Generalized optimal risk allocation: Foraging and antipredator behavior in a fluctuating environment

American Naturalist

Volumn 180, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 589-603

  Higginson, Andrew D ^a   Fawcett, Tim W ^a   Trimmer, Pete C ^a   McNamara, John M ^a   Houston, Alasdair I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diurnal behavior; Environmental persistence; Fluctuating conditions; Food availability; Risk allocation; Starvation predation

Indexed keywords

DIURNAL VARIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; PERSISTENCE; PREDATION RISK; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; STARVATION; SURVIVAL; VULNERABILITY;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; PHYSIOLOGY; PREDATION; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84867697171     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/667885     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Beauchamp, G., and G. D. Ruxton. 2011. A reassessment of the predation risk allocation hypothesis: a comment on Lima and Bednekoff. American Naturalist 177:143-146.
2. Bednekoff, P. A., and S. L. Lima. 2004. Risk allocation and competition in foraging groups: reserved effects of competition if group size varies under risk of predation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271:1491-1496.
3. Bednekoff, P. A., and S.L Lima. 2011. Risk allocation is a general phenomenon: a reply to Beauchamp and Ruxton. American Naturalist 177:147-151.
4. Boersma, K. S., C. H. Ryer, T. P. Hurst, and S. S. Heppell. 2008. Influences of divergent behavioral strategies upon risk allocation in juvenile flatfishes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62: 1959-1968.
5. Brown, G. E., A. C. Rive, M. C. O. Ferrari, and D. P. Chivers. 2006. The dynamic nature of antipredator behavior: prey fish integrate threat-sensitive anti predator responses within background levels of predation risk. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:9-16.
6. Caraco, T. 1979. Time budgeting and group size: a theory. Ecology 60:611-617.
7. Clark, C. W., and M. Mangel. 2000. Dynamic state variable models in ecology: methods and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8. Ferrari, M. C. O., C. K. Elvidge, C. D. Jackson, D. P. Chivers, and G. E. Brown. 2010. The responses of prey fish to temporal variation in predation risk: sensory habituation or risk assessment? Behavioral Ecology 21:532-536.
9. Ferrari, M. C. O., A. C. Rive, C. J. MacNaughton, G. E. Brown, and D. P. Chivers. 2008. Fixed vs. random temporal predictability of predation risk: an extension of the risk allocation hypothesis. Ethology 114:238-244.
10. Ferrari, M. C. O., A. Sih, and D. P. Chivers. 2009. The paradox of risk allocation: a review and prospectus. Animal Behaviour 78: 579-585.
11. Foam, P. E., R. S. Mirza, D. P. Chivers, and G. E. Brown. 2005. Juvenile convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) allocate foraging and antipredator behaviour in response to temporal variation in predation risk. Behaviour 142:129-144.
12. Hamilton, I. M., and M. R. Heithaus. 2001. The effects of temporal variation in predation risk on anti-predator behaviour: an empirical test using marine snails. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 268:2585-2588.
13. Hanski, I. 1985. What does a shrew do in an energy crisis? Pages 247-252 in R. M. Sibly and R. H. Smith, eds. Behavioural ecology. Blackwell, Oxford.
14. Houston, A. I., and J. M. McNamara. 1989. The value of food: effects of open and closed economies. Animal Behaviour 37:546-562.
15. Houston, A. I., and J. M. McNamara. 1999. Models of adaptive behaviour: an approach based on state. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Houston, A. I., J. M. McNamara, and J. M. C. Hutchinson. 1993. General results concerning the trade-off between gaining energy and avoiding predation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 341:375-397.
17. Koivisto, E., and J. Pusenius. 2003. Effects of temporal variation in the risk of predation by least weasel (Mustela nivalis) on feeding behavior of field vole (Microtus agrestis). Evolutionary Ecology 17: 477-489.
18. Krebs, J. R. 1980. Optimal foraging, predation risk and territory defence. Ardea 68:83-90.
