Global 3-D imaging of mantle conductivity based on inversion of observatory C-responses-II. Data analysis and results

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 191, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 965-992

  Semenov, Alexey ^a   Kuvshinov, Alexey ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Composition of the mantle; Electrical properties; Geomagnetic induction; Inverse theory; Numerical solutions

Indexed keywords

3D IMAGING; AURORAL ELECTROJETS; AURORAL SOURCE; CONDUCTANCE DISTRIBUTION; CONDUCTIVITY IMAGE; DEGREE OF DISTORTION; DEPTH RANGE; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION; ENHANCED CONDUCTIVITY; EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS; GEODYNAMIC MODELS; GEOMAGNETIC FIELDS; GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION; IMAGINARY PARTS; INVERSE THEORY; LATERAL HETEROGENEITY; LATERAL RESOLUTION; LATERAL VARIATIONS; NOISE-TO-SIGNAL RATIOS; NORTHERN HEMISPHERES; NUMERICAL SOLUTION; OCEAN EFFECT; QUALITY INDICATORS; QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON; REAL PART; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; SEMI-GLOBAL; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SYSTEMATIC MODELS; THREE COMPONENT;

BUILDINGS; DATA PROCESSING; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRIC PROPERTIES; GEOMAGNETISM; OBSERVATORIES; OCEANOGRAPHY;

THREE DIMENSIONAL;

DATA INVERSION; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; GEOMAGNETIC FIELD; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INVERSE PROBLEM; MANTLE; NUMERICAL MODEL;

