Emergency neurological life support: Traumatic spine injury

Neurocritical Care

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2012, Pages

  Stein, Deborah M ^a,b   Roddy, Vincent ^c   Marx, John ^d   Smith, Wade S ^e   Weingart, Scott D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Myelopathy; Paraplegia; Protocol; Quadriplegia; Spine decompression; Spine fracture; Spine trauma

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOBUTAMINE; DOPAMINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NORADRENALIN; PHENYLEPHRINE;

ACCIDENTAL INJURY; ALGORITHM; AMERICAN SPINAL INJURY ASSOCIATION SCALE; ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME; BRADYCARDIA; BREATHING MECHANICS; BROWN SEQUARD SYNDROME; CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME; CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY; CERVICAL SPINE INJURY; CLINICAL EVALUATION; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; DISABILITY; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; EARLY INTERVENTION; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY NEUROLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; EMERGENCY WARD; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; LIFE SUSTAINING TREATMENT; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RESPIRATION CONTROL; REVIEW; SHOCK; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINE INJURY; SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; SPINE STABILIZATION; THORACOLUMBAR SPINE; TRAUMATIC SPINE INJURY;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ALGORITHMS; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; HUMANS; IMMOBILIZATION; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; PARAPLEGIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; QUADRIPLEGIA; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL INJURIES;

