Diagnosis of stable ischemic heart disease: Summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/ American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 157, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 729-734

  Qaseem, Amir ^a   Fihn, Stephan D ^b   Williams, Sankey ^b   Dallas, Paul ^b   Owens, Douglas K ^b   Shekelle, Paul ^b  

^a AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION; AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; CARDIAC STRESS MONITORING SYSTEM; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THORACIC SURGERY; ANGINA PECTORIS; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DEATH; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FOLLOW UP; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVENTIVE CARDIOVASCULAR NURSES ASSOCIATION; REVASCULARIZATION; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; SOCIETY OF THORACIC SURGEONS; STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; SURVIVAL; SYMPTOM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION;

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METOPROLOL SUCCINATE; NITRATE; ROSIGLITAZONE;

ANGINA PECTORIS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84869768125     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: 15393704     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00010     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, Williams S, Owens DK, Shekelle P; for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of stable ischemic heart disease: summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:735-43.
2. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas P, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012. [Forthcoming].
3. Qaseem A, Snow V, Owens DK, Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. The development of clinical practice guidelines and guidance statements of the American College of Physicians: summary of methods. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:194-9. [PMID: 20679562]
4. Mensah GA, Brown DW. An overview of cardiovascular disease burden in the United States. Health Aff. 2007;26:38-48.
5. Murphy S, Xu J, Kochanek K. Deaths: preliminary data for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012;60:1-60.
6. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare & Medicaid Statistical Supplement. 2008. Accessed at www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/MedicareMedicaidStatSupp/2008.html on August 30, 2012
7. Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, Williams S, Owens DK, Shekelle P; for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of stable ischemic heart disease: summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:735-43.
8. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas P, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012. [Forthcoming].
9. Braunwald E, Mark D, Jones RH. Unstable angina: diagnosis and management. Clinical Practice Guideline Number 10. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institue, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1994.
10. Campeau L. Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation. 1976;54:522-3. [PMID: 947585]
11. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al; American College of Cardiology. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:159-68. [PMID:12570960]
12. Knochel JP, Beisel WR, Herndon EG, Jr., Gerard ES, Barry KG. The renal, cardiovascular, hematologic and serum electrolyte abnormalities of heat stroke. Am J Med. 1961;30:299-309. [PMID: 13757159]
13. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1979;300:1350-8. [PMID:440357]
14. Chaitman BR, Bourassa MG, Davis K, Rogers WJ, Tyras DH, Berger R, et al. Angiographic prevalence of high-risk coronary artery disease in patient subsets (CASS). Circulation. 1981;64:360-7. [PMID: 7249303]
15. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1979;300:1350-8. [PMID:440357]
16. Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, Lee KL, Mark DB, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Value of the history and physical in identifying patients at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:81-90. [PMID: 8416322]
17. Diamond GA, Forrester JS, Hirsch M, Staniloff HM, Vas R, Berman DS, et al. Application of conditional probability analysis to the clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest. 1980;65:1210-21. [PMID: 6767741]
18. Goldman L, Cook EF, Mitchell N, Flatley M, Sherman H, Rosati R, et al. Incremental value of the exercise test for diagnosing the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1982;66:945-53. [PMID: 7127706]
19. Melin JA, Wijns W, Vanbutsele RJ, Robert A, De Coster P, Brasseur LA, et al. Alternative diagnostic strategies for coronary artery disease in women: demonstration of the usefulness and efficiency of probability analysis. Circulation. 1985;71:535-42. [PMID: 3971524]
20. Morise AP, Diamond GA. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography in biased and unbiased populations of men and women. Am Heart J. 1995;130:741-7. [PMID: 7572581]
