An Inkblot for the Implicit Assessment of Personality: The Semantic Misattribution Procedure

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 613-628

  Sava, Florin A ^a   Maricuoiu, Laureniu P ^a   Rusu, Silvia ^a   MacSinga, Irina ^a   Vîrgǎ, Delia ^a   Cheng, Clara Michelle ^b   Payne, B Keith ^c  

^a WEST UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA   (Romania)

^b CARLOW UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Affective misattribution procedure; Big Five; Implicit measure; Personality; Priming; Self concept; Semantic misattribution procedure

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870053430     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: 10990984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/per.1861     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380-393. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.83.2.380.
2. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533-548. DOI: 10.1037/a0016229.
3. Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1-24. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.
4. Birkeland, S. A., Manson, T. M., Kisamore, J. L., Brannick, M. T., & Smith, M. A. (2006). A meta-analytic investigation of job applicant faking on personality measures. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14(4), 317-335.
5. Bogg, T., & Brent, W. R. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887-919. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887.
6. Boldero, J. M., Rawlings, D., & Haslam, N. (2007). Convergence between GNAT-assessed implicit and explicit personality. European Journal of Personality, 21, 341-358. DOI: 10.1002/per.622.
7. Cameron, C. D., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., & Payne, B. K. (2012). Sequential priming measures of implicit social cognition: A meta-analysis of associations with behavior and explicit attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Review. DOI: 10.1177/1088868312440047.
8. Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., & Borgogni, L. (2008). Manualul de utilizare a BFQ-2 [The user's handbook for Big Five Questionnaire - 2]. Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Sinapsis.
9. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992/2008). Manual tehnic. Inventarul de personalitate NEO FFI [The technical manual of NEO FFI Personality Inventory]. Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Sinapsis.
10. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349-354.
11. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964) The approval motive. New York: Wiley.
12. De Houwer, J. (2003). The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. Experimental Psychology, 50(2), 77-85. DOI: 10.1027//1618-3169.50.2.77.
13. De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2010). Implicit measures: Similarities and differences. In B. Gawronski, & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
14. De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., & Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 347-368. DOI: 10.1037/a0014211.
15. Deutsch, R., & Gawronski, B. (2009). When the method makes a difference: Antagonistic effects on "automatic evaluations" as a function of task characteristics of the measure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 101-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.001.
16. Edwards, A. L. (1957). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. New York: Dryden.
17. Egloff, B., Schwerdtfeger, A., & Schmukle, S. C. (2005). Temporal stability of the Implicit Association Test-Anxiety. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 82-88. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_14.
18. Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: Comprehensive method of treating human disturbances: Revised and updated. New York, NY: Citadel Press.
19. Empirisoft Company. (2008). DirectRT and MediaLab software, v 2008. Retrieved from: www.empirisoft.com.
20. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Brunswick, NJ: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
21. Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behaviour: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 75-109). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
22. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
23. Furnham, A. F. (1997). Knowing and faking one's Five-Factor personality score. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69(1), 229-243.
24. Gawronski, B. (2009). Ten frequently asked questions about implicit measures and their frequently supposed, but not entirely correct answers. Canadian Psychology, 50(3), 141-150. DOI: 10.1037/a0013848.
25. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692-731. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.
26. Gawronski, B., & Payne, B. K. (Eds.) (2010). Handbook of implicit social cognition. New York: Guilford.
27. Gawronski, B., Cunningham, W. A., LeBel, E. P., & Deutsch, R. (2010). Attentional influences on affective priming: Does categorisation influence spontaneous evaluations of multiply categorisable objects? Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1008-1025. DOI: 10.1080/02699930903112712.
28. Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, R., Gough, H. G. (2006). The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 84-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007.
29. Gormly, J. (1984). Correspondence between personality trait ratings and behavioral events. Journal of Personality, 52(3), 220-232.
30. Gosling, S. D., John, O. P., Craik, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (1998). De people know how they behave? Self-reported act frequencies compared with on-line codings by observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1337-1349.
31. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
32. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
33. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41. DOI: 10.1037/a0015575.
34. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385. DOI: 10.1177/0146167205275613.
35. Hofstee, W. K. B, de Raad, B., & Goldberg, L. R. (1992). Integration of the Big-Five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(1), 146-163.
36. Imhoff, R., Schmidt, A. F., Bernhardt, J., Dierksmeier, A., & Banse, R. (2011). An inkblot for sexual preference: A semantic variant of the Affect Misattribution Procedure. Cognition and Emotion, 25(4), 676-690. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.508260.
