diamond Physical Properties of Diamond ed R Berman (Oxford: Clarendon) pp 184-220
71. Bell J G, Wilks E M and Wilks J 1975 An experiment to measure the strength of diamonds Indust. Diamond Rev. 35 135-8
72. Chrenko R M and Strong H M 1975 Physical properties of diamond Report No 75CRDO89
73. Ruoff A L and Wanagel J 1977 High pressures on small areas Science 198 1037-8
74. Ikawa N and Shimada S 1983 Microstrength of diamond characterized by infrared absorption Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. 33 343-8 (Pubitemid 15488109)
75. Ikawa N, Shimada S and Tsuwa H 1985 Nondestructive strength evaluation of diamond for ultra-precision cutting tool Ann. CIRP 34 117-20 (Pubitemid 15577349)
76. Hamilton G M and Goodman L E 1966 The stress field created by a circular sliding contact Trans. ASME: J. Appl. Mech. 33 371-6
77. Seal M 1958 The abrasion of diamond Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 248 379-93
78. Howes V R 1965 Ring cracks on diamond surfaces Physical Properties of Diamond ed R Berman (Oxford: Clarendon) pp 174-83
79. Bell J G, Stuivinga M E C, Thornton A G and Wilks J 1977 Cracking and fatigue of diamond J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 10 1379-87
80. Warren P D, Hills D A and Roberts S G 1994 Influence of surface cracks on Hertzian fracture J. Hard Mater. 5 213-27
81. Roesler F C 1956 Indentation hardness of glass as an energy scaling law Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 69 55-60
82. Roesler F C 1956 Brittle fractures near equilbrium Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 69 981-92
83. Field J E and Freeman C J 1981 Strength and fracture properties of diamond Phil. Mag. A 43 595-618
84. Evans A G 1970 Energies for crack propagation in polycrystalline MgO Phil. Mag. 22 841-52
85. Naletov A M, Klyuev Y A, Grigorev O N, Milman Y V and Trefilov V I 1979 Effect of optically active centers on the strength properties of diamond Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 24 391-3
86. Novikov N V and Dub S N 1991 Fracture toughness of diamond single crystals J. Hard Mater. 2 3-11
87. Pickles C S J, Coad E J, Jilbert G H and Field J E 1995 The erosive behaviour of diamond Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 383 327-38
88. Bakul V N, Prikhna A I and Gobdanovich M G 1969 Determining the strength of synthetic diamonds Report No 1-12, (in Russian)
89. Bakul V N 1970 The world's first standard for synthetic diamonds Sinteticheskie Almazy 2 8-23 (in Russian)
90. Nikitin Y I, Prikhna A I, Bogdanovich M G and Kruk V B 1970 Quality control techniques for diamond powders Sinteticheskie Almazy 2 24-35 (in Russian)
91. Tsypin N V and Gargin V G 1973 An apparatus for testing diamond grit strength Sinteticheskie Almazy 5 32-5 (in Russian)
92. Belling N G and Dyer H B 1964 Industrial Diamond Buyers Guide (Ascot: Industrial Diamond Information Bureau)
93. Belling N G and Baily L 1974 The Friatester: Ten Years Later (Ascot: Industrial Diamond Information Bureau)
94. Stupkina L M 1970 Impact strength of diamond Sov. Phys. - Crystallogr. 15 728-30
95. Kurochkin P N 1974 Determining the strength properties of diamond drillstones Almazy Sverkh. Materialy 1-3 (in Russian)
96. Mukhin M E, Yarmak M F and Popov V V 1974 Strength properties of type CAM synthetic diamonds of different grit sizes Almazy Sverkh. Materialy 4-6 (in Russian)
97. Ziminov N V, Nikulin K K and Yarmak M F 1974 The strength of type CAM diamond grit and its influence on drill crown life Almazy Sverkh. Materialy 5-8
98. Pluzhnik V I and Skripko G F 1968 Rapid hardness testing of synthetic diamonds Indust. Diamond Rev. 28 126
99. Feng Z and Field J E 1989 Dynamic strengths of diamond grits Indust. Diamond Rev. 49 104-108
100. Field J E, Hauser H M, Hutchings I M and Woodward A C 1974 Strength testing of diamond Indust. Diamond Rev. 34 255-9
