What Do We Know about What We Cannot Remember? Accessing the Semantic Attributes of Words that Cannot be Recalled

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1095-1105

  Koriat, Asher ^a   Levy Sadot, Ravit ^a,b   Edry, Eyal ^a   De Marcas, Sigal ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM MEMORY; MALE; PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING; RECALL; SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

ADULT; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MENTAL RECALL; PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 0345149847     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1095     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Anisfeld, M., & Knapp, M. E. (1968). Association synonymity and directionality in false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 171-179.
2. Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 10, pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Bargh, J. A., Litt, J., Pratto, P., & Spielman, L. A. (1989). On the preconscious evaluation of social stimuli. In A. F. Bennet & K. M. McConckey (Eds.), Cognition in individual and social contexts: Proceedings of the XXIV International Congress of Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 357-370). Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland.
4. Bargh, J. A., Raymond, P., & Chaiken, S. (1995). The automatic evaluation effect: Does it hold for the other major dimensions of semantic meaning as well? Unpublished manuscript, New York University.
5. Belli, R. F., Windschitl, P. D., McCarthy, T. T., & Winfrey, S. E. (1992). Detecting memory impairment with a modified test procedure: Manipulating retention interval with centrally presented event items. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 356-367.
6. Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (1993). Memory independence and memory interference in cognitive development. Psychological Review, 100, 42-67.
7. Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Howe, M. L., & Kingma, J. (1990). The development of forgetting and reminiscence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 55(Nos. 3-4, Serial No. 222), 1-111.
8. Brown, A. S. (1991). A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 204-223.
9. Brown, R. W., & McNeill, D. (1966). The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 325-337.
10. Chen, M., & Bargh, I. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 215-224.
11. Cohen, G., Stanhope, N., & Conway, M. A. (1992). Age differences in the retention of knowledge by young and elderly students. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 153-164.
12. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
13. Conway, M. A., & Dewhurst, S. A. (1995). Remembering, familiarity, and source monitoring. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 48, 125-140.
14. Dorfman, J., & Mandler, G. (1994). Implicit and explicit forgetting: When is gist remembered? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47A, 651-672.
15. Dorfman, J., Shames, V. A., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996). Intuition, incubation, and insight: Implicit cognition in problem solving. In G. Underwood (Ed,), Implicit cognition (pp. 257-296). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
16. Duckworth, K. L., Bargh, J. A., Garcia, M., & Chaiken, S. (2002). The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli. Psychological Science, 13, 513-519.
17. Durso, F. T., & Shore, W. J. (1991). Partial knowledge of word meanings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 190-202.
18. Eysenck, M. W. (1979). The feeling of knowing a word's meaning. British Journal of Psychology, 70, 243-251.
19. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
20. Gardiner, J. M., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (2000). Remembering and knowing. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 229-244). New York: Oxford University Press
21. Heise, D. R. (1965). Semantic differential profiles for 1,000 most frequent English words. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 79(8, Whole No. 601), 1-12.
22. Hicks, J. L., Marsh, R. L., & Ritschel, L. (2002). The role of recollection and partial information in source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 503-508.
23. Kintsch, W., Welsch, D., Schmalhofer, F., & Zimny, S. (1990). Sentence memory: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 133-159.
24. Koriat, A. (1975). Phonetic symbolism and the feeling of knowing. Memory & Cognition, 3, 545-548.
25. Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review, 100, 609-639.
26. Koriat, A. (1995). Dissociating knowing and the feeling of knowing: Further evidence for the accessibility model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 311-333.
27. Koriat, A. (2000). The feeling of knowing: Some metatheoretical implications for consciousness and control. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 149-171.
28. Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996). Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychological Review, 103, 490-517.
29. Koriat, A., & Levy-Sadot, R. (1999). Processes underlying metacognitive judgments: Information-based and experience-based monitoring of one's own knowledge. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 483-502). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Koriat, A., & Lieblich, I. (1974). What does a person in a "TOT" state know that a person in a "don't know" state doesn't know? Memory & Cognition, 2, 647-655.
31. Koriat, A., & Lieblich, I. (1977). A study of memory pointers. Acta Psychologica, 41, 151-164.
32. Kozlowski, L. (1977). Effects of distorted auditory and rhyming cues on retrieval of tip-of-the-tongue words by poets and nonpoets. Memory & Cognition, 5, 477-481.
33. LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychological Science, 9, 490-493.
34. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-395.
35. Lovelace, E. (1987). Attributes that come to mind in the TOT state. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25, 370-372.
36. Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.
37. Nelson, T. O., Fehling, M. R., & Moore-Glascock, J. (1979). The nature of semantic savings for items forgotten from long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 225-250.
38. Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Approach and avoidance: The influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 39-48.
39. Niedenthal, P. M. (1990). Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 505-527.
40. Osgood, C. E. (1952). The nature and measurement of meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 49, 197-237.
41. Phelps, E. A., LaBar, K. S., & Spencer, D. D. (1997). Memory for emotional words following unilateral temporal lobectomy. Brain and Cognition, 35, 85-109.
42. Revelle, W., & Loftus, D. A. (1990). Individual differences and arousal: Implications for the study of mood and memory. Cognition and Emotion, 4, 209-237.
43. Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814.
44. Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 289-318.
45. Schacter, D. L., & Worling, J. R. (1985). Attribute information and the feeling of knowing. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 467-475.
46. Schwartz, B. L. (2002). Tip-of-the-tongue states: Phenomenology, mechanism, and lexical retrieval. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (1994). Methodological problems and pitfalls in the study of human metacognition. In J. Metcalfe & A. P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 115-135). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48. Schwartz, B. L., Travis, D. M., Castro, A. M., & Smith, S. M. (2000). The phenomenology of real and illusory tip-of-the-tongue states. Memory & Cognition, 28, 18-27.
49. Shore, W. J., & Durso, F. T. (1990). Partial knowledge in vocabulary acquisition: General constraints and specific detail. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 315-318.
50. Smith, E. E., Shoben, E. J., & Rips, L. J. (1974). Structure and process in semantic memory: A featural model for semantic decisions. Psychological Review, 81, 214-241.
51. Smith, P. T. (2000). A jigsaw puzzle theory of memory. Memory, 8, 245-264.
52. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2002). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Manuscript submitted for publication.
53. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1-12.
54. Underwood, B. J. (1969). Attributes of memory. Psychological Review, 76, 559-573.
55. Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.
56. Wickens, D. D., & Cermak, L. S. (1967). Transfer effects of synonyms and antonyms in mixed and unmixed lists. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 832-839.
57. Yarmey, A. D., (1973). I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: Further evidence on the tip-of-the tongue phenomenon. Memory & Cognition, 1, 287-290.
58. Yavuz, H. S., & Bousfield, W. A. (1959). Recall of connotative meaning. Psychological Reports, 5, 319-320.
59. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
60. Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123.