The impact of solar ultraviolet radiation on human health in sub-Saharan Africa

South African Journal of Science

Volumn 108, Issue 11-12, 2012, Pages

  Wright, Caradee Y ^a   Norval, Mary ^b   Summers, Beverley ^c   Davids, Lester ^d   Coetzee, Gerrie ^e   Oriowo, Matthew O ^c  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^e Research Council   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BONE; CANCER; DEVELOPING WORLD; DISEASE PREVALENCE; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; HEALTH IMPACT; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LITERATURE REVIEW; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SUBPOPULATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VITAMIN;

SAHARA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 84870029750     PISSN: 00382353     EISSN: 19967489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4102/sajs.v108i11/12.1245     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Norval M, Lucas RM, Cullen AP, et al. The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011;10:199-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90044c
2. Gloster HM, Neal K. Skin cancer in skin of colour. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:741-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.063
3. Lucas RM. Solar ultraviolet radiation. Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels. Environmental Burden of Disease Series number 13. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
4. Lucas RM. Solar ultraviolet radiation. Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels. Environmental Burden of Disease Series number 17. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
5. Isaacson C. Cancer of the skin in urban blacks of South Africa. Br J Dermatol. 1979;100:347-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1979. tb06210.x (Pubitemid 9257620)
6. Mohammed AZ, Edino ST, Ochicha O, Gwarzo AK, Samila AA. Cancer in Nigeria: A 10-year analysis of the Kano registry. Niger J Med. 2008;17:280-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njm.v17i3.37396
7. Nthumba PM, Cavadas PC, Landin L. Primary cutaneous malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Plast Surg. 2011;66:313-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ SAP.0b013e3181e7db9a
8. Mqoqi N, Kellet P, Sitas F, Jula M. Incidence of histologically diagnosed cancer in South Africa, 1998-1999. Johannesburg: National Cancer Registry of South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service; 2004.
9. Davids LM, Kleemann B. Combating melanoma: The use of photodynamic therapy as a novel, adjuvant therapeutic tool. Cancer Treat Rev. 2011;37(6):465-475.
10. Victor FC, Gerlber J, Rao B. Melasma: A review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004;8:97-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10227-004-0158-9 (Pubitemid 38781362)
11. Guinot C, Cheffai S, Latreille J, et al. Aggravating factors for melasma: A prospective study in 197 Tunisian patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1060-1069.
12. Jobanputra R, Bachmann M. The effect of skin diseases on quality of life in patients from different social and ethnic groups in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Dermatol. 2000;39:826-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000. 00073.x (Pubitemid 32010934)
13. Hong ES, Zeeb H, Repacholi MH. Albinism in Africa as a public health issue. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-212
14. Asuquo ME, Otei OO, Omotoso J, Bassey EE. Letter: Skin cancer in albinos at the University of Calabar teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Dermatol Online J. 2010;16:14.
15. Yakabu A, Mabogunje OA. Skin cancer in African albinos. Acta Oncologica. 1993;32:621-622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841869309092440 (Pubitemid 23362401)
16. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya'ale D, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Org. 2004;82:844-851. (Pubitemid 39573742)
17. Lewallen S, Courtright P. Blindness in Africa: Present situation and future needs. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:897-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo. 85.8.897 (Pubitemid 32706157)
18. Congdon N, West SK, Buhrmann RR, Kouzis A, Munoz B, Mkocha H. Prevalence of the different types of age-related cataract in an African population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:2478-2482. (Pubitemid 32954851)
19. Entekuma G, Patel J, Sivasubramaniam S, et al. Prevalence, causes, and risk factors for functional low vision in Nigeria: Results from the national survey of blindness and visual impairment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:6714-6719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7293
20. Cook CD, Stulting AA. Prevalence and incidence of blindness due to agerelated cataract in the rural areas of South Africa. S Afr Med J. 1995;85:26-27.
21. Bucher PJ, Ijsselmuiden CB. Prevalence and causes of blindness in the Northern Transvaal. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72:721-726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bjo.72.10.721