101. Butuzov V P and Bezrukov G N 1971 Some physical and mechanical properties of type CAM synthetic monocrystalline diamonds Sinteticheskie Almazy 3 11-14 (in Russian)
102. Schulzhenko A A 1969 Determining the compressive strength of synthetic diamonds Sinteticheskie Almazy 1 7-15 (in Russian)
103. Schulzhenko A A and Kruk V B 1973 Some properties of synthetic diamond crystals of different shapes Sinteticheskie Almazy 5 4-11 (in Russian)
104. Auerbach F 1891 Absolute Härtemessung Ann. Phys. Chem. 43 61-100
105. Auerbach F and Barus C 1891 On the absolute measurement of hardness Misc. Documents House Representatives 43 207-36
106. Zsolnay L M 1971 Physical evaluation of diamond abrasive grain Grinding and Cutting with Diamond Wheels (Cleveland, OH: Diamond Wheels Manufacturers' Institute) paper 8
107. Bogatyreva G P 1972 Strength-sorting of diamonds by a flotation method Sinteticheskie Almazy 4 35-8 (in Russian)
108. Dyer H B and Conradi V R 1972 Properties of natural debdust and its use in diamond saw blades Indust. Diamond Rev. 32 335-40
109. Uvarov V A, Malanina R V and Sudarikov V S 1974 The effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of natural diamonds Almazy Sverkh. Materialy 1-4 (in Russian)
110. Simkin E S 1982 Effects of high pressure and temperature on the properties of synthetic diamond Fiz. Tekh. Vysokih Davlenii 44-7 (in Russian)
111. Yagudin G I, Zaraev G N, Shirvo V L, Sinkovskii L K and Shlionskii V L 1974 Analysis of the strength characteristics of synthetic polycrystalline diamonds Almazy Sverkh. Materialy 5-8 (in Russian)
112. Coleman K R 1959 The photography of high temperature events Proc. 4th Int. Kongress Kurzzeitphotographie ed H Schardin and O Helwich (Darmstadt: Dr Othmar Helwich) pp 32-9
113. Heavens S N and Field J E 1974 The ignition of a thin layer of explosive by impact Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 338 77-93
114. Cooper R E 1961 The friction and deformation of some single crystals PhD Thesis University of Cambridge
115. Crompton D, Hirst W and Howse M G W 1973 The wear of diamond Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 333 435-54
116. Dunn K J and Lee M 1979 The fracture and fatigue of sintered diamond compact J. Mater. Sci 14 882-90
117. Pipkin N J and Wilson W I 1977 Processes occurring during the synthesis of Synditen Proc. 27th Annual Diamond Conf. ed J E Field (Reading: De Beers) pp 125-8
118. Gigl P F 1979 The strength of polycrystalline diamond compacts High-Pressure Science and Technology: I. Physical Properties and Material Synthesis ed K D Timmerhaus and M S Barber (New York: Plenum) pp 914-22
119. Roberts D C 1979 SYNDITE: its mechanical and physical properties Indust. Diamond Rev. 39 237-241 (Pubitemid 9470607)
120. Lammer A 1988 Mechanical properties of polycrystalline diamond Mater. Sci. Technol. 4 949-55
121. Rice R W 1974 Fractographic identification of strength controlling flaws and microstructure Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: 1. Concepts, Flaws, and Fractography ed R C Bradt (New York: Plenum) pp 323-45
122. Kidalov S V and Shakhov F M 2009 Thermal conductivity of diamond composites Materials 2 2467-95
123. Boland J N and Li X S 2010 Microstructural characterisation and wear behaviour of diamond composite materials Materials 3 1390-419
124. Feng Z, Tzeng Y and Field J E 1992 Solid particle impact of CVD diamond films Thin Solid Films 212 35-42
125. Cardinale G F and Robinson C J 1992 Fracture strength measurement of filament-assisted CVD polycrystalline diamond films J. Mater. Res. 7 1432-7 (Pubitemid 23627684)
126. Sussmann R S, Brandon J R, Scarsbrook G A, Sweeney C G, Valentine T J, Whitehead A J and Wort C J H 1994 Properties of bulk polycrystalline CVD diamond Diamond Relat. Mater. 3 303-12