21. Froelicher VF, Lehmann KG, Thomas R, Goldman S, Morrison D, Edson R, et al. The electrocardiographic exercise test in a population with reduced workup bias: diagnostic performance, computerized interpretation, and multivariable prediction. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Health Services #016 (QUEXTA) Study Group. Quantitative Exercise Testing and Angiography. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:965-74. [PMID: 9625682]
22. Braat SH, Brugada P, Bär FW, Gorgels AP, Wellens HJ. Thallium-201 exercise scintigraphy and left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:224-6. [PMID: 3966386]
23. DePuey EG, Guertler-Krawczynska E, Robbins WL. Thallium-201 SPECT in coronary artery disease patients with left bundle branch block. J Nucl Med. 1988;29:1479-85. [PMID: 3261782]
24. Hirzel HO, Senn M, Nuesch K, Buettner C, Pfeiffer A, Hess OM, et al. Thallium-201 scintigraphy in complete left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:764-9. [PMID: 6702625]
25. Burns RJ, Galligan L, Wright LM, Lawand S, Burke RJ, Gladstone PJ. Improved specificity of myocardial thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with left bundle branch block by dipyridamole. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:504-8. [PMID: 1872279]
26. Jukema JW, van der Wall EE, van der Vis-Melsen MJ, Kruyswijk HH, Bruschke AV. Dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy for improved detection of left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis in patients with left bundle branch block. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:53-6. [PMID: 8432292]
27. Larcos G, Brown ML, Gibbons RJ. Role of dipyridamole thallium-201 imaging in left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:1097-8. [PMID:1927927]
28. Lebtahi NE, Stauffer JC, Delaloye AB. Left bundle branch block and coronary artery disease: accuracy of dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with exercise anteroseptal perfusion defects. J Nucl Cardiol. 1997;4:266-73. [PMID: 9278872]
29. Morais J, Soucy JP, Sestier F, Lamoureux F, Lamoureux J, Danais S. Dipyridamole testing compared to exercise stress for thallium-201 imaging in patients with left bundle branch block. Can J Cardiol. 1990;6:5-8. [PMID:2310995]
30. O'Keefe JH Jr, Bateman TM, Barnhart CS. Adenosine thallium-201 is superior to exercise thallium-201 for detecting coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:1332-8. [PMID:8473638]
31. Patel R, Bushnell DL, Wagner R, Stumbris R. Frequency of false-positive septal defects on adenosine/201T1 images in patients with left bundle branch block. Nucl Med Commun. 1995;16:137-9. [PMID: 7770235]
32. Rockett JF, Wood WC, Moinuddin M, Loveless V, Parrish B. Intravenous dipyridamole thallium-201 SPECT imaging in patients with left bundle branch block. Clin Nucl Med. 1990;15:401-7. [PMID: 2354579]
33. Vaduganathan P, He ZX, Raghavan C, Mahmarian JJ, Verani MS. Detection of left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis in patients with left bundle branch block: exercise, adenosine or dobutamine imaging? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:543-50. [PMID: 8772737]
34. Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Shaw LJ, de Roos A, Lamb HJ, van der Wall EE, et al. Meta-analysis of comparative diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and multislice computed tomography for noninvasive coronary angiography. Am Heart J. 2006;151:404-11. [PMID: 16442907]
35. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, Gitter M, Sutherland J, Halamert E, et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1724-32. [PMID: 19007693]
36. Hamon M, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Malagutti P, Agostoni P, Morello R, Valgimigli M, et al. Diagnostic performance of multislice spiral computed tomography of coronary arteries as compared with conventional invasive coronary angiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1896-910. [PMID:17084268]
37. Janne d'Othée B, Siebert U, Cury R, Jadvar H, Dunn EJ, Hoffmann U. A systematic review on diagnostic accuracy of CT-based detection of significant coronary artery disease. Eur J Radiol. 2008;65:449-61. [PMID: 17590554]
38. Meijboom WB, Meijs MF, Schuijf JD, Cramer MJ, Mollet NR, van Mieghem CA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: a prospective, multicenter, multivendor study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:2135-44. [PMID: 19095130]
39. Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, Arbab-Zadeh A, Niinuma H, Gottlieb I, et al. Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-row CT. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2324-36. [PMID: 19038879]
40. Schuetz GM, Zacharopoulou NM, Schlattmann P, Dewey M. Metaanalysis: noninvasive coronary angiography using computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:167-77. [PMID:20124233]
41. Stein PD, Beemath A, Kayali F, Skaf E, Sanchez J, Olson RE. Multidetector computed tomography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2006;119:203-16. [PMID: 16490463]
42. Sun Z, Jiang W. Diagnostic value of multislice computed tomography angiography in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2006;60:279-86. [PMID: 16887313]