22. Hill JC. The prevalence of corneal disease in the coloured community of a Karoo town. S Afr Med J. 1985;67:723-727. (Pubitemid 15033302)
23. Ashaye AO. Pterygium in Ibadan. West Afr J Med. 1991;10:232-243.
24. Nwosu SN. Ocular problems of young adults in rural Nigeria. Int Ophthalmol. 1998;22:259-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006338013075 (Pubitemid 30251251)
25. Lewallen S, Kello AB. The need for management capacity to achieve VISION 2020 in sub-Saharan Africa. PloS Med. 2009;6:e1000184. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pmed.1000184
26. Lecuona K, Cook C. South Africa's cataract surgery rates: Why are we not meeting our targets? S Afr Med J. 2011;101:510-512.
27. Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiationinduced immunosuppression. Eur J Cell Biol. 2011;90:560-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.09.011
28. Schwalfenberg GK. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:96-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr. 201000174
29. Prentice A. Vitamin D deficiency: A global perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:s153-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00100.x
30. Feleke Y, Abdulkadir J, Mshana RM, et al. Low levels of serum calcidiol in an African population compared to a North European population. Eur J Endrocrinol. 1999;141:358-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1410358 (Pubitemid 29529488)
31. Wejse C, Olesen R, Rabna P, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a West African population of tuberculosis patients and unmatched healthy controls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1376-1383. (Pubitemid 350126241)
32. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM, et al. A comparison of calcium, vitamin D, or both for nutritional rickets in Nigerian children. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:563-568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199908193410803 (Pubitemid 29384164)
33. Honigsmann H. Polymorphous light eruption. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2008;24; 155-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00343.x (Pubitemid 351682233)
34. Dean G, Bhigjee AI, Bill PL, et al. Multiple sclerosis in black South Africans and Zimbabweans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:1064-1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp. 57.9.1064
35. Tadokoro T, Kobayashi N, Zmudzka BZ, et al. UV-induced DNA damage and melanin content in human skin differing in racial/ethnic origin. FASEB J. 2003;17:1177-1179.
36. Kelly DA, Young AR, McGregor JM, Seed PT, Potten CS, Walker SL. Sensitivity to sunburn is associated with susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of cutaneous immunity. J Exp Med. 2000;191:561-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.191.3.561
37. Gessner BD, Shindo N, Briand S. Seasonal influenza epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:223-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099 (11) 70008-1
38. Fares A. Seasonality of tuberculosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3:46-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.77296
39. Martineau AR, Nhamoyebonde S, Oni T, et al. Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sic USA. 2011;108(47):19013-19017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1111825108
40. Akaraphanth R, Lim HW. HIV, UV and immunosuppression. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999;15:28-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781. 1999.tb00049.x (Pubitemid 29070925)
41. Norval M, Woods GM. UV-induced immunosuppression and the efficacy of vaccination. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011;10:1267-1274. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1039/c1pp05105a
42. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. JAMA. 1994;271:698-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ jama.1994.03510330076038
43. Guy CY, Diab RD. A health risk assessment of ultraviolet radiation in Durban. S Afr Geographical J. 2002;84:208-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.108 0/03736245.2002.9713772 (Pubitemid 37418185)
44. Von Schirnding Y, Strauss N, Mathee A, Robertson P, Blignaut R. Sunscreen use and environmental awareness among beach-goers in Cape Town, South Africa. Public Health Rev. 1991/92;19:209-217. (Pubitemid 23132205)
45. Oduntan OA, Carlson A, Clarke-Farr P, Hansraj R. South African university student knowledge of eye protection against sunlight. S Afr Optom. 2009;68:25-31.
46. McBride SR, Leppard DM. Attitudes and beliefs of an albino population towards sun avoidance: Advice and services provided by an outreach albino clinic in Tanzania. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:629-632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ archderm.138.5.629
47. Lund PM, Taylor JS. Lack of adequate sun protection for children with oculocutaneous albinism in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-225
48. Lund PM, Gaigher R. A health intervention programme for children with albinism at a special school in South Africa. Health Educ Res. 2002;17:365-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/17.3.365 (Pubitemid 34662876)