127. Field J E and Pickles C S J 1996 Strength, fracture and friction properties of diamond Diamond Relat. Mater. 5 625-34 (Pubitemid 126355094)
128. Bruno L, Pagnotta L and Poggialini A 2006 Elastic characterization of CVD diamond by static and dynamic measurements J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26 2419-25
129. Pickles C S J, Brandon J R, Coe S E and Sussman R S 1999 Factors influencing the strength of chemical vapour deposited diamond Proc. 9th Cimtec World Forum on New Materials. Symp. IV: Diamond Films (Zurich: Trans Tech) pp 435-54
130. Pickles C S J 2002 The fracture stress of CVD diamond Diamond Relat. Mater. 11 1913-22 (Pubitemid 36211478)
131. Davies A R and Field J E 2002 The solid particle erosion of free-standing CVD diamond Wear 252 96-102 (Pubitemid 34122605)
132. Telling R H and Field J E 1998 Fracture in CVD diamond Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 16 269-76 (Pubitemid 128675011)
133. Davies A R, Field J E and Pickles C S J 2003 Strength of free-standing chemically vapour-deposited diamond measured by a range of techniques Phil. Mag. 83 4059-70
134. Davies A R, Field J E, Takahashi K and Hada K 2004 The toughness of free-standing CVD diamond J. Mater. Sci. 39 1571-4
135. Klein C A and Miller R P 2001 How to do a Weibull statistical analysis of flexural strength data: Application to AlON, diamond, zinc selenide and zinc sulfide Proc. SPIE 4375 241-57
136. Klein C A, Hallock R B and Miller R P 1995 Chemically vapor-deposited diamond: Strains, stresses, and fracture strength Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on Diamond Materials ed K V Ravi and J P Dismukes (Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society) pp 661-74
137. Jilbert G H 1997 The solid particle erosion of infrared transmitting materials including coated samples PhD Thesis University of Cambridge
138. Windischmann H, Epps G F and Caesar G P 1991 Tensile strength and biaxial Young's modulus of diamond films New Diamond Science and Technology ed R Messier (Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society) pp 767-72
139. Spörl R, Heidinger R, Kennedy G R and Brierley C J 1999 Advances in the science and technology of diamond Proc. 9th Cimtec World Forum on New Materials. Symp. IV: Diamond Films (Zurich: Trans Tech) pp 335-42
140. van der Zwaag S and Field J E 1982 The effect of thin hard coatings on the Hertzian stress field Phil. Mag. A 46 133-50
141. van der Zwaag S and Field J E 1983 Rain erosion damage in brittle materials Eng. Fract. Mech. 17 367-79 (Pubitemid 13475290)
142. Townsend D 1985 Liquid impact properties of brittle materials PhD Thesis University of Cambridge
143. Coad E J, Pickles C S J, Seward C R, Jilbert G H and Field J E 1998 The erosion resistance of infrared transparent materials Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 454 213-38 (Pubitemid 128734658)
144. Field J E 1999 Liquid impact: theory, experiment, applications Wear 233-235 1-12 (Pubitemid 30086997)
145. Davies A R and Field J E 2004 The strength of free-standing CVD diamond Wear 256 153-8 (Pubitemid 38098248)
146. Hayward I P and Field J E 1990 The solid particle erosion of diamond J. Hard Mater. 1 53-64
147. Feng Z and Field J E 1990 Solid particle erosion of diamond, a polycrystalline diamond composite and a polycrystalline boron nitride composite J. Hard Mater. 1 273-87
148. van der Zwaag S, Dear J P and Field J E 1986 The effect of double layer coatings of high modulus on contact stresses Phil. Mag. A 53 101-11 (Pubitemid 16490219)
149. van der Zwaag S and Field J E 1983 Indentation and liquid impact studies on coated germanium Phil. Mag. A 48 767-77 (Pubitemid 14488165)
150. Wheeler D W and Wood R J K 2009 Fracture of diamond coatings by high velocity sand erosion Phil. Mag. 89 285-310