43. Min JK, Shaw LJ, Berman DS. The present state of coronary computed tomography angiography a process in evolution. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55: 957-65. [PMID: 20202511]
44. O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hachamovitch R, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus Document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:326-40. [PMID: 10898458]
45. Akram K, O'Donnell RE, King S, Superko HR, Agatston A, Voros S. Influence of symptomatic status on the prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with zero calcium score. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:533-7. [PMID: 18774135]
46. Cademartiri F, Maffei E, Palumbo A, Martini C, Seitun S, Tedeschi C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with a zero calcium score. Eur Radiol. 2010;20:81-7. [PMID:19657651]
47. Keim RG, Gottlieb EL, Nelson AH, Vogels DS 3rd. 2002 JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 2. Breakdowns of selected variables. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:627-36; quiz 637-8. [PMID: 12514853]
48. Haberl R, Tittus J, Böhme E, Czernik A, Richartz BM, Buck J, et al. Multislice spiral computed tomographic angiography of coronary arteries in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: an effective filter before catheter angiography? Am Heart J. 2005;149:1112-9. [PMID: 15976796]
49. Henneman MM, Schuijf JD, Pundziute G, van Werkhoven JM, van der Wall EE, Jukema JW, et al. Noninvasive evaluation with multislice computed tomography in suspected acute coronary syndrome: plaque morphology on multislice computed tomography versus coronary calcium score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:216-22. [PMID: 18617071]
50. Rubinshtein R, Gaspar T, Halon DA, Goldstein J, Peled N, Lewis BS. Prevalence and extent of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with zero or low calcium score undergoing 64-slice cardiac multidetector computed tomography for evaluation of a chest pain syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:472-5. [PMID: 17293187]
51. Bodi V, Sanchis J, Lopez-Lereu MP, Nunez J, Mainar L, Monmeneu JV, et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1174-9. [PMID: 17868810]
52. Jahnke C, Nagel E, Gebker R, Kokocinski T, Kelle S, Manka R, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation. 2007;115:1769-76. [PMID: 17353441]
53. Pryor DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Hlatky MA, Mark DB, et al. Estimating the likelihood of severe coronary artery disease. Am J Med. 1991;90: 553-62. [PMID: 2029012]
54. Hubbard BL, Gibbons RJ, Lapeyre AC 3rd, Zinsmeister AR, Clements IP. Identification of severe coronary artery disease using simple clinical parameters. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:309-12. [PMID: 1739359]
55. Daly CA, De Stavola B, Sendon JL, Tavazzi L, Boersma E, Clemens F, et al; Euro Heart Survey Investigators. Predicting prognosis in stable angina-results from the Euro heart survey of stable angina: prospective observational study. BMJ. 2006;332:262-7. [PMID: 16415069]
56. Daly C, Norrie J, Murdoch DL, Ford I, Dargie HJ, Fox K; TIBET (Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial) study group. The value of routine noninvasive tests to predict clinical outcome in stable angina. Eur Heart J. 2003;24: 532-40. [PMID: 12643886]
57. Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, Dodge HT. Variables predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical, electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic, and quantitative angiographic evaluations. Circulation. 1979;59:421-30. [PMID: 761323]
58. Hemingway H, Shipley M, Christie D, Marmot M. Cardiothoracic ratio and relative heart volume as predictors of coronary heart disease mortality. The Whitehall study 25 year follow-up. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:859-69. [PMID:9651709]
59. Schillinger M, Domanovits H, Paulis M, Nikfardjam M, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Clinical signs of pulmonary congestion predict outcome in patients with acute chest pain. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002;114:917-22. [PMID: 12528324]
60. Block WJ Jr, Crumpacker EL, Dry TJ, Gage RP. Prognosis of angina pectoris; observations in 6,882 cases. J Am Med Assoc. 1952;150:259-64. [PMID: 14955434]
61. Prospective randomised study of coronary artery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris. Second interim report by the European Coronary Surgery Study Group. Lancet. 1980;2:491-5. [PMID: 6105556]
62. Frank CW, Weinblatt E, Shapiro S. Angina pectoris in men. Prognostic significance of selected medical factors. Circulation. 1973;47:509-17. [PMID:4632503]
63. Murphy ML, Hultgren HN, Detre K, Thomsen J, Takaro T. Treatment of chronic stable angina. A preliminary report of survival data of the randomized Veterans Administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:621-7. [PMID: 331107]
64. Proudfit WJ, Bruschke AV, MacMillan JP, Williams GW, Sones FM Jr. Fifteen year survival study of patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1983;68:986-97. [PMID: 6604590]
65. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, Frank CW, Shapiro S, Chaudhary BS. Ventricular premature complexes in prognosis of angina. Circulation. 1980;61:1172-82. [PMID: 7371129]
66. Detre K, Peduzzi P, Murphy M, Hultgren H, Thomsen J, Oberman A, et al. Effect of bypass surgery on survival in patients in low-and high-risk subgroups delineated by the use of simple clinical variables. Circulation. 1981;63: 1329-38. [PMID: 6971716]
67. Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD, Davis KB, Chaitman BR, Kouchoukos NT, et al. Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation. 1982;66:562-8. [PMID: 6980062]
68. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:101-7. [PMID: 2521199]
69. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1531-40. [PMID: 12392846]
70. Badran HM, Elnoamany MF, Seteha M. Tissue velocity imaging with dobutamine stress echocardiography-a quantitative technique for identification of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:820-31. [PMID: 17617308]
71. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen I, Friedman JD, Shaw LJ. Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms: an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness. Circulation. 2002;105:823-9. [PMID: 11854122]
72. Johansen A, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Vach W, Christensen HW, Møldrup M, Haghfelt T. Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with known or suspected stable angina pectoris: evaluation in a setting in which myocardial perfusion imaging did not influence the choice of treatment. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006;26:288-95. [PMID: 16939506]
73. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:345-52. [PMID: 1825164]
74. Leischik R, Dworrak B, Littwitz H, Gülker H. Prognostic significance of exercise stress echocardiography in 3329 outpatients (5-year longitudinal study). Int J Cardiol. 2007;119:297-305. [PMID: 17113169]
75. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561-6. [PMID: 2139921]
76. Nagao T, Chikamori T, Hida S, Igarashi Y, Kuwabara Y, Nishimura S, et al; Q-PROVE Study Group. Quantitative gated single-photon emission computed tomography with (99m)Tc sestamibi predicts major cardiac events in elderly patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: the QGSPrognostic Value in the Elderly (Q-PROVE) Study. Circ J. 2007;71:1029-34. [PMID: 17587706]
77. Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Jacobs AK, Kern MJ, King SB 3rd, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:e1-121. [PMID:16386656]
78. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119:e391-479. [PMID: 19324966]
79. Bello D, Shah DJ, Farah GM, Di Luzio S, Parker M, Johnson MR, et al. Gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts reversible myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in patients with heart failure undergoing betablocker therapy. Circulation. 2003;108:1945-53. [PMID: 14557364]
80. Epstein FH. MRI of left ventricular function. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007;14:729-44. [PMID: 17826327]
81. Christian TF, Miller TD, Bailey KR, Gibbons RJ. Exercise tomographic thallium-201 imaging in patients with severe coronary artery disease and normal electrocardiograms. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:825-32. [PMID: 7794314]
82. Gibbons RJ, Zinsmeister AR, Miller TD, Clements IP. Supine exercise electrocardiography compared with exercise radionuclide angiography in noninvasive identification of severe coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112: 743-9. [PMID: 2331118]
83. Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS. Stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography is clinically effective and cost effective in risk stratification of patients with a high likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) but no known CAD. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:200-8. [PMID: 14736438]
84. Ladenheim ML, Kotler TS, Pollock BH, Berman DS, Diamond GA. Incremental prognostic power of clinical history, exercise electrocardiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:270-7. [PMID: 3812276]
85. Mattera JA, Arain SA, Sinusas AJ, Finta L, Wackers FJ. Exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with normal baseline electrocardiograms: cost savings with a stepwise diagnostic strategy. J Nucl Cardiol. 1998;5: 498-506. [PMID: 9796897]
86. Mowatt G, Vale L, Brazzelli M, Hernandez R, Murray A, Scott N, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and economic evaluation, of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for the diagnosis and management of angina and myocardial infarction. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8:iii-iv, 1-207. [PMID: 15248938]
87. Nallamothu N, Ghods M, Heo J, Iskandrian AS. Comparison of thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography and electrocardiographic re sponse during exercise in patients with normal rest electrocardiographic results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:830-6. [PMID: 7884084]