EID: 84869208936     PISSN: 15416933     EISSN: 15560961     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12028-012-9759-0     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Spinal Cord Injury Facts: http://www.fscip.org/facts.htm (2009). Accessed 2 Feb 2012.
2. Lindsey R, Gugala Z, Pneumaticos S. Injury to the vertebrae and spinal cord. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
3. Saboe LA, Reid DC, Davis LA, Warren SA, Grace MG. Spine trauma and associated injuries. J Trauma. 1991;31:43-8.
4. Jabbour P, Fehlings M, Vaccaro AR, Harrop JS. Traumatic spine injuries in the geriatric population. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25:E16.
5. DeVivo MJ, Krause JS, Lammertse DP. Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1411-9. (Pubitemid 29526638)
6. DeVivo MJ, Ivie CS 3rd. Life expectancy of ventilator-dependent persons with spinal cord injuries. Chest. 1995;108:226-32.
7. McKinleyWO, Jackson AB, Cardenas DD, DeVivo MJ. Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: a regional model systems analysis.Arch PhysMed Rehabil. 1999;80:1402-10. (Pubitemid 29526637)
8. Annual Report for Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems: https://www.nscisc. uab.edu/public-content/annual-stat-report.aspx (2010). Accessed 2 Feb 2012.
9. Gefen A. How much time does it take to get a pressure ulcer? Integrated evidence from human, animal, and in vitro studies. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2008;54(26-8):30-5.
10. Tescher AN, Rindflesch AB, Youdas JW, et al. Range-of-motion restriction and craniofacial tissue-interface pressure from four cervical collars. J Trauma. 2007;63:1120-6. (Pubitemid 350098538)
11. Bono CM. The halo fixator. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15: 728-37.
12. Botte MJ, Byrne TP, Abrams RA, Garfin SR. Halo skeletal fixation: techniques of application and prevention of complications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1996;4:44-53.
13. Gunn BD, Eizenberg N, Silberstein M, et al. How should an unconscious person with a suspected neck injury be positioned? Prehosp Disaster Med. 1995;10:239-44.
14. Blake WE, Stillman BC, Eizenberg N, Briggs C, McMeeken JM. The position of the spine in the recovery position-an experimental comparison between the lateral recovery position and the modified HAINES position. Resuscitation. 2002;53:289-97. (Pubitemid 34607731)
15. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National emergency X-radiography utilization study group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:94-9. (Pubitemid 30451852)
16. Stiell IG, Clement CM, McKnight RD, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2510-8. (Pubitemid 38010077)
17. Bandiera G, Stiell IG, Wells GA, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule performs better than unstructured physician judgment. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:395-402. (Pubitemid 37052015)
18. Ullrich A, Hendey GW, Geiderman J, Shaw SG, Hoffman J, Mower WR. Distracting painful injuries associated with cervical spinal injuries in blunt trauma. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8:25-9. (Pubitemid 32057925)
19. Como JJ, Diaz JJ, Dunham CM, et al. Practice management guidelines for identification of cervical spine injuries following trauma: update from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma practice management guidelines committee. J Trauma. 2009;67:651-9.
20. Suspected Spinal Trauma: http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMain MenuCategories/quality-safety/app-criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelon MusculoskeletalImaging/SuspectedCervicalSpineTraumaDoc 22.aspx (2009). Accessed May 2012.
21. Frankel HL, Rozycki GS, Ochsner MG, Harviel JD, Champion HR. Indications for obtaining surveillance thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs. J Trauma. 1994;37:673-6. (Pubitemid 24338120)
22. Holmes JF, Miller PQ, Panacek EA, Lin S, Horne NS, Mower WR. Epidemiology of thoracolumbar spine injury in blunt trauma. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8:866-72. (Pubitemid 32843792)
23. Early Acute Management in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Practice Guidelines: www.pva.org (2008). Accessed May 2012.
24. Velmahos GC, Toutouzas K, Chan L, et al. Intubation after cervical spinal cord injury: to be done selectively or routinely? Am Surg. 2003;69:891-4.
25. Durga P, Sahu BP, Mantha S, Ramachandran G. Development and validation of predictors of respiratory insufficiency and mortality scores: simple bedside additive scores for prediction of ventilation and in-hospital mortality in acute cervical spine injury. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:134-40.
26. Crosby ET. Airway management in adults after cervical spine trauma. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:1293-318. (Pubitemid 43852964)
27. Yoo KY, Jeong CW, Kim SJ, et al. Altered cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation in patients with complete spinal cord injury: relation to time course and affected level. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:753-9.
28. Pasternak JJ, Lanier WL. Neuroanesthesiology update 2010. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011;23:67-99.
29. Yoo KY, Jeong SW, Kim SJ, Ha IH, Lee J. Cardiovascular responses to endotracheal intubation in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord injuries. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1162-7. (table Of Contents) (Pubitemid 37158707)
30. (table of contents). 30. Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:886-904. (Pubitemid 37508834)
31. Gronert GA, Theye RA. Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia induced by succinylcholine. Anesthesiology. 1975;43:89-99.
32. Stein DM, Menaker J, McQuillan K, Handley C, Aarabi B, Scalea TM. Risk factors for organ dysfunction and failure in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13:29-39.
33. Bilello JF, Davis JW, Cunningham MA, Groom TF, Lemaster D, Sue LP. Cervical spinal cord injury and the need for cardiovascular intervention. Arch Surg. 2003;138:1127-9. (Pubitemid 37238600)
34. Maiorov DN, Fehlings MG, Krassioukov AV. Relationship between severity of spinal cord injury and abnormalities in neurogenic cardiovascular control in conscious rats. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15:365-74. (Pubitemid 28218107)
35. Gondim FA, Lopes AC Jr., Oliveira GR, et al. Cardiovascular control after spinal cord injury. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2004;2: 71-9. (Pubitemid 38855016)
36. Krassioukov A, Claydon VE. The clinical problems in cardiovascular control following spinal cord injury: an overview. Prog Brain Res. 2006;152:223-9.
37. Nacimiento W, Noth J. What, if anything, is spinal shock? Arch Neurol. 1999;56:1033-5. (Pubitemid 29374826)
38. Stevens RD, Bhardwaj A, Kirsch JR, Mirski MA. Critical care and perioperative management in traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2003;15:215-29. (Pubitemid 36807884)
39. Guidelines for the management of Acute Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries: http://www.aans.org/en/Education%20and %20Meetings/media/Files/ Education%20and%20Meetingf/Clinical%20Guidelines/TraumaGuidelines.ashx (2007). Accessed May 2012.
40. Levi L, Wolf A, Belzberg H. Hemodynamic parameters in patients with acute cervical cord trauma: description, intervention, and prediction of outcome. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:1007-16. (discussion 16-17
41. Vale FL, Burns J, Jackson AB, Hadley MN. Combined medical and surgical treatment after acute spinal cord injury: results of a prospective pilot study to assess the merits of aggressive medical resuscitation and blood pressure management. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:239-46. (Pubitemid 27349108)
42. Licina P, Nowitzke AM. Approach and considerations regarding the patient with spinal injury. Injury. 2005;36(Suppl 2):B2-12.
43. Aresco C, Stein D. Cervical spine injuries in the geriatric patient. Clin Geriatr. 2010;18:30-5.
44. Aarabi B, Alexander M, Mirvis SE, et al. Predictors of outcome in acute traumatic central cord syndrome due to spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14:122-30.
45. Albert TJ, Levine MJ, Balderston RA, Cotler JM. Gastrointestinal complications in spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991;16:S522-5.
46. Kiwerski J. Bleeding from the alimentary canal during the management of spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia. 1986;24:92-6. (Pubitemid 16038405)
47. Walters K, Silver Jr. Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute spinal injuries. Int Rehabil Med. 1986;8:44-7. (Pubitemid 16088542)
48. Braughler JM, Hall ED. Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in injured cat spinal cord before and after a single large intravenous dose of methylprednisolone. J Neurosurg. 1983;59:256-61. (Pubitemid 13029204)
49. Hall ED. The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:13-22.
50. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1405-11. (Pubitemid 20152525)
51. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF Jr., et al. Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:23-31.
52. Hugenholtz H, Cass DE, Dvorak MF, et al. High-dose methylprednisolone for acute closed spinal cord injury-only a treatment option. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002;29:227-35. (Pubitemid 34966317)
53. Hugenholtz H. Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: not a standard of care. CMAJ. 2003;168:1145-6. (Pubitemid 36543226)
54. Nesathurai S. Steroids and spinal cord injury: revisiting the NASCIS 2 and NASCIS 3 trials. J Trauma. 1998;45:1088-93. (Pubitemid 29004125)
55. Short DJ, El Masry WS, Jones PW. High dose methylprednisolone in the management of acute spinal cord injury-a systematic review from a clinical perspective. Spinal Cord. 2000;38:273-86. (Pubitemid 30307193)
56. Coleman WP, Benzel D, Cahill DW, et al. A critical appraisal of the reporting of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (II and III) of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. J Spinal Disord. 2000;13:185-99. (Pubitemid 32201543)
57. Ducker TB, Zeidman SM. Spinal cord injury. Role of steroid therapy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994;19:2281-7. (Pubitemid 24329150)
58. Hurlbert RJ. Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: an inappropriate standard of care. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:1-7.
59. Matsumoto T, Tamaki T, Kawakami M, Yoshida M, Ando M, Yamada H. Early complications of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment in the follow-up of acute cervical spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:426-30. (Pubitemid 32184858)
60. Galandiuk S, Raque G, Appel S, Polk HC Jr. The two-edged sword of large-dose steroids for spinal cord trauma. Ann Surg. 1993;218:419-25. (discussion 25-27
61. Gerndt SJ, Rodriguez JL, Pawlik JW, et al. Consequences of high-dose steroid therapy for acute spinal cord injury. J Trauma. 1997;42:279-84. (Pubitemid 27104665)