EID: 84869087076     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05665.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Balasis, G. & Egbert, G., 2006. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of magnetic observatory data: Further evidence for non-axisymmetric magnetospheric sources for satellite induction studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11311, doi:10.1029/2006GL025721.
2. Banks, R., 1969. Geomagnetic variations and the electrical conductivity of the upper mantle, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 17, 457-487.
3. Becker, T. & Boschi, L., 2002. A comparison of tomographic and geodynamic mantle models, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3, 1003, doi:10.129/2001GC000168.
4. Chave, D.A. & Thomson, D., 1989. Some comments on magnetotelluric response function estimation, J. geophys. Res., 94, 14215-14225.
5. Chulliat, A., Lalanne, X., Gaya-Peque, L., Truong, F. & Savary, J., 2009. The new Easter Island magnetic observatory, in Proceedings of the XIIIth IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing (Love, J.J.), [US Geological Survey Open-File Report 20091, 20091226, pp. 47-53.
6. Della Mora, S., Boschi, L., Tackley, P., Nakagawa, T. & Giardini, D., 2011. Low seismic resolution cannot explain S/P decorrelation in the lower mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12303, doi:10.1029/2011GL047559.
7. Dziewonski, A. & Anderson, D., 1981. Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys. Earth planet Inter., 25, 297-356.
8. Efron, B., 1982. The Jackknife, the Bootstrap, and other Resampling Plans, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA.
9. Egbert, G., Booker, J. & Schultz, A., 1992. Very long period magneto-tellurics at Tucson observatory: implications for mantle conductivity, J. geophys. Res., 97, 15099-15112.
10. Everett, M., Constable, S. & Constable, C., 2003. Effects of near-surface conductance on global satellite induction responses, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 277-286.
11. Faccena, C., Jolivet, L., Piromallo, C. & Morelli, A., 2003. Subduction and the depth of convection in the Mediterranean mantle, J. geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2099, doi:10.1029/2001JB001690.
12. Fainberg, E., Kuvshinov, A., Mishina, L. & Singer, B., 1990. The new approach to global deep soundings, Pure Appl. Geophys., 134, 527-531.
13. Fichtner, A. & Trampert, J., 2011. Hessian kernels of seismic data functionals based upon adjoint techniques, Geophys. J. Int., 185, 775-798.
14. Finlay, C., Maus, S., Beggan, C., Hamoudi, M., Lowes, F., Olsen, N. & Thebault, E., 2010. Evaluation of candidate geomagnetic field models for IGRF-11, Earth Planets Space, 62, 787-804.
15. Fujii, I. & Schultz, A., 2002. The 3-D electromagnetic response of the Earth to the ring current and auroral oval excitation, Geophys. J. Int., 151, 689-709.
16. Fukao, Y., Widiyantoro, S. & Obayashi, M., 2001. Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region, Rev. Geophys., 39, 291-323.
17. Fukao, Y., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M. & Utada, H., 2004. Trans-Pacific temperature field in the mantle transition region derived from seismic and electromagnetic tomography, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 217, 425-434.
18. Gamble, T., Clarke, J. & Goubau, W., 1979. Magnetotellurics with a remote magnetic reference, Geophysics, 4, 53-68.
19. Grand, S., 1994. Mantle shear structure beneath Americas and surrounding oceans, J. geophys. Res., 99, 11591-11621.
20. Hansen, P., 1992. Analysis of discrete ill-posed problems by means of the L-curve, SIAM Rev., 34, 561-580.
21. Helffrich, G. & Wood, B., 2001. The Earth's mantle, Nature, 412, 507-507, doi:10.1038/35087500.
22. Huber, P., 1981. Robust Statistics, Wiley, New York, NY.
23. Ichiki, M., Uyeshima, M., Utada, H., Guoze, Z., Ji, T. & Mingzhi, M., 2001. Upper mantle conductivity structure of the back-arc region beneath north-eastern China., Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3773-3776.
24. Jones, A., Evans, R. & Eaton, D., 2009. Velocity-conductivity relationships for mantle minerals assemblages in Archean cratonic lithosphere based on review of laboratory data and Hashin-Shtrikman extremal bounds, Lithos, 131, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.10.014.
25. Kelbert, A., Schultz, A. & Egbert, G., 2009. Global electromagnetic induction constraints on transition-zone water content variations, Nature, 460, 1003-1007.
26. Khan, A., Kuvshinov, A. & Semenov, A., 2011. On the heterogeneous electrical conductivity structure of the Earth's mantle with implications for transition zone water content, J. geophys. Res., 116, B01103, doi:10.1029/2010JB007458.
27. Korte, M., Mandea, M., Linthe, H., Hemshorn, A., Kotze, P. & Ricaldi, E., 2009. New geomagnetic field observations in the South Atlantic anomaly region, Ann. Geophys., 52, 65-82.
28. Koyama, T., 2001. A study on the electrical conductivity of the mantle by voltage measurements of submarine cables, PhD thesis, University of Tokyo.
29. Koyama, T., Shimizu, H., Utada, H., Ichiki, M., Ohtani, E. & Hae, R., 2006. Water content in the mantle transition zone beneath the North Pacific derived from the electrical conductivity anomaly, Am. geophys. Un. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 168, 171-179.
30. Kuo, F. & Kaiser, J., 1966. System Analysis by Digital Computer, Wiley, New York, NY.
31. Kuvshinov, A., 2008. 3-D global induction in the oceans and solid Earth: recent progress in modeling magnetic and electric fields from sources of magnetospheric, ionospheric and oceanic origin, Surv. Geophys., 29, 139-186, doi:10.1007/s10712-008-9045-z.
32. Kuvshinov, A., 2012. Deep electromagnetic studies from land, sea, and space: progress status in the past 10 years, Surv. Geophys., 33, 169-209, doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9118-2.
33. Kuvshinov, A. & Olsen, N., 2006. A global model of mantle conductivity derived from 5 years of CHAMP, Ørsted, and SAC-C magnetic data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18301, doi:10.1029/2006GL027083.
34. Kuvshinov, A. & Semenov, A., 2012. Global 3-D imaging of mantle electrical conductivity based on inversion of observatory C-responses-I. An approach and its verification, Geophys. J. Int., 189, 1335-1352.