88. Sabharwal NK, Stoykova B, Taneja AK, Lahiri A. A randomized trial of exercise treadmill ECG versus stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging as an initial diagnostic strategy in stable patients with chest pain and suspected CAD: cost analysis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007;14:174-86. [PMID: 17386379]
89. Simari RD, Miller TD, Zinsmeister AR, Gibbons RJ. Capabilities of supine exercise electrocardiography versus exercise radionuclide angiography in predicting coronary events. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:573-7. [PMID: 2000789]
90. Garber AM, Solomon NA. Cost-effectiveness of alternative test strategies for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:719-28. [PMID: 10357690]
91. Kuntz KM, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MG, Douglas PS. Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies for patients with chest pain. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130: 709-18. [PMID: 10357689]
92. Lorenzoni R, Cortigiani L, Magnani M, Desideri A, Bigi R, Manes C, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of noninvasive strategies to evaluate patients with chest pain. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1287-91. [PMID: 14652608]
93. Weiner DA, Ryan TJ, McCabe CH, Chaitman BR, Sheffield LT, Ferguson JC, et al. Prognostic importance of a clinical profile and exercise test in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:772-9. [PMID: 6229569]
94. Gulati M, Black HR, Shaw LJ, Arnsdorf MF, Merz CN, Lauer MS, et al. The prognostic value of a nomogram for exercise capacity in women. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:468-75. [PMID: 16079370]
95. Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS. Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1351-7. [PMID: 10536127]
96. Egstrup K. Transient myocardial ischemia after abrupt withdrawal of antianginal therapy in chronic stable angina. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61:1219-22. [PMID: 2897781]
97. Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wagner EH, LoGerfo JP, Inui TS. The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of beta-blockers. JAMA. 1990;263:1653-7. [PMID: 1968518]
98. Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:793-800. [PMID: 3579066]
99. Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Bengtson JR, et al. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:849-53. [PMID: 1875969]
100. Lauer MS, Pothier CE, Magid DJ, Smith SS, Kattan MW. An externally validated model for predicting long-term survival after exercise treadmill testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease and a normal electrocardiogram. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:821-8. [PMID: 18087052]
101. Shaw LJ, Iskandrian AE. Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11:171-85. [PMID: 15052249]
102. McCully RB, Roger VL, Mahoney DW, Burger KN, Click RL, Seward JB, et al. Outcome after abnormal exercise echocardiography for patients with good exercise capacity: prognostic importance of the extent and severity of exercise-related left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1345-52. [PMID: 11955853]
103. Navare SM, Mather JF, Shaw LJ, Fowler MS, Heller GV. Comparison of risk stratification with pharmacologic and exercise stress myocardial perfusion imaging: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11:551-61. [PMID: 15472640]
104. Hachamovitch R, Hayes S, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Shaw LJ, Germano G, et al. Determinants of risk and its temporal variation in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion scans: what is the warranty period of a normal scan? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1329-40. [PMID: 12706929]
105. Elhendy A, Mahoney DW, Khandheria BK, Paterick TE, Burger KN, Pellikka PA. Prognostic significance of the location of wall motion abnormalities during exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1623-9. [PMID:12427415]
106. Marwick TH, Case C, Sawada S, Rimmerman C, Brenneman P, Kovacs R, et al. Prediction of mortality using dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:754-60. [PMID: 11693748]
107. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen I, Cabico JA, Friedman J, et al. Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known coronary artery disease: incremental prognostic value and use in risk stratification. Circulation. 1996;93:905-14. [PMID: 8598081]
108. Gibbons RJ, Hodge DO, Berman DS, Akinboboye OO, Heo J, Hachamovitch R, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with intermediate-risk exercise electrocardiograms who do not have myocardial perfusion defects on radionuclide imaging. Circulation. 1999;100:2140-5. [PMID: 10571972]
109. Hachamovitch R, Nutter B, Hlatky MA, Shaw LJ, Ridner ML, Dorbala S, et al; SPARC Investigators. Patient management after noninvasive cardiac imaging results from SPARC (Study of myocardial perfusion and coronary anatomy imaging roles in coronary artery disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:462-74. [PMID: 22281249]
110. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Kiat H, Cohen I, Cabico JA, et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998; 97:535-43. [PMID: 9494023]
