An analysis of the determinants of the feeling of knowing

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 1681-1694

  Thomas, Ayanna K ^a   Bulevich, John B ^b   Dubois, Stacey J ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RICHARD STOCKTON COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Feeling of knowing; Metacognition; Metamemory

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; FEELING OF KNOWING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFORMATION; MEMORY; RECALL; RECOGNITION;

ADOLESCENT; CUES; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; KNOWLEDGE; MEMORY; MENTAL RECALL; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SELF CONCEPT; SEMANTICS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84869761594     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.09.005     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Balota D.A., Yap M.J., Cortese M.J., Hutchison K.A., Kessler B., Loftis B., et al. The english lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods 2007, 39:445-459. Retrieved.
2. Begg I., Duft S., Lalonde P., Melnick R. Memory predictions are based on ease of processing. Journal of Memory and Language 1989, 28(5):610-632.
3. Blake M. Prediction of recognition when recall fails: Exploring the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1973, 12(3):311-319.
4. Booth A.E., Waxman S.R. Word learning is 'smart': Evidence that conceptual information effects preschoolers' extension of novel words. Cognition 2002, 84:B11-B22.A.
5. Brown A.S. A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 109:204-223.
6. Brown R., McNeill D. The 'tip of the tongue' phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1966, 5:325-337.
7. Collins A.M., Loftus E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 1975, 82:407-428.
8. Connor L.T., Balota D.A., Neely J.H. On the relation between feeling of knowing and lexical decision: Persistent subthreshold activation or topic familiarity?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1992, 18:544-554.
9. Costermans J., Lories G., Ansay C. Confidence level and feeling of knowing in question answering: The weight of inferential processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1992, 18:142-150.
10. Craik F.I.M., Lockhart R.S. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 1972, 11:671-684.
11. Craik F.I.M., Tulving E. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1975, 104:268-294.
12. Dunlosky J., Rawson K.A., Middleton E.L. What constrains the accuracy of metacomprehension judgments? Testing the transfer-appropriate-monitoring and accessibility hypotheses. Journal of Memory and Language 2005, 52:551-565.
13. Durso F.T., Shore W.J. Partial knowledge of word meanings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1991, 120(2):190-202.
14. Eysenck M.W. The feeling of knowing a word's meaning. British Journal of Psychology 1979, 70(2):243-251.
15. Gelman S.A. The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought 2003, Oxford University Press, New York.
16. Gelman S.A., Markman E.M. Categories and induction in young children. Cognition 1986, 23:183-209.
17. Glenberg A.M., Sanocki T., Epstein W., Morris C. Enhancing calibration of comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1987, 116:119-136.
18. Groninger L.D. Predicting recall: The " feeling-that-I-know" phenomenon. The American Journal of Psychology 1979, 92:45-58.
19. Hart J.T. Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology 1965, 56:208-216.
20. Hart J.T. Second-try recall, recognition, and the memory-monitoring process. Journal of Educational Psychology 1967, 58:193-197.
21. Hertzog C., Dunlosky J., Sinclair S.M. Episodic feeling-of-knowing resolution derives from the quality of original encoding. Memory and Cognition 2010, 38:771-784.
22. Holmes J.B., Waters H.S., Rajaram S. The phenomenology of false memory: Episodic content and confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1998, 24:1026-1040.
23. Intraub H., Nicklos S. Levels of processing and picture memory: The physical superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1985, 11:284-298.
24. Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 1991, 30:513-541.
25. Johnson M.K., Hashtroudi S., Lindsay D.S. Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin 1993, 114:3-28.
26. Koriat A. How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review 1993, 100:609-639.
27. Koriat A. Dissociating knowing and the feeling of knowing: Further evidence for the accessibility model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1995, 124:311-333.
28. Koriat A. Monitoring one's own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1997, 126:349-370.
29. Koriat A., Bjork R.A. Illusions of competence in monitoring one's knowledge during study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2005, 31:187-194.