151. Bowden F P and Field J E 1964 The brittle fracture of solids by liquid impact, by solid impact and by shock Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 282 331-52
152. Seward C R, Field J E and Coad E J 1994 Liquid impact erosion of bulk diamond, diamond composites and diamond coatings J. Hard Mater. 5 49-62
153. Tabor D 1979 Adhesion and friction [of diamond] The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 325-50
154. Wilks E M and Wilks J 1991 The Properties and Applications of Diamond (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann)
155. Tabor D and Field J E 1992 Friction of diamond The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 547-71
156. Gardos M N 1994 Tribology and wear behavior of diamond Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology ed K E Spear and J P Dismukes (New York: Wiley) pp 419-504
157. Feng Z and Field J E 1991 Friction of diamond and chemical vapor-deposition diamond coatings Surf. Coat. Technol. 47 631-45 (Pubitemid 21710894)
158. Feng Z and Field J E 1992 The friction and wear of diamond sliding on diamond J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25 A33-7
159. Bowden F P and Hanwell A E 1966 The friction of clean crystal surfaces Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 295 233-43
160. Feng Z, Tzeng T and Field J E 1992 Friction of diamond on diamond in ultra-high vacuum and low-pressure environments J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25 1418-24 (Pubitemid 23575102)
161. Seal M 1965 The wear of diamond Indust. Diamond Rev. 25 111-6
162. van Bouwelen F M, Bleloch A L, Field J E and Brown L M 1996 Wear by friction between diamonds studied by electron microscopical techniques Diamond Relat. Mater. 5 654-7
163. Lurie P G and Wilson J M 1977 Diamond surface: I. Structure of clean surface and interaction with gases and metals Surf. Sci. 65 453-75
164. Pepper S V 1982 Effect of electronic structure of the diamond surface on the strength of the diamond-metal interface J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 20 643-6
165. Ruan J A and Bhushan B 1994 Atomic-scale and microscale friction studies of graphite and diamond using friction force microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 76 5022-35
166. Fallon P J and Brown L M 1993 Analysis of CVD diamond grain boundaries using TEM and parallel electron-loss spectroscopy in a STEM Diamond Relat. Mater. 2 1004-11
167. Bowden F P and Tabor D 1950 The Friction and Lubrication of Solids: I (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
168. Bowden F P and Tabor D 1964 The Friction and Lubrication of Solids: II (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
169. Tolkowsky M 1920 Research on the abrading, grinding or polishing of diamond DSc Thesis University of London
170. Leslie J 1804 An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat (London: Mawman)
171. Casey M and Wilks J 1973 The friction of diamond sliding on polished cube faces of diamond J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 6 1772-81
172. Hunter S C 1957 Energy absorbed by elastic waves during impact J. Mech. Phys. Solids 5 162-71
173. Samuels B and Wilks J 1988 The friction of diamond sliding on diamond J. Mater. Sci. 23 2846-64
174. Wang Z L, Feng Z and Field J E 1991 Imaging friction tracks on diamond surfaces using reflection electron microscopy Phil. Mag. A 63 1275-89 (Pubitemid 21700537)
175. Hayward I P, Singer I L and Seitzman L E 1992 Effect of roughness on the friction of diamond on CVD diamond coatings Wear 157 215-27
176. Grillo S E and Field J E 2000 Very low friction for natural diamond in water of different pH values Eur. Phys. J. B 13 405-8
177. Grillo S E and Field J E 1997 The polishing of diamond J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30 202-29