35. Kuvshinov, A.V., Olsen, N., Avdeev, D.B. & Pankratov, O.V., 2002. Electromagnetic induction in the oceans and the anomalous behaviour of coastal C-responses for periods up to 20 days, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 12, doi:10.1029/2001GL014409.
36. Laske, G. & Masters, G., 1997. A global digital map of sediment thickness, EOS, Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 78, F483.
37. Lizarralde, D., Chave, A., Hirth, G. & Schultz, A., 1995. Long period magnetotelluric study using Hawaii-to-California submarine cable data: implications for mantle conductivity, J. geophys. Res., 100, 17873-17884.
38. Manoj, C., Kuvshinov, A., Maus, S. & Lühr, H., 2006. Ocean circulation generated magnetic signals, Earth Planets Space, 58, 429-439.
39. Matzka, J., Olsen, N., Fox Maule, C., Pedersen, L., Berarducci, A. & Macmillan, S., 2009. Geomagnetic observations on Tristan da Cuhna, South Atlantic ocean, Ann. Geophys., 52, 97-105.
40. Megnin, C. & Romanowicz, B., 2000. The three-dimensional shear velocity structure of the mantle from the inversion of body, surface and higher mode waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 709-728.
41. Neal, S.L., Mackie, R.L., Larsen, J.C. & Schultz, A., 2000. Variations in the electrical conductivity of the upper mantle beneath North America and the Pacific Ocean, J. geophys. Res., 105, 8229-8242.
42. Obayashi, M., Sugioka, H., Yoshimitsu, H. & Fukao, Y., 2006. High temperature anomalies oceanward of subducting slabs at the 410 km discontinuity, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 243, 149-158.
43. Olsen, N., 1998. The electrical conductivity of the mantle beneath Europe derived from C-responses from 3 to 720 hr, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 298-308.
44. Olsen, N. & Kuvshinov, A., 2004. Modelling the ocean effect of geomagnetic storms, Earth Planets Space, 56, 525-530.
45. Olsen, N., Hulot, G. & Sabaka, T., 2010. Sources of geomagnetic field and the modern data that enable their investigation, in Handbook of Geomathematics, pp. 106-124, eds Freeden, W., Nashed, M.Z. & Sonar, T., Springer, Heidelberg.
46. Pankratov, O. & Kuvshinov, A., 2010. General formalism for the efficient calculation of derivatives of EM frequency domain responses and derivatives of the misfit, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 229-249.
47. Roberts, R., 1984. The long-period electromagnetic response of the Earth, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 78, 547-572.
48. Romanowicz, B., 2003. Global mantle tomography: progress status in the past 10 years, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet, 31, 303-328.
49. Schmucker, U., 1999. A spherical harmonic analysis of solar daily variations in the years 1964-1965: response estimates and source fields for global induction-II. Results, Geophys. J. Int., 136, 455-476.
50. Schultz, A., 2010. EMScope: a continental scale magnetotelluric observatory and data discovery resource, Data Sci. J., 8, IGY6-IGY20.
51. Schultz, A. & Larsen, J., 1987. On the electrical conductivity of the mid-mantle: I. Calculation of equivalent scalar magnetotelluric response functions, Geophys. J. Int., 88(3), 733-761.
52. Semenov, V., Pek, J., Adam, A., Jozwiak, W., Ladanyvskyy, B., Logvinov, I., Pushkarev, P. & Vozar, J., 2008. Electrical structure of the upper mantle beneath central Europe: results of the CEMES project, Acta Geophys., 56, 957-981.
53. Shankland, T., Peyronneau, J. & Poirer, J., 1993. Electrical conductivity of the Earth's lower mantle, Nature, 366, 453-455.
54. Shimizu, H. & Utada, H., 1999. Ocean hemisphere geomagnetic network: its instrumental design and perspective for long-term geomagnetic observations in the Pacific, Earth Planets Space, 51, 917-932.
55. Shimizu, H., Koyama, T., Baba, K. & Utada, H., 2010a. Revised 1-D mantle electrical conductivity structure beneath the North pacific, Geophys. J. Int., 180, 1030-1048.
56. Shimizu, H., Utada, H., Baba, K., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M. & Fukao, Y., 2010b. Three-dimensional imaging of electrical conductivity in the mantle transition zone beneath the North Pacific ocean by a semi-global induction study, Phys. Earth planet. Int, 183, 252-269, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.01.010.
57. Singer, B., Kuvshinov, A., Mishina, L. & Fainberg, E., 1993. Global geomagnetic sounding: new methodology and results, Izvestiya, Phys. solid Earth, 29, 35-43.
58. Tarits, P. & Mandea, M., 2010. The heterogeneous electrical conductivity structure of the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 183, 115-125, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.08.002.
59. Tarits, P., Hautot, S. & Perrier, F., 2004. Water in the mantle: results from electrical conductivity beneath the French Alps, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06612, doi:10.1029/2003GL019277.
60. Toh, H., Hamano, Y. & Ichiki, M., 2006. Long-term seafloor geomagnetic station in the Northwest Pacific: a possible candidate for a seafloor geomagnetic observatory, Earth Planets Space, 58, 697-705.
61. Toh, H., Hamano, Y., Goto, Y. & Utada, H., 2010. Long-term seafloor electromagnetic observation in the northwest Pacific may detect the vector geomagnetic secular variation, Data Sci. J., 9, IGY100-IGY109.
62. Utada, H., Koyama, T., Shimizu, H. & Chave, A., 2003. A semi-global reference model for electrical conductivity in the mid-mantle beneath the North Pacific region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1194, doi:10.1029/2002GL016092.
63. Utada, H., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M. & Fukao, Y., 2009. A joint interpretation of electromagnetic and seismic tomography models suggests the mantle transition zone below Europe is dry, Earth planet Sci. Lett., 281, 249-257.
64. van der Hilst, R., Engdal, R., Spakman, W. & Nolet, G., 1991. Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs, Nature, 353, 37-43.
65. Verhoeven, O. et al., 2009. Constraints on thermal state and composition of the Earth's lower mantle from electrical impedances and seismic data, J. geophys. Res., 114, B03302, doi:10.1029/2008JB005678.
66. Weidelt, P., 1972. The inverse problem of geomagnetic induction, Z. Geophys., 38, 257-289.