30. Koriat A., Bjork R.A. Illusions of competence during study can be remedied by manipulations that enhance learners' sensitivity to retrieval conditions at test. Memory and Cognition 2006, 34:959-972.
31. Koriat A., Levy-Sadot R. The combined contributions of the cue-familiarity and accessibility heuristics to feelings of knowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2001, 27:34-53.
32. Koriat A., Levy-Sadot R., Edry E., de Marcas S. What do we know about what we cannot remember? Accessing the semantic attributes of words that cannot be recalled. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2003, 29:1095-1105.
33. Lovelace E. Attributes that come to mind in the TOT state. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1987, 25:370-372.
34. Lupker S.J., Harbluk J.L., Patrick A.S. Memory for things forgotten. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1991, 17:897-907.
35. Maki R.H., Serra M. The basis of test predictions for text material. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1992, 18:116-126.
36. Marks W. Effects of encoding the perceptual features of pictures on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1991, 17:566-577.
37. Mather M., Henkel L.A., Johnson M.K. Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared. Memory and Cognition 1997, 25:826-837.
38. McDaniel M.A., Einstein G.O., Dunay P.K., Cobb R.E. Encoding difficulty and memory: Toward a unifying theory. Journal of Memory and Language 1986, 25:645-656.
39. Melcher J.M., Schooler J.W. The misremembrance of wines past: Verbal and perceptual expertise differentially mediate verbal overshadowing of taste memory. Journal of Memory & Language 1996, 35:231-245.
40. Metcalfe J. Feeling of knowing in memory and problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1986, 12:288-294.
41. Metcalfe J., Schwartz B.L., Joaquim S.G. The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1993, 19:851-861.
42. Morris C.D., Bransford J.D., Franks J.J. Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 1977, 16:519-533.
43. Moulin C.J.A., Perfect T.J., Jones R.W. The effects of repetition on allocation of study time and judgements of learning in alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:748-756.
44. Nelson T.O. A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 95:109-133.
45. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1998). The University of South Florida word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. <> Retrieved. http://www.usf.edu/FreeAssociation/.
46. Nelson T.O., Leonesio R.J., Shimamura A.P., Landwehr R.S., Narens L. Overlearning and the feeling of knowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1982, 8:279-288.
47. Nosofsky R.M. Choice, similarity, and the context theory of classification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1984, 10:104-114.
48. Read J.D., Bruce D. Longitudinal tracking of difficult memory retrievals. Cognitive Psychology 1982, 14:280-300.
49. Reder L.M., Ritter F.E. What determines initial feeling of knowing? Familiarity with question terms, not with the answer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1992, 18:435-451.
50. Rossion B., Pourtois G. Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart's object set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition. Perception 2004, 33:217-236.
51. Sacher M., Taconnat L., Souchay C., Isingrini M. Divided attention at encoding: Effect on feeling-of-knowing. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal 2009, 18:754-761.
52. Schacter D.L. Feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1983, 9:39-54.
53. Schacter D.L., Worling J.R. Attribute information and the feeling-of-knowing. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1985, 39:467-475.
54. Schooler J.W., Engstler-Schooler T.Y. Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: some things are better left unsaid. Cognitive Psychology 1990, 22:36-71.
55. Schwartz B.L., Metcalfe J. Cue familiarity but not target retrievability enhances feeling-of-knowing judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1992, 18:1074-1083.
56. Smith, E. E., Shoben, E. J., & Rips, L. J. (1974). Structure and process in semantic memory: A.
57. Thomas A.K., Bulevich J.B., Dubois S.J. Context affects feeling of knowing accuracy in younger and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2011, 37:96-108.
58. Tulving E., Madigan S.A. Memory and verbal learning. Annual Review of Psychology 1970, 21:437-484.
59. Underwood B.J. Attributes of memory. Psychological Review 1969, 76:559-573.
60. Van Overschelde J.P., Rawson K.A., Dunlosky J. Category norms: An updated and expanded version of the norms. Journal of Memory and Language 2004, 50:289-335.