111. Gehi AK, Ali S, Na B, Schiller NB, Whooley MA. Inducible ischemia and the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in outpatients with stable coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1423-8. [PMID: 18625923]
112. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Alvarez-García N, Broullón FJ, Mosquera VX, García-Bueno L, et al. Prediction of mortality and major cardiac events by exercise echocardiography in patients with normal exercise electrocardiographic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1981-90. [PMID: 19460612]
113. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen I, Lewin H, Amanullah A, et al. Incremental prognostic value of adenosine stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography and impact on subsequent management in patients with or suspected of having myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:426-33. [PMID: 9285653]
114. Rozanski A, Gransar H, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Hachamovitch R, Berman DS. Comparison of long-term mortality risk following normal exercise vs adenosine myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17:999-1008. [PMID: 21076898]
115. Poldermans D, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Bax JJ, Thomson IR, Roelandt JR, et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in 1737 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: A singlecenter experience. Circulation. 1999;99:757-62. [PMID: 9989960]
116. Kamalesh M, Matorin R, Sawada S. Prognostic value of a negative stress echocardiographic study in diabetic patients. Am Heart J. 2002;143:163-8. [PMID: 11773928]
117. Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, Mancini GB, Hayes SW, Hartigan PM, et al; COURAGE Investigators. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy. Circulation. 2008;117:1283-91. [PMID:18268144]
118. Bingham SE, Hachamovitch R. Incremental prognostic significance of combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, adenosine stress perfusion, delayed enhancement, and left ventricular function over preimaging information for the prediction of adverse events. Circulation. 2011;123:1509-18. [PMID:21444886]
119. Korosoglou G, Elhmidi Y, Steen H, Schellberg D, Riedle N, Ahrens J, et al. Prognostic value of high-dose dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging in 1,493 consecutive patients: assessment of myocardial wall motion and perfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1225-34. [PMID: 20883929]
120. Kelle S, Chiribiri A, Vierecke J, Egnell C, Hamdan A, Jahnke C, et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:161-72. [PMID: 21329901]
121. Min JK, Dunning A, Lin FY, Achenbach S, Al-Mallah M, Budoff MJ, et al; CONFIRM Investigators. Age-and sex-related differences in all-cause mortality risk based on coronary computed tomography angiography findings results from the International Multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry) of 23,854 patients without known coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 58:849-60. [PMID: 21835321]
122. Survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with apparently normal heart. Need for definition and standardized clinical evaluation. Consensus Statement of the Joint Steering Committees of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Registry of Europe and of the Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Registry of the United States. Circulation. 1997;95:265-72. [PMID: 8994445]
123. Every NR, Fahrenbruch CE, Hallstrom AP, Weaver WD, Cobb LA. Influence of coronary bypass surgery on subsequent outcome of patients resusci-tated from out of hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:1435-9. [PMID: 1593036]
124. Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A, Monchi M, Weber SN, Dhainaut JF, et al. Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1629-33. [PMID: 9171064]
125. Califf RM, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Rankin JS, Hlatky MA, Mark DB, et al. The evolution of medical and surgical therapy for coronary artery disease. A 15-year perspective. JAMA. 1989;261:2077-86. [PMID: 2784512]
126. Myers WO, Schaff HV, Gersh BJ, Fisher LD, Kosinski AS, Mock MB, et al. Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease and severe angina pectoris. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:487-95. [PMID: 2648078]
127. Myers WO, Gersh BJ, Fisher LD, Mock MB, Holmes DR, Schaff HV, et al. Medical versus early surgical therapy in patients with triple-vessel disease and mild angina pectoris: a CASS registry study of survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44:471-86. [PMID: 3499880]
128. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, et al; COURAGE Trial Research Group. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1503-16. [PMID: 17387127]
129. Leape LL, Park RE, Bashore TM, Harrison JK, Davidson CJ, Brook RH. Effect of variability in the interpretation of coronary angiograms on the appropriateness of use of coronary revascularization procedures. Am Heart J. 2000;139: 106-13. [PMID: 10618570]