178. Grillo S E and Field J E 2000 The friction of CVD diamond at high Hertzian stresses: The effect of load, environment and sliding velocity J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 595-602 (Pubitemid 30578492)
179. Evans T 1976 Diamonds Contemp. Phys. 17 45-70
180. Robertson J 2002 Diamond-like amorphous carbon Mater. Sci. Eng. R 37 129-281
181. Erdemir A and Donnet C 2006 Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: recent progress and future prospects J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39 R311-27
182. Evans T and Wild R K 1965 Plastic bending of diamond plates Phil. Mag. 12 479-89
183. Evans T and Wild R K 1966 Plastic deformation of diamond at temperatures below 1800 °C Phil. Mag. 13 209-10
184. Evans T 1967 Plastic deformation of diamond Science and Technology of Industrial Diamonds vol 1 Science ed J Burls (London: Industrial Diamond Information Bureau) pp 105-18
185. Ruoff A L 1979 On the yield strength of diamond J. Appl. Phys. 50 3354-56 (Pubitemid 10469954)
186. Tabor D 1951 The Hardness of Metals (Oxford: Clarendon)
187. Marsh D M 1964 Plastic flow in glass Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 279 420-35
188. Bridgman P W 1949 The Physics of High Pressure (London: G. Bell)
189. Bradley C C 1969 High Pressure Methods in Solid State Research (London: Butterworths)
190. Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L, Caracas R and Hanfland M 2010 Diamond as a high pressure gauge up to 2.7 Mbar Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 251903
191. Silvera I 2010 Diamond: Molten under pressure Nature Phys. 6 9-10
192. 1 fluorescence pressure gauge from 0.06 to 1Mbar J. Appl. Phys. 49 3276-83 (Pubitemid 8620372)
193. Mao H K 1978 High-pressure physics: Sustained static generation of 1.36 to 1.72 megabars Science 200 1145-7
194. Mao H-K, Bell P M, Dunn K J, Chrenko R M and DeVries R C 1979 Absolute pressure measurements and analysis of diamonds subjected to maximum static pressures of 1.3-1.7 Mbar Rev. Sci. Instrum 50 1002-9 (Pubitemid 9250587)
195. Lang J M and Gupta Y M 2010 Strength and elastic deformation of natural and synthetic diamond crystals shock compressed along [100] J. Appl. Phys. 107 113538
196. Brookes C A 1979 Indentation hardness [of diamond] The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 383-402
197. Brookes C A 1992 Indentation hardness, plasticity and creep of diamond The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 515-46
198. Pospiech J and Gryziecki J 1970 Hardness anisotropy in single crystals Arch. Hutnictwa 15 267-83 (in Polish)
199. Bakul V N, Loshak M G and Malnev V I 1973 Measurement of the hardness of diamond by impressing an indentor at normal temperature Sinteticheskie Almazy 5 5-11 (in Russian)
200. Evans T and Sykes J 1974 Indentation hardness of two types of diamond in the temperature range 1500 °C to 1850 °C Phil. Mag. 29 135-47
201. Wilks E M and Wilks J 1965 The hardness and wear of diamond during grinding and polishing Physical Properties of Diamond ed R Berman (Oxford: Clarendon) pp 221-50
202. Wilks E M and Wilks J 1972 The resistance of diamond to abrasion J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 5 1902-19
203. Wilks J and Wilks E M 1979 Abrasion and wear of diamond The Properties of Diamond ed J E Field (London: Academic) pp 351-82
204. Malshe A P, Park B S, Brown W D and Naseem H A 1999 A review of techniques for polishing and planarizing CVD diamond films and substrates Diamond Relat. Mater. 8 1198-213
205. Bergheimer H 1938 Die Schleifhärte des Diamanten und seine Struktur Neues Jahrbuch für Miner. Geol. und Palaeont. Beilagen A 74 318-32
206. Kraus E H and Slawson C B 1939 Variation of hardness in the diamond Am. Mineral. 24 661-76
207. Peters C G, Nefflen K F and Harris F K 1945 Diamond cutting accelerated by an electric arc J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 34 587-93