19. Laurila, A., M. Järvi-Laturi, S. Pakkasmaa, and J. Merilä. 2004. Temporal variation in predation risk: stage-dependency, graded responses and fitness costs in tadpole antipredator defences. Oikos 107:90-99.
20. Lima, S. L. 1998. Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27:215-290.
21. Lima, S. L., and P. A. Bednekoff. 1999. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. American Naturalist 153:649-659.
22. Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640.
23. Ludwig, D., and L. Rowe. 1990. Life-history strategies for energy gain and predator avoidance under time constraints. American Naturalist 135:686-707.
24. McNamara, J. M. 1996. Risk-prone behaviour under rules which have evolved in a changing environment. American Zoologist 36:484-495.
25. McNamara, J. M., Z. Barta, A. I. Houston, and P. Race. 2005. A theoretical investigation of the effect of predators on foraging behaviour and energy reserves. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272:929-934.
26. McNamara, J. M., and A. I. Houston. 1986. The common currency for behavioral decisions. American Naturalist 127:358-378.
27. McNamara, J. M., and A. I. Houston. 1994. The effect of a change in foraging options on intake rate and predation rate. American Naturalist 144:978-1000.
28. Metcalfe, N. B., N. H. C. Fraser, and M. D. Burns. 1998. State dependent shifts between nocturnal and daily activity in salmon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 265:1503-1507.
29. Metcalfe, N. B., N. H. C. Fraser, and M. D. Burns. 1999. Food availability and the nocturnal vs. diurnal foraging trade-off in juvenile salmon. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:371-381.
30. Metcalfe, N. B., and G. I. Steele. 2001. Changing nutritional status causes a shift in the balance of nocturnal to diurnal activity in European minnows. Functional Ecology 15:304-309.
31. Milinski, M., and R. Heller. 1978. Influence of a predator on the optimal foraging behaviour of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). Nature 275:642-644.
32. Mirza, R. S., A. Mathis, and D. P. Chivers. 2006. Does temporal variation in predation risk influence the intensity of antipredator responses? a test of the risk allocation hypothesis. Ethology 112: 44-51.
33. Nonacs, P., and D. T. Blumstein. 2010. Predation risk and behavioral life history. Pages 207-221 in D. F. Westneat and C. W. Fox, eds. Evolutionary behavioral ecology. Oxford University Press, New York.
34. Pecor, K. W., and B. A. Hazlett. 2003. Frequency of encounter with risk and the tradeoff between pursuit and antipredator behaviors in crayfish: a test of the risk allocation hypothesis. Ethology 109:97-106.
35. Pecor, K. W., and B. A. Hazlett. 2006. A test of temporal variation in risk and food stimuli on behavioral tradeoffs in the rusty crayfish, Oronectes rusticus: risk allocation and stimulus degradation. Ethology 112:230-237.
36. Sih, A., and T. M. McCarthy. 2002. Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: testing the risk allocation hypothesis. Animal Behaviour 63:437-443.
37. Slos, S., and R. Stoks. 2006. Behavioural correlations may cause partial suppoprt for the risk allocation hypothesis in damselfly larvae. Ethology 112:143-151.
38. Sundell, J., D. Dudek, I. Klemme, E. Koivisto, J. Pusenius, and H. Ylönen. 2004. Variation in predation risk and vole feeding behaviour: a field test of the risk allocation hypothesis. Oecologia (Berlin) 139:157-162.
39. Trussell, G. C., C. M. Matassa, and B. Luttbeg. 2011. The effects of variable predation risk on foraging and growth: less risk is not necessarily better. Ecology 92:1799-1806.
40. Van Buskirk, J., C. Müller, A. Portmann, and M. Surbeck. 2002. A test of the risk allocation hypothesis: tadpole responses to temporal change in predation risk. Behavioral Ecology 13:526-530.
41. Weimerskirch, H., L. Zimmermann, and P. A. Prince. 2001. Influence of environmental variability on breeding effort in a long-lived seabird, the yellow-nosed albatross. Behavioral Ecology 12:22-30.
42. Wojdak, J. M., and D. C. Trexler. 2010. The influence of temporally variable predation risk on indirect interactions in an aquatic food chain. Ecological Research 25:327-335