37. de Jonge, P., & Slaets, J. P. J. (2005). Response sets in self-report data and their associations with personality traits. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 19(4), 209-214.
38. MacMillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user's guide. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
39. McDaniel, M. J., Beier, M. E., Perkins, A. W., Goggin, S., & Frankel, B. (2009). An assessment of the fakeability of self-report and implicit personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 682-685. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.011.
40. Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The Go/No-Go association task. Social Cognition, 19(6), 625-664. DOI: 10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886.
41. Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 152-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005.
42. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes. Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 19-63). New York: Psychology Press.
43. Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598-609. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598.
44. Paulhus, D. L., & Reid, D. B. (1991). Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 307-317.
45. Paunonen, S. V. (2003). Big Five factors of personality and replicated predictions of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 411-424. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.411.
46. Payne, B. K., Burkley, M., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 16-31.
47. Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Steward, B. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 277-293. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277.
48. Payne, B. K., Hall, D. L., Cameron, C. D., & Bishara, A. J. (2010). A process model of affect misattribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(10), 1397-1408. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210383440.
49. Peabody, D., & Goldberg, L. R. (1989). Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 552-567.
50. Perugini, M. (2005). Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 29-45.
51. Perugini, M., & Banse, R. (2007). Editorial. Personality, implicit self-concept and automaticity. European Journal of Personality, 21, 257-261. DOI: 10.1002/per.637.
52. Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (2009). Implicit self-concept and moral action. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 747-754. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.015.
53. Perugini, M., Gallucci, M., & Livi, S. (2000). Looking for a simple Big Five factorial structure in the domain of adjectives. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 87-97. DOI: 10.1027//1015-5759.16.2.87.
54. Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2010). Prediction of behavior. In B. Gawronski, & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 255-277). New York: Guilford Press.
55. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
56. Rothstein, M. G., & Goffin, R. D. (2006). The use of personality measures in personnel selection: What does current research support? Human Resource Management Review, 16, 155-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.004.
57. Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg's unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506-516.
58. Sava, F. A. (2008). Inventarul de personalitate DECAS. Manualul utilizatorului [The DECAS Personality Inventory. The user's handbook]. Timisoara: ArtPress.
59. Sava, F. A. (2009). Maladaptive schemas, irrational beliefs and their relationship with Five-Factor personality model. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 9(2), 135-147.
60. Sava, F. A., & Popa, R. I. (2011). Personality types based on the big five model. A cluster analysis over the Romanian population. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An interdisciplinary journal, 15(3), 359-384.
61. Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2005). A latent state-trait analysis of implicit and explicit personality measures. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 100-107. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.100.
62. Schmukle, S. C., Back, M. D., & Egloff, B. (2008). Validity of the five-factor model for the implicit self-concept of personality. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 263-272. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.263.
63. Schnabel, K., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2010). The self-concept. New insights from the implicit measurement procedures. In B. Gawronski, & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 408-425). New York: Guilford Press.
64. Schnabel, K., Asendorpf, J. B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: V. Measuring semantic aspects of trait self-concepts. European Journal of Personality, 22, 695-706. DOI: 10.1002/per.697.
65. Schnabel, K., Banse, R., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2006). Employing automatic approach and avoidance tendencies for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept: The Implicit Association Procedure (IAP). Experimental Psychology, 53, 69-76. DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.53.1.69.
66. Steffens, M. C., & Schulze-König, S. (2006). Predicting spontaneous Big Five behavior with Implicit Association Tests. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 13-20. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.13.
67. Teige, S., Schnabel, K., Banse, R., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2004). Assessment of multiple implicit self-concept dimensions using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. European Journal of Personality, 18, 495-520. DOI: 10.1002/per.531.
68. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (1999). Meta-analyses of fakability estimates: Implications for personality measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59, 197-210. DOI: 10.1177/00131649921969802.
69. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X. Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded form. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/clark/panas-x.pdf.
70. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262.