208. Whittaker H and Slawson C B 1946 Vector hardness in diamond tools Am. Mineral. 31 208-209, 143-149
209. Winchell H 1946 Hardness variations and orientation in diamond Am. Mineral. 31 209
210. Denning R M 1953 Directional grinding hardness in diamond Am. Mineral. 38 108-117 334
211. Denning R M 1955 Directional grinding hardness in diamond: a further study Am. Mineral. 40 186-91
212. Hukao Y 1955 Abrading tests of diamond Indust. Diamond Rev. 15 45-48, 107-9
213. Grodzinski P and Stern W 1949 Abrasion tests on diamond Nature 163 193-4
214. Grodzinski P 1949 Diamond and gemstone production methods Indust. Diamond Rev. 9 118-124, 152-6
215. Grodzinski P 1956 Grinding and polishing diamond pp 187-227
216. Slawson C B and Kohn J A 1950 Maximum hardness vectors in diamond Indust. Diamond Rev. 10 168-72
217. Wilks E M 1952 An interferometric investigation of the abrasion hardness properties of diamond Phil. Mag. 43 1140-5 (series 7)
218. Wentorf R H 1959 Note on the scratching of diamond J. Appl. Phys. 30 1765-8
219. Wilks E M and Wilks J 1954 The hardness properties of cube faces of diamond Phil. Mag. 45 844-50 (series 7)
220. Wilks E M and Wilks J 1959 The resistance of diamond to abrasion Phil. Mag. 4 158-70
221. Hird J R and Field J E 2004 Diamond polishing Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 460 3547-68 (Pubitemid 40522404)
222. Enomoto Y and Tabor D 1981 The frictional anisotropy of diamond Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 373 405-417
223. Bailey A I and Seal M 1956 The surface topography of a polished diamond Indust. Diamond Rev. 16 145-8
224. Thornton A G and Wilks J 1976 An examination of polished diamond surfaces in the electron microscope J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 9 27-35
225. Couto M S, van Enckevort W J P, Wichman B and Seal M 1992 Scanning tunnelling microscopy of polished diamond surfaces Appl. Surf. Sci. 62 263-8 (Pubitemid 23620573)
226. Couto M S, van Enckevort W J P and Seal M 1994 Diamond polishing mechanisms: An investigation by scanning tunnelling microscopy Phil. Mag. B 69 621-41
227. Couto M S, van Enckevort W J P and Seal M 1994 On the mechanism of diamond polishing in the soft directions J. Hard Mater. 5 31-47
228. van Bouwelen F M, Brown L M and Field J E 1997 A new view on the mechanism of diamond polishing Indust. Diamond Rev. 57 21-5 (Pubitemid 127597086)
229. van Bouwelen F M and van Enckevort W J P 1999 A simple model to describe the anisotropy of diamond polishing Diamond Relat. Mater. 8 840-4
230. van Bouwelen F M 1999 Polishing: mechanically induced degradation of diamond Phys. Status Solidi a 172 91-6
231. van Bouwelen F M, Field J E and Brown L M 2003 Electron microscopy analysis of debris produced during diamond polishing Phil. Mag. 83 839-55
232. Grillo S E, Field J E and van Bouwelen F M 2000 Diamond polishing: the dependency of friction and wear on load and crystal orientation J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 985-90 (Pubitemid 30592207)
233. Gogotsi Y G, Kailer A and Nickel K G 1998 Pressure-induced phase transformations in diamond J. Appl. Phys. 84 1299-304 (Pubitemid 128588773)
234. Gogotsi Y G, Kailer A and Nickel K G 1999 Transformation of diamond to
235. Jarvis M R, Perez R, van Bouwelen F M and Payne M C 1998 Miscroscopic mechanism for mechanical polishing of diamond (1 1 0) surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3428-31 (Pubitemid 128630626)
236. Chacham H and Kleinman L 2000 Instabilities in diamond under high shear stress Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 4904-7 (Pubitemid 32871665)
237. Roundy D and Cohen M L 2001 Ideal strength of diamond, silicon and germanium Phys. Rev. B 64 212103
238. Pastewka L, Moser S, Gumbsch P and Moseler M 2011 Anisotropic mechanical amorphization drives wear in diamond Nature Mater